Hybridituotannonohjauksen määrittäminen ja toteutusmallit

Kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on tarkastella hybridituotannonohjausmallin muodostamista sekä käytännön toteutusta kirjallisten lähteiden pohjalta. Työ pyrkii soveltamaan kirjallisuuskatsausta ikkuna- ja ovivalmistukseen. Soveltavan osuuden tavoitteena on selvittää pystytäänkö alalla hyödyntämään hybridituotannonohjausta ja miten sen mahdollinen toteutus tapahtuisi. Kirjallisuudesta selviää kuinka tuotteet jaotellaan tuotannonohjausmuotoihin ja millä mahdollisilla malleilla hybridituotantoa voidaan ohjata käytännössä. Kandidaatintyön soveltavaan osaan kuuluu ikkuna- ja ovivalmistajille lähetettävä kysely, jonka tavoitteena on selvittää miten tuotantoa ohjataan ja mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat tuotannonohjausmuodon valintaan. Tuloksista selviää, että suomalaiset ikkunavalmistajat valmistavat tuotteensa tilausohjautuvasti, koska tuotevariaatioiden määrä on korkea ja asiakkaiden toimitusaikavaatimukset mahdollistavat pidemmät toimitusajat. Tästä syystä esimerkkiyritykseksi valikoitui kiinalainen ovivalmistaja, joka ohjaa tuotantoaan varasto-ohjautuvasti. Kandidaatintyön soveltavasta osiosta selvisi, että tällaisessa tapauksessa hybridituotannonohjauksen keinoin voidaan saavuttaa säästöjä varastonpitokustannuksissa ilman, että toimitusajat kasvavat asiakkaan kannalta liikaa. Kandidaatintyön tuloksia ei kuitenkaan voida soveltaa automaattisesti koko alalle yrityskohtaisten erojen takia, jonka takia hybridituotannon soveltuvuus tulisi aina tarkastella yrityskohtaisesti. Mikäli yritys valmistaa edes osan tuotannostaan varasto-ohjautuvasti, on mahdollista että hybridituotannonohjauksella voidaan saada aikaan säästöjä varastonpitokustannuksissa.

Hydrothermale Dolomitisierung im Kauffunger Kalkstein (Paläozoikum - W-Sudeten, Polen

Within the Kauffung Limestone dolomite bodies related to volcanic contacts occure and are interpreted as a post-Variscan, hydrothermal volcanogenic formation. Two genetic dolomite types are discernible: a pervasive replacement saddle dolomite and a cavity filling saddle dolomite cement. Micro texture and oxygen isotopy of both dolomite types refer to heightened temperatures of formation. The ocurrence of the dolomite in contact to cross-cutting rhyolithic dikes points to a close petrogenetic relation. Dolomite bodies and rhyolithic injections in contrast to the rock wall are characterized by a distinctive cavernous texture, so that a prekinematic genesis is excluded. The formation of replacement saddle dolomite and saddle dolomite cement altogether are considered as a concomitant phenomenon of the Permo-Carboniferous volcanism widespread in the Bober-Katzbach Mountains.

Der Kauffunger Kalkstein (Bober-Katzbach Gebirge, Polen): Petrographie, Fossilinventar, Stratigraphie

