891 resultados para Product life cycle -- Environmental aspects


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Emiliania huxleyi is the most abundant calcifying plankton in modern oceans with substantial intraspecific genome variability and a biphasic life cycle involving sexual alternation between calcified 2N and flagellated 1N cells. We show that high genome content variability in Emiliania relates to erosion of 1N-specific genes and loss of the ability to form flagellated cells. Analysis of 185 E. huxleyi strains isolated from world oceans suggests that loss of flagella occurred independently in lineages inhabiting oligotrophic open oceans over short evolutionary timescales. This environmentally linked physiogenomic change suggests life cycling is not advantageous in very large/diluted populations experiencing low biotic pressure and low ecological variability. Gene loss did not appear to reflect pressure for genome streamlining in oligotrophic oceans as previously observed in picoplankton. Life-cycle modifications might be common in plankton and cause major functional variability to be hidden from traditional taxonomic or molecular markers.

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Emiliania huxleyi is the most abundant calcifying plankton in modern oceans with substantial intraspecific genome variability and a biphasic life cycle involving sexual alternation between calcified 2N and flagellated 1N cells. We show that high genome content variability in Emiliania relates to erosion of 1N-specific genes and loss of the ability to form flagellated cells. Analysis of 185 E. huxleyi strains isolated from world oceans suggests that loss of flagella occurred independently in lineages inhabiting oligotrophic open oceans over short evolutionary timescales. This environmentally linked physiogenomic change suggests life cycling is not advantageous in very large/diluted populations experiencing low biotic pressure and low ecological variability. Gene loss did not appear to reflect pressure for genome streamlining in oligotrophic oceans as previously observed in picoplankton. Life-cycle modifications might be common in plankton and cause major functional variability to be hidden from traditional taxonomic or molecular markers.

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Microalgae are an attractive way to produce biofuels due to the ability to accumulate lipids and very high photosynthetic yields. This article presents a review of life-cycle assessment studies of microalgae biodiesel production, including an analysis of modeling choices and assumptions. A high variation in GHG emissions (between -0.75 and 2.9 kg CO2eq MJ-1) was found and the main causes were investigated, namely modeling choices (e.g. the approach used to deal with multifunctionality), and a high parameter uncertainty in microalgae cultivation, harvesting and oil extraction processes.

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Tämä diplomityö tutkii eri elinkaarihallinnan menetelmiä ja vertaa niitä TVO:n menetelmiin. Lisäksi TVO:n prosessin ongelmakohdat tunnistetaan ja niihin esitetään ratkaisuja. Vertailukohteina toimii ydinvoimateollisuuden lisäksi vesivoima, fossiiliset voimalaitokset sekä paperiteollisuus. Sähkön hinnan jatkaessa laskuaan on elinkaariajattelusta tullut ajankohtaista myös ydinvoimayhtiöille. Ydinvoimalaitoksien pitkän suunnitellun käyttöiän ansiosta laitoksen elinkaaren aikana voi tapahtua useita asioita, jotka vaikuttavat laitoksen investointitarpeisiin. Turvallisen sähköntuotannon varmistamiseksi eri laitososia on joko muokattava tai uusittava. Elinkaariajatteluun kuuluu tehokas laitoksen kunnon valvonta, laitoksen ikääntymiseen vaikuttavien ilmiöiden tunnistaminen, sekä ikääntymistä hillitsevien toimenpiteiden pitkän tähtäimen suunnittelu. Hyvällä ennakkosuunnittelulla pyritään varmistamaan se, että laitoksella voidaan tuottaa sähköä koko sen jäljellä olevan käyttöiän aikana. Kun tarpeiden tunnistus ja suunnittelu tehdään hyvissä ajoin mahdollistetaan myös investointien optimointi. Paras hyöty pyritään saamaan ajoittamalla oikeat investoinnit oikeaan aikaan.

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The study of ichthyio-plankton stages and its relations with the environment and other organisms is therefore crucial for a correct use of fishery resources. In this context, the extraction and the analysis of the content of the digestive tract, is a key method for the identification of the diet in early larval stages, the determination of the resources they rely on and possibly a comparison with the diet of other species. Additionally this approach could be useful in determination on occurrence of species competition. This technique is preceded by the analysis of morphometric data (Blackith & Reyment, 1971; Marcus, 1990), that is the acquisition of quantitative variables measured from the morphology of the object of study. They are linear distances, count, angles and ratios. The subsequent application of multivariate statistical methods, aims to quantify the changes in morphological measures between and within groups, relating them to the type and size of prey and evaluate if some changes appear in food choices along the larvae growth.

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Recent developments in automation, robotics and artificial intelligence have given a push to a wider usage of these technologies in recent years, and nowadays, driverless transport systems are already state-of-the-art on certain legs of transportation. This has given a push for the maritime industry to join the advancement. The case organisation, AAWA initiative, is a joint industry-academia research consortium with the objective of developing readiness for the first commercial autonomous solutions, exploiting state-of-the-art autonomous and remote technology. The initiative develops both autonomous and remote operation technology for navigation, machinery, and all on-board operating systems. The aim of this study is to develop a model with which to estimate and forecast the operational costs, and thus enable comparisons between manned and autonomous cargo vessels. The building process of the model is also described and discussed. Furthermore, the model’s aim is to track and identify the critical success factors of the chosen ship design, and to enable monitoring and tracking of the incurred operational costs as the life cycle of the vessel progresses. The study adopts the constructive research approach, as the aim is to develop a construct to meet the needs of a case organisation. Data has been collected through discussions and meeting with consortium members and researchers, as well as through written and internal communications material. The model itself is built using activity-based life cycle costing, which enables both realistic cost estimation and forecasting, as well as the identification of critical success factors due to the process-orientation adopted from activity-based costing and the statistical nature of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. As the model was able to meet the multiple aims set for it, and the case organisation was satisfied with it, it could be argued that activity-based life cycle costing is the method with which to conduct cost estimation and forecasting in the case of autonomous cargo vessels. The model was able to perform the cost analysis and forecasting, as well as to trace the critical success factors. Later on, it also enabled, albeit hypothetically, monitoring and tracking of the incurred costs. By collecting costs this way, it was argued that the activity-based LCC model is able facilitate learning from and continuous improvement of the autonomous vessel. As with the building process of the model, an individual approach was chosen, while still using the implementation and model building steps presented in existing literature. This was due to two factors: the nature of the model and – perhaps even more importantly – the nature of the case organisation. Furthermore, the loosely organised network structure means that knowing the case organisation and its aims is of great importance when conducting a constructive research.

