Potencial antioxidante de extratos hidroalcoólicos de mirtilo, polpa de açaí e goji berry: efeito na estabilidade oxidativa e sensorial em queijo petit suisse

The consumer interest in healthy foods with high amounts of antioxidants is one of the important factors for reducing the risk of disease and it has encouraged researchers and industry to develop innovative and functional products and ingredients. To that end, the objective of this research was to study the bioactive compounds present in the acai pulp, blueberry and goji berry samples, as well as the phenolic compounds form of extraction using the response surface methodology (RSM), antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of it, identification and quantification of compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and, at the end, the development of petit suisse cheeses added with freeze-dried extracts of the samples. A 2³ factorial design was used to analyze the solvent effect (ethanol and water), time (30 and 60 min) and temperature (30 °C and 60 °C) on the extraction and determination of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA). The variables time and temperature had a positive effect on the antioxidant activity (AA) in their highest levels with 60 min and 60 °C respectively. The ethanol solvent 80 % is more efficient in TPC extraction with AA in all arrays. The identification of phenolic compounds performed by HPLC revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Regarding the AA the acai pulp showed higher activity in vitro when extracted by 60 °C for 60 min, but none of the three extracts analyzed under these conditions showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella bongori in the concentrations tested (95.00 to 2.34 mg/mL. For petit suisse cheeses added with phenolic extract of the samples, the sample containing goji berry achieved greater sensory acceptance among judges (75.67%), second only to the commercial sample used for comparison with 91.56 % of acceptance. In relation to the storage time, the oxidation was evaluated by the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and color analysis. Both analysis were satisfactory, making the extracts addition an alternative to preserve the product properties and give it a high content of bioactive and nutritive compounds.

L’expérience de la lecture, à la lumière du livre Le nom sur le bout de la langue de Pascal Quignard suivi de Regard aveugle, récit fragmenté

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’explorer le motif de la quête identitaire. La recherche est composée de deux volets : le premier réflexif et le second créatif. Chaque volet se concentre sur une expérience de lecture particulière, c’est-à-dire l’itinéraire réflexif d’un lecteur durant l’acte de lecture. Dans la partie réflexive, mon propos tire sa source du cheminement de la pensée que Pascal Quignard a mené dans sa quête de l’origine. Hanté par la « scène primitive » qui précède la naissance et la véritable nature du je oublié dès l’enfance, le récit Le nom sur le bout de la langue brosse un tableau de l’expérience de la métamorphose de la pensée, de la redécouverte de l’être et sert d’assise à mon étude sur l’expérience du lecteur. Cette section du mémoire comporte deux chapitres : La relation entre l’auteur et le lecteur et L’expérience de la lecture où je traite des disciplines telles le visible et l’invisible, le dit et le non-dit, la mémoire et l’oubli. La partie création de ce mémoire s’attache à raconter une crise identitaire. Ma fiction se présente en un récit fragmenté intitulé Regard aveugle. Il s’agit d’un ensemble de souvenirs imagés qui défilent devant les yeux de la protagoniste. Dans mon texte de création, la narration devient elle-même un acte de lecture, en ce qu’elle réfléchit sur son univers et celui des personnages de son passé afin de mieux explorer ce qu’elle est devenue et ce qui compose son identité.

Triángulo de Pascal. En el planteamiento de una situación problema

En este texto se presenta el desarrollo de los significados asociados con cada uno de los elementos que constituyen una red conceptual como un aporte primordial para el planteamiento de una situación problema; la presente obra, por ejemplo, permite el despliegue de un trabajo didáctico interesante pensado como posibilidad de matematizar, esto es, para llegar constructiva y significativamente a conceptos matemáticos considerados como fundamentales.

Influence of leaf removal on berry thermal efficiency for anthocyanin accumulation