In the Western Sudetes (Mts.) in SW Poland carbonate rocks occur which are well known in the older German literature as ’’Kauffung Limestone” or ’’Wojcieszow Limestone” in recent publications, respectively. They are intercalated in sedimentary (shales) and volcanic (greenstone) successions and are, presumed - due to the lack of index fossils - to be Cambrian in age. These deposits occur in a variety of isolated massifs in the Bober-Katzbach Mts. where they have been mined in many quarries in the past. In a single location (Polom quarry near Wojcieszow) they are exploited up until today. The predominantly calcitic rocks display a wide variety of different lithologies and are, consequently, subdivided into the following lithological units which differ in textural characteristics, mineral constituents, and different grades of diagenetic and metamorphic alteration: 1. Calcite Marble: massive, calcitic, chiefly metamorphic recrystallized. 2. Zebra Limestone: dolomitic-calcitic, certain content of metasomatic silica, fine bedding as a result of microbial calcite precipitation or of diagenetic to metamorphic separation of carbonate and silica constituents. 3. Massive matrix Dolomite: compact, of diagenetic to metamorphic origin. 4. Dolomite Marble: metamorphic. 5. Hydrothermal Dolomite: hydrothermal alteration of limestone, postdating the tectonic deformation. The recent appearance of ’’Kauffung Limestone” is mainly a result of regional metamorphosis at low temperature up to about 300°C and locally high pressure. The typical textural features are stress induced, mostly protomylonitic calcite recrystallisation and generally slowly or not infected dolomite crystals. The different reactions of the two carbonate phases are attributed to their mineral properties. Rhyolitic and dacitic dykes penetrating the carbonate rocks are interpreted as a result of post- orogenic, probably Carboniferous or Permian volcanism. Microprobe investigation on the carbonates revealed a stochiometric composition of dolomite and calcite. The stable isotope content (8 c 0,8* ^C) reflects increased crystallisation temperature of the carbonate minerals (8 O von -7,75 bis -15,78). A variety of fossil remains have been extracted from bulk samples, consisting of sponge needles, floral components, foramini- fera, and vertebrate remains the latter two of which indicate a depositional age younger than Ordovician. Due to the stratigraphic re-attribution of the Kauffung Limestone, the hypothesis of a Cambrian/Ordovician rifting in the Western Sudetes should be abandoned.

Caracterizaci?n morfol?gica, motora y funcional de estudiantes nadadores pertenecientes a la selecci?n de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali

El siguiente estudio tuvo como objetivo general caracterizar los componentes morfol?gicos, motores y funcionales de los estudiantes deportistas que conforman la selecci?n de nataci?n de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana en Cali. Adicionalmente se asumieron unos objetivos secundarios dentro de los que se encuentran establecer un somatotipo del grupo y finalmente comparar los resultados obtenidos con otros estudios a nivel nacional e internacional. Para efectos de este estudio se valor? un total de 16 deportistas que se encuentran vinculados actualmente como estudiantes en la Universidad Javeriana, 8 hombres y 8 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 23 a?os de edad. El procedimiento que se llev? a cabo inicialmente fue realizar las medidas antropom?tricas correspondientes con las cuales se determin? altura, masa corporal, porcentaje graso, porcentaje muscular, somatotipo y el ?ndice de masa corporal. Seguido a esto se realiz? los test motores y funcionales propuestos, estos fueron un total de 4 test: Test de Salto sargent, test de 50 mts estilo libre para hallar la velocidad, test sit and reach para flexibilidad y test de Leger para determinar el VO2 m?x. Adicionalmente se realiz? el test de velocidad cr?tica de nado con el fin de proporcionar al entrenador unos datos que pueden ser de gran utilidad a la hora de prescribir el entrenamiento del grupo. Posteriormente los datos fueron procesados estad?sticamente y as? se obtuvieron valores que permitieron cumplir con los objetivos, se compararon nuestros datos con otros estudios y con esto se concluy? que s? se encuentran discrepancias en algunas caracter?sticas como en la altura, el porcentaje graso, somatotipo y en caracter?sticas funcionales como el VO2 m?x.

The regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by vascular endothelial growth factor