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A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) considera todo o ciclo de vida do produto, desde a extração e obtenção da matérias-primas, passando pela produção e fabrico de materiais e energia, até ao tratamento de fim de vida e destino final do produto. As Declarações Ambientais de Produto (DAP) são declarações ambientais Tipo III que apresentam um conjunto de informação quantificada e fidedigna, que funciona como uma excelente ferramenta de comunicação relativa ao desempenho ambiental do produto ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. Este relatório de estágio visa, por um lado, analisar os impactes ambientais no decurso do processo de produção do perfil de alumínio sujeito ao tratamento acetinado 20 natural (AC20NA) e, por outro, elaborar um relatório de suporte, que servirá de base para o desenvolvimento da DAP do perfil de alumínio AC20NA a submeter ao sistema DAPHabitat. O relatório foi elaborado tendo por base a norma EN 15804 e inclui as fases obrigatórias (A1-A3). Desta forma, utilizou-se ao software SimaPro para a análise dos impactes ambientais das várias fases do processo de fabrico do perfil de alumínio em estudo. As fases consideradas foram a extrusão, a anodização (tratamento de superfície), a Estação de Tratamento de águas Residuais Industriais (ETARI) e a embalagem. A fase que mais contribui para as diferentes categorias de impacte é a extrusão, uma vez que é nesta fase que é utilizada a matéria-prima para a produção dos perfis de aluminío.

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Associated Partners in the Work Package 5: National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Portugal (Luciana Costa)

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La comunicación integrada del mercadeo es uno de los elementos que más ha evolucionado en las últimas décadas, gracias a la diversificación de los medios de comunicación, el desarrollo de las agencias publicitarias y la capacidad estratégica y creativa de las marcas -- Dicha transformación va de la mano con las tendencias de consumo, el comportamiento de los compradores y el cambio organizacional, mediante los que se orienta a las empresas hacia el cliente, con fin de buscar siempre conquistar su corazón más que su mente -- En esta medida, el presente texto comprende el análisis de los cambios en la comunicación de marca y el paso de los elementos racionales a emocionales de la misma, además de sus efectos en los resultados de las organizaciones, mediante el entendimiento de su relevancia en la construcción de marca y la coherencia que debe tener con la esencia de la compañía que represente, todo ello a través de la documentación de algunas campañas publicitarias llevadas a cabo durante los últimos diez años, de la marca colombiana de pañales Winny, con base en la investigación de fuentes primarias y entrevistas a cuatro expertos en comunicación de marca

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Esta investigación evalúa el impacto ambiental del proceso de producción de fibra corta en Enka de Colombia teniendo en cuenta tres escenarios diferentes, utilizando la metodología establecida en el Greenhouse Gas Protocol Standard -- Generando una comparación entre dichos escenarios con el fin de evaluar si hay una compensación entre las emisiones que se generan por el uso de una carboeléctrica y las emisiones que se pueden ahorrar mediante el reciclaje de botellas PET -- A partir de lo anterior se realiza un inventario de análisis de ciclo de vida donde se evalúan las emisiones asociadas a la producción de materias primas, transporte, consumo de energía y residuos para cada escenario -- Con el desarrollo de este proyecto se logra concluir que sí hay una reducción de emisiones por el reciclaje de botellas PET, reduciendo las emisiones de CO2 en aproximadamente un 15.4%

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Part 3: Product-Service Systems

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Traditionally, quantitative models that have studied households׳ portfolio choices have focused exclusively on the different risk properties of alternative financial assets. We introduce differences in liquidity across assets in the standard life-cycle model of portfolio choice. More precisely, in our model, stocks are subject to transaction costs, as considered in recent macroliterature. We show that when these costs are calibrated to match the observed infrequency of households׳ trading, the model is able to generate patterns of portfolio stock allocation over age and wealth that are constant or moderately increasing, thus more in line with the existing empirical evidence.

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L’appui à la souveraineté du Québec diminue-t-il avec l’âge, ou est-il le reflet de préférences générationnelles ? Cette recherche se base sur les théories du changement générationnel et de la socialisation politique pour répondre à cette question. À l’aide de données de sondages de 1985 à 2014, nous mesurons l’impact de l’âge et de la génération sur l’appui à cette option constitutionnelle chez les Québécois francophones. Nos deux hypothèses de recherche sont confirmées dans une certaine mesure. Premièrement, les Québécois ont moins tendance à appuyer la souveraineté en vieillissant. La relation négative entre ces variables devient par contre plus faible au début des années 2000. Deuxièmement, les Baby boomers (nés entre 1945 et 1964) ont une probabilité plus élevée d’être souverainistes que les autres générations, et ce peu importe leur âge. Ils sont suivis, dans l’ordre, par les Aînés (nés en 1944 et moins), la Génération X (nés entre 1965 et 1979) et les Milléniaux (nés en 1980 ou plus).