The aim of this work was to analyse the effects of leaf removal on Touriga Nacional berry temperature and consequent thermal efficiency for anthocyanins biosynthesis. The field experiment was located at Dão Wine Research Station, Nelas, Portugal in an adult vineyard planted with North-South oriented rows, with the red grape variety Touriga Nacional grafted on 110R rootstock. The vines were trained on a vertical shoot positioning, spur-pruned on a bilateral Royat cordon system and deficit irrigated (50% ETc). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications of twelve vines per elemental plot, and the following two treatments: basal leaf removal (LR) and a control non-defoliated (ND). Berry temperature (Tb) was measured continuously during the second half (3rd to 19th September) of the 2009 ripening period using two-junction, fine-wires copper-constantan thermocouples manually inserted into the berries and connected to a data logger. A sample of clusters located in different canopy positions (exposed and internal; facing East and West) of 4 vines per treatment were used. To quantify the effect of Tb on anthocyanins biosynthesis, the berry hourly mean temperatures were converted into normal heat hours (NHH) and accumulated per day (NHHd) and per monitoring period (NHHc). For quantification of thermal requirements for anthocyanins synthesis and accumulation, a minimum of 10°C, a maximum of 35°C, and an optimum of 26°C were used. Meteorological variables were measured at an automatic weather station installed within the experimental plot. For all days of the monitoring period, daily average berry temperature (dTb) of all monitored berries was lower in ND treatment than in LR, being the maximum differences between treatments registered on 11th September. The highest dTb differences between treatments were registered on the clusters located at the west side of the canopy on 7th September while dTb of the clusters located in the centre of the canopy was less affected by leaf removal. The control non-defoliated treatment (ND) presented a significantly higher NHHc than that of LR being the higher differences presented by the clusters located in the west side. The lowest differences in NHHc were obtained in the clusters located in the centre of the canopy. Our results show that the thermal efficiency for berry anthocyanins accumulation was significantly affected by leaf removal and that this effect was dependent of the meteorological conditions, time of the day and berry/cluster location into the vine canopy.

Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Étranger à soi-même. La mue de la voix masculine dans l'oeuvre de Pascal Quignard

L’oeuvre de Pascal Quignard présente dans son ensemble beaucoup d’étrangeté, par ses contours génériques flous et imprécis, par sa vaste érudition, et par les thèmes traités. Nous nous attachons ici à un motif précis : la mue de la voix masculine à l’adolescence. Cette transformation de la voix du jeune garçon, qui s’accompagne d’une inévitable transformation sexuelle, engendre chez certains un profond traumatisme. De La Leçon de musique à Tous les matins du monde, nous étudierons les conséquences de ce phénomène spontané chez les êtres naturellement doués pour le chant et la musique. Nous en suivrons par la suite les différents linéaments narratifs et poétiques. Finalement, nous découvrirons dans les méandres de l’oeuvre quignardienne quelques échos très personnels, relatifs à l’auteur.

Environmental factors correlated with the metabolite profile of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir berry skins along a European latitudinal gradient

Mature berries of Pinot Noir grapevines were sampled across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, from southern Spain to central Germany. Our aim was to study the influence of latitude-dependent environmental factors on the metabolite composition (mainly phenolic compounds) of berry skins. Solar radiation variables were positively correlated with flavonols and flavanonols and, to a lesser extent, with stilbenes and cinnamic acids. The daily means of global and erythematic UV solar radiation over long periods (bud break-veraison, bud break-harvest, and veraison-harvest), and the doses and daily means in shorter development periods (5–10 days before veraison and harvest) were the variables best correlated with the phenolic profile. The ratio between trihydroxylated and monohydroxylated flavonols, which was positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, was the berry skin variable best correlated with those radiation variables. Total flavanols and total anthocyanins did not show any correlation with radiation variables. Air temperature, degree days, rainfall, and aridity indices showed fewer correlations with metabolite contents than radiation. Moreover, the latter correlations were restricted to the period veraison-harvest, where radiation, temperature, and water availability variables were correlated, making it difficult to separate the possible individual effects of each type of variable. The data show that managing environmental factors, in particular global and UV radiation, through cultural practices during specific development periods, can be useful to promote the synthesis of valuable nutraceuticals and metabolites that influence wine quality.

Pascal lecteur de Silhon : la logique des preuves historiques de la vérité de l’Écriture

Nous défendons que la pensée de Jean de Silhon au sujet des « démonstrations morales » dans le traité De l’immortalité de l’âme a eu un écho important sur la façon dont Blaise Pascal a imaginé le mode de démonstration propre aux preuves de la vérité de la religion chrétienne dans les Pensées. Plus largement, cet article s’intéresse à une forme de démonstration qui procède par accumulation d’indices déliés, mais convergents. Le mode de raisonnement propre à l’apologie de la religion chrétienne devient ainsi à l’image des raisonnements de tous les jours, qui ne procèdent habituellement pas en tirant des déductions à partir de principes clairs et distincts. Silhon et Pascal fournissent ainsi une sorte de méthode pour bien conduire les raisonnements qui ne peuvent s’appuyer sur les principes de la logique et ainsi, leur confère une forme d’autorité supérieure aux simples opinions. Peut être dite moralement démontrée, en somme, une proposition appuyée par un corps important d’indices convergents, à condition d’en évaluer l’orientation à froid, c’est-à-dire avec patience, désintérêt et prudence.

Metabolic fingerprint of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) berry pulp using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric analysis.

Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes cultivares e sazonalidade do açaí utilizando a técnica de 1H NMR para criação de perfis de impressão digital associada a métodos quimiométricos, obtidos a partir de frutos geneticamente modificados (cultivada no controle agronômico) e o comércio na cidade de Belém

Fingerprint profile by 1H RMN and chemometric analyses of freeze-dried Açaí berry pulp.

2016

Effects and Modes od Action of Canopy Management Practices on Vine Physiology and Berry Composition in Organically-Cultivated cv. Sangiovese (Vitis Vinifera L.)

In organic and biodynamic vineyards, canopy management practices should be carefully and timely modulated, particularly in a context of climate change, for successfully achieving balanced plants, ventilated and exposed berries, elevated grape and wine quality. In 2013 and 2014, characterized by contrasting climatic conditions, the implications of post-veraison (late) or pea-size trimming, post-veraison or pre-harvest late defoliations and shoot-positioning (post-veraison) were assessed against long-shoots non treated controls, under field conditions on organically-cultivated cv. Sangiovese. The key agronomic and enological relevance of late trimming and defoliations clearly emerged in both seasons. Berry skin phenolics (e.g. anthocyanins, flavonols) increased markedly, without changes in technological parameters. In case of early trimming, such positive effects were observed only in 2013. Maintaining long shoots for shading decreased anthocyanins, flavonols and total phenolics concentrations and promoted the production of compact bunches. Experimental data strongly designated late trimming, a practice proved to contain yield and bunch compactness, as a valuable alternative to cluster thinning. Late trimming, defoliations and shoot positioning reduced the severity of Botrytis cluster rot. The highest levels of berry skins phenolic compounds in late trimmed and defoliated plants could have contributed control the severity of this pathogen. The enological benefits induced by late trimming and defoliations and shoot positioning emerged in both young and aged wines. For the first time, cell cultures from cv. Sangiovese berry tissues were obtained and enabled to investigate, in controlled conditions, the relations between mechanisms regulating secondary metabolism in grapevine cells and changes induced by environmental and agronomic factors. The Doctoral Dissertation strongly highlights the need to consider, for a proper interpretation of the multiple modifications induced by canopy management strategies, physiological mechanisms other than the canonic source-sink relationships, in particular their impact on the vine hormonal status.

Polyphenol Extraction Optimisation From Ceylon Gooseberry (dovyalis Hebecarpa) Pulp.

Originally from Asia, Dovyalis hebecarpa is a dark purple/red exotic berry now also produced in Brazil. However, no reports were found in the literature about phenolic extraction or characterisation of this berry. In this study we evaluate the extraction optimisation of anthocyanins and total phenolics in D. hebecarpa berries aiming at the development of a simple and mild analytical technique. Multivariate analysis was used to optimise the extraction variables (ethanol:water:acetone solvent proportions, times, and acid concentrations) at different levels. Acetone/water (20/80 v/v) gave the highest anthocyanin extraction yield, but pure water and different proportions of acetone/water or acetone/ethanol/water (with >50% of water) were also effective. Neither acid concentration nor time had a significant effect on extraction efficiency allowing to fix the recommended parameters at the lowest values tested (0.35% formic acid v/v, and 17.6 min). Under optimised conditions, extraction efficiencies were increased by 31.5% and 11% for anthocyanin and total phenolics, respectively as compared to traditional methods that use more solvent and time. Thus, the optimised methodology increased yields being less hazardous and time consuming than traditional methods. Finally, freeze-dried D. hebecarpa showed high content of target phytochemicals (319 mg/100g and 1,421 mg/100g of total anthocyanin and total phenolic content, respectively).

Anthocyanin And Other Phenolic Compounds In Ceylon Gooseberry (dovyalis Hebecarpa) Fruits.

Ceylon gooseberry is a deep-purple exotic berry that is being produced in Brazil with great market potential. This work aimed to determine major phenolic compounds in this specie by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. Samples were collected in two different seasons. Pulp and skin were analyzed separately. Non-acylated rutinoside derivatives of delphinidin (∼60-63%) and cyanidin (∼17-21%) were major anthocyanins tentatively identified. All anthocyanins had higher concentration in skin than in pulp (64-82 and 646-534mg of cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents/100g skin and pulp, respectively). Moreover, anthocyanin profile changed between sampling dates (p<0.05). Mainly for delphinidin-3-rutinoside which could be a result of season variation. In this specie, non-anthocyanin polyphenols represent less than 35% of total extracted polyphenols. The tentative identification proposed a flavonol and three ellagitannins as major compounds of the non-anthocyanin phenolics fraction. Finally, anthocyanin is the major phenolic class in this fruit and its composition and content are significantly affected by season.