The function of the vascular endothelium is to maintain vascular homeostasis, by providing an anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory interface between circulating blood and the vessel wall, meanwhile facilitating the selective passage of blood components such as signaling molecules and immune cells. Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is implicated in a number of pathological states including atherosclerosis and hypertension, and is thought to precede atherogenesis by a number of years. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is a crucial mitogenic signaling molecule, not only essential for embryonic development, but also in the adult for regulating both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Previous studies by our laboratory have demonstrated that VEGF-A activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the downstream component of a signaling cascade important in the regulation of whole body and cellular energy status. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have indicated that AMPK is essential for VEGF-A-stimulated vascular endothelial cell proliferation. AMPK activation typically stimulates anabolic processes and inhibits catabolic processes including cell proliferation, with the ultimate aim of redressing energy imbalance, and as such is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndromes, and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic diseases are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and AMPK activation is reported to have beneficial effects on the vascular endothelium. The mechanism by which VEGF-A stimulates AMPK, and the functional consequences of VEGF-A-stimulated AMPK activation remain uncertain. The present study therefore aimed to identify the specific mechanism(s) by which VEGF-A regulates the activity of AMPK in endothelial cells, and how this might differ from the activation of AMPK by other agents. Furthermore, the role of AMPK in the pro-proliferative actions of VEGF-A was further examined. Human aortic and umbilical vein endothelial cells were therefore used as a model system to characterise the specific effect(s) of VEGF-A stimulation on AMPK activation. The present study reports that AMPK α1 containing AMPK complexes account for the vast majority of both basal and VEGF-A-stimulated AMPK activity. Furthermore, AMPK α1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum when sub-confluent, but translocated to the Golgi apparatus when cells are cultured to confluence. AMPK α2 appears to be associated with a structural cellular component, but neither α1 nor α2 complexes appear to translocate in response to VEGF-A stimulation. The present study confirms previous reports that when measured using the MTS cell proliferation assay, AMPK is required for VEGF-A-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. However, parallel experiments measuring cell proliferation using the Real-Time Cell Analyzer xCELLigence system, do not agree with these previous reports, suggesting that AMPK may in fact be required for an aspect of mitochondrial metabolism which is enhanced by VEGF-A. Studies into the mitochondrial activity of endothelial cells have proved inconclusive at this time, but further studies into this are warranted. During previous studies in our laboratory, it was suggested that VEGF-A-stimulated AMPK activation may be mediated via the diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPCs -3, -6 or -7) family of ion channels. The present study can neither confirm, nor exclude the expression of TRPCs in vascular endothelial cells, nor rule out their involvement in VEGF-A-stimulated AMPK activation; more specific investigative tools are required in order to characterise their involvement. Furthermore, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-stimulated Ca2+ release from acidic intracellular organelles is not required for AMPK activation by VEGF-A. Despite what is known about the mechanisms by which AMPK is activated, far less is known concerning the downregulation of AMPK activity, as observed in human and animal models of metabolic disease. Phosphorylation of AMPK α1 Ser485 (α2 Ser491) has recently been characterised as a mechanism by which the activity of AMPK is negatively regulated. We report here for the first time that VEGF-A stimulates AMPK α1 Ser485 phosphorylation independently of the previously reported AMPK α1 Ser485 kinases Akt (protein kinase B) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2). Furthermore, inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), the activity of which is reported to be elevated in metabolic disease, attenuates VEGF-A- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated AMPK α1 Ser485 phosphorylation, and increases basal AMPK activity. In contrast to this, PKC activation reduces AMPK activity in human vascular endothelial cells. Attempts to identify the PKC isoform responsible for inhibiting AMPK activity suggest that it is one (or more) of the Ca2+-regulated DAG-sensitive isoforms of PKC, however cross regulation of PKC isoform expression has limited the present study. Furthermore, AMPK α1 Ser485 phosphorylation was inversely correlated with human muscle insulin sensitivity. As such, enhanced AMPK α1 Ser485 phosphorylation, potentially mediated by increased PKC activation may help explain some of the reduced AMPK activity observed in metabolic disease.

Riffe und fazielle Entwicklung der florigemma-Bank (Korallenoolith, Oxfordium) im Süntel und östlichen Wesergebirge (NW-Deutschland

During the Sedimentation of the platform carbonate deposits of the Korallenoolith Formation (middle Oxfordian to early Kimmeridgian) small buildups ofcorals formed in the Lower Saxony Basin. These bioconstructions are restricted to particular horizons (Untere Korallenbank,ßorigenuna-Bank Member etc.) and represent patch reefs and biostromes. In this study, the development of facies, fossil assemblages, spatial distribution of fossils, and reefs of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member (upper Middle Oxfordian) in the Süntel Mts and the eastern Wesergebirge Mts is described; the formation of reefs is discussed in detail. Twelve facies types are described and interpreted. They vary between high-energy deposits as well winnowed oolites and quiet-water lagoonal mudstones. Owing to the significance of biota, micro- and macrofossils are systematically described. The reefs are preserved in growth position, are characterized by numerous corresponding features and belong to a certain reef type. According to their size, shape and framework, they represent patch reefs, coral knobs (sensu James, 1983), coral thrombolite reefs (sensu Leinfelder et al., 1994) or “Klein- and Mitteldickichte” (sensu Laternser, 2001). Their growth fabric corresponds to the superstratal (dense) pillarstone (sensu Insalaco, 1998). As the top of the ßorigenuna-Bank displays an erosional unconformity (so-called Hauptdiskontinuität), the top of the reefs are erosionally capped. Their maximum height amounts to at least the maximum thickness of the ßorigenuna-Bank which does not exceed 4 metres. The diversity of coral fauna of the reefs is relatively low; a total of 13 species is recorded. The coral community is over- whelmingly dominated by the thin-branched ramose Thamnasteria dendroidea (Lamouroux) that forms aggregations of colonies (77?. dendroidea thickets). Leafy to platy Fungiastrea arachnoides (Parkinson) and Thamnasteria concinna (Goldfuss) occur subordinately, other species are only of minor importance. In a few cases, the reef-core consisting of Th. dendroidea thickets is laterally encrusted by platy F. arachnoides and Th. concinna colonies, and microbial carbonates. This zonation reflects probably a succession of different reef builders as a result of changing environmental conditions (allogenic succession). Moreover, some reefs are overlain by a biostrome made of large Solenopora jurassica nodules passing laterally in a nerinean bed. Mikrobial carbonates promoted reef growth and favoured the preservation of reef organismn in their growth position or in situ. They exhibit a platy, dendroid, or reticulate growth form or occur as downward-facing hemispheroids. According to their microstructure, they consist of a peloidal, clotted, or unstructured fabric (predominately layered and poorly structured thrombolite as well as clotted leiolite) (sensu Schmid, 1996). Abundant endo- and epibiontic organisms (bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids, crabs etc) are linked to the reefs. With regard to their guild structure, the reefs represent occurrences at which only a few coral species serve as builder. Moreover, microbial carbonates contribute to both building and binding of the reefs. Additional binder as well as baffler are present, but not abundant. According to the species diversity, the dweller guild comprises by far the highest number of invertebrate taxa. The destroyer guild chiefly encompasses bivalves. The composition of the reef community was influenced by the habitat structure of the Th. dendroidea thickets. Owing to the increase in encrusting organisms and other inhabitants of the thickets, the locational factors changed, since light intensity and hydrodynamic energy level and combined parameters as oxygen supply declined in the crowded habitat. Therefore a characteristic succession of organisms is developed that depends on and responds to changing environmental conditions („community replacement sequence“). The succession allows the differentiation of different stages. It started after the cessation of the polyps with boring organisms and photoautotrophic micro-encrusters (calcareous algae, Lithocodium aggregatum). Following the death of these pioneer organisms, encrusting and adherent organisms (serpulids, „Terebella“ species, bryozoans, foraminifers, thecideidinids, sklerospongid and pharetronid sponges, terebratulids), small mobile organisms (limpets), and microbial induced carbonates developed. The final stage in the community replacement sequence gave rise to small cryptic habitats and organisms that belong to these caves (cryptobionts, coelobites). The habitat conditions especially favoured small non-rigid demosponges (“soft sponges”) that tolerate reduced water circulation. Reef rubble is negligible, so that the reefs are bordered by fossiliferous micritic limestone passing laterally in micritic limestone. Approximately 10% of the study area (outcropping florigemma-Bank) corresponds to reefal deposits whereas the remaining 90% encompass lagoonal inter-reefal deposits. The reef development is a good example for the interaction between reef growth, facies development and sea-level changes. It was initiated by a sea-level rise (transgression) and corresponding decrease in the hydrodynamic energy level. Colonization and reef growth took place on a coarse-grained Substrate composed of oncoids, larger foraminifers and bioclasts. Reef growth took place in a calm marine lagoonal setting. Increasing abundance of spherical coral morphs towards the Northeast (section Kessiehausen, northwestem Süntel Mts) reflects higher turbidity and a facies transition to coral occurrences of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member in the adjacent Deister Mts. The reef growth was neither influenced by stonns nor by input of siliciclastic deposits, and took place in short time - probably in only a thousand years under most probably mesotrophic conditions. The mass appearance of solenoporids and nerineids in the upper part of the ßorigenuna-Bank Member point to enhanced nutrient level as a result of regression. In addition, this scenario of fluctuations in nutrient availability seems to be responsible for the cessation of reef corals. The sea level fall reached its climax in the subaerial exposure and palaeokarst development of the florigemma-Bank. The reef building corals are typical pioneer species. The blade-like, flattened F. amchnoides colonies are characterized by their light porous calcium carbonate skeleton, which is a distinct advantage in soft bottom environment. Thus, they settled on soft bottom exposing the large parts of its surface to the incoming light. On the other hand, in response to their light requirements they were also able to settle shaded canopy structures or reef caves. Th. dendroidea is an opportunistic coral species in very shallow, well illuminated marine environment. Their thin and densely spaced branches led to a very high surface/volume ratio of the colonies that were capable to exploit incoming light due to their small thamasterioid calices characterized by “highly integrated polyps”. In addition, sideward coalescence of branches during colony growth led to a wave-resistant framework and favoured the authochthonous preservation of the reefs. Asexual reproduction by fragmented colonies promoted reef development as Th. dendroidea thickets laterally extend over the sea floor or new reefs have developed from broken fragments of parent colonies. Similar build ups with Th. dendroidea as a dominant or frequent reef building coral species are known from the Paris Basin and elsewhere from the Lower Saxony Basin (Kleiner Deister Mts). These buildups developed in well-illuminated shallow water and encompass coral reefs or coral thrombolite reefs. Intra- and inter-reef deposits vary between well-winnowed reef debris limestone and mudstones representing considerably calmer conditions. Solenoporid, nerineids and diceratides belong to the characteristic fossils of these occurrences. However, diceratides are missing in theflorigemma-Bank Member. Th. dendroidea differs in its colonization of low- to high-energy environment from recent ramose scleractinian corals (e.g., Acropora and Porites sp.). The latter are restricted to agitated water habitats creating coral thickets and carpets. According to the morphologic plasticity of Th. dendroidea, thick-branched colonies developed in a milieu of high water energy, whereas fragile, wide- and thin-branched colonies prevail in low-energy settings. Due to its relatively rapid growth, Th. dendroidea was able to keep pace with increased Sedimentation rates. 68 benthonic foraminiferan species/taxa have been recognized in thin sections. Agglutinated foraminifers (textulariids) predominate when compared with rotaliids and milioliids. Numerous species are restricted to a certain facies type or occur in higher population densities, in particular Everticyclammina sp., a larger agglutinated foraminifer that occurs in rock building amounts. Among the 25 reef dwelling foraminiferal species, a few were so far only known from Late Jurassic sponge reefs. Another striking feature is the frequency of adherent foraminiferal species. Fauna and flora, in particular dasycladaleans and agglutinated foraminifers, document palaeobiogeographic relationships to the Tethys and point to (sub)tropical conditions. Moreover, in Germany this foraminiferan assemblage is yet uncompared. In Southern Germany similar tethyan type assemblages are not present in strata as young as Middle Tithonian.

Violência contra as mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo e vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS em 10 cidades brasileiras

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.

Multibiomarker assessment of cadmium-based quantum dots effects in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Especialização em Ecotoxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Micro diccionario médico popular

El Manual MICRO DICCIONARIO MEDICO POPULAR está dedicado a estudiantes de enfermería y medicina o afines, con el propósito de que se orienten en sus historias clínicas, ya que el paciente en sus términos populares con su lenguaje coloquial expresa su condición de enfermo y que el médico no sabe que dice, por lo que este manual llena el vacío de interpretar en términos médicos su dolencia. Está estructurado de tal manera que hay más de mil palabras populares escuchadas en mi año de servicio social en COMASAGUA La Libertad de todos los pacientes más de mil provenientes de cantones de área influencia geográfica a 700 mts a nivel del mar que visitaban la Unidad de Salud como Director a 24 hrs, están traducidas a lenguaje técnico de médico, así como lleva raíces griegas y latinas para descomponer un vocablo técnico a su comprensión. Al inicio no entendía nada solamente me limitaba a escuchar y luego a examinar porque les decía “esta grave, mejor lo examino” y asociaba su lenguaje autóctono al técnico médico. Si cumple el propósito del manual es el paciente o enfermo beneficiado para un mejor diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens (Euphorbiaceae)

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens (Euphorbiaceae) and its effect on Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) replication. Methods: The methanol extract of aerial parts of E. spinidens collected from Khorasan State in North- Eastern part of Iran was used in this study. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method and β- carotene-linoleate model system, respectively. Both the cytotoxic and antiviral effects of the crude extract on Vero cell line were determined by quantifying the viability of Vero cells using 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of E.spinidens were 70 ± 1 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract (mg GAE/g extract) and 49.66 ± 1.00 mg rutin equivalent/g of dry extract (mg RTN/g extract), respectively. Antioxidant activity was 44 ± 1 % compared with the standard, buthylated hydroxytuloene (BHT). The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the extract on Vero cells was 5.072 ± 0.063 mg/ml and its antiviral concentration of 50 % effectiveness (EC50) value was 0.34 ± 0.003 mg/ml. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the methanol extract of E. spinidens has high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with good antioxidant activity. Furthermore, this extract has significant antiviral effect on HSV-1 probably due to the inhibition of viral replication.

Efecto de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico y un programa de circuito con pesas sobre la calidad de vida, disnea y resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en sujetos con enfermedad pulmonar crónica

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico y un programa de circuito con pesas sobre la calidad de vida, disnea y resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en sujetos con Enfermedad Pulmonar Crónica (EPC). Metodología: el programa de rehabilitación se hizo durante ocho semanas, se realizó un pretest y un postest, se cumplió con una sesión semanal presencial, y las otras dos domiciliarias, se tuvo comunicación directa vía telefónica los días que realizaban el ejercicio en la casa. Instrumentos: el cuestionario St. George Respiratory Questonnaire para medir calidad de vida, la escala de Borg para medir la disnea y el test de caminata de los 6 min. para medir la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria. Sujetos: participaron 38 personas con diagnóstico previo de EPC, 18 hombres y 20 mujeres; 27 sujetos con patología obstructiva y 11 sujetos con restrictiva., con una edad promedio de 69.8 ± 9.34 años, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos, uno que realizó ejercicio aeróbico (22 sujetos) y otro que ejecutó ejercicio aeróbico y de contrarresistencia con pesas (16 sujetos). Análisis estadístico: ANOVA mixta de cuatro vías (2x2x2x2) para las variables mediciones, sexo, tratamiento y patología. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas entre mediciones para la variable disnea (pre: 7.18 ± 0.69 puntos y post: 4.89 ± 0.68 puntos) (F = 228.770; p < 0,05), calidad de vida (pre: 59.68 ± 7.50 puntos y post 81.75 ± 7.33 puntos) (F = 228.770; p < 0,05), resistencia cardiorrespiratoria (pre 384,95 ± 51,02 mts. y post 432 ± 37,41 mts.) (F: 59.9; p<0.01), pero no se encontraron diferencias por sexo, actividad ni enfermedad (p>0,05), ni interacción entre las variable (p>0,05). Conclusión: la realización de ejercicio físico aeróbico y anaeróbico mejoran el grado de disnea, la calidad de vida y resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en pacientes con EPC.

Cálculo de constantes ópticas de películas delgadas de Cu3BiS3 a través del método de Wolfe

Se calculó la obtención de las constantes ópticas usando el método de Wolfe. Dichas contantes: coeficiente de absorción (α), índice de refracción (n) y espesor de una película delgada (d ), son de importancia en el proceso de caracterización óptica del material. Se realizó una comparación del método del Wolfe con el método empleado por R. Swanepoel. Se desarrolló un modelo de programación no lineal con restricciones, de manera que fue posible estimar las constantes ópticas de películas delgadas semiconductoras, a partir únicamente, de datos de transmisión conocidos. Se presentó una solución al modelo de programación no lineal para programación cuadrática. Se demostró la confiabilidad del método propuesto, obteniendo valores de α = 10378.34 cm−1, n = 2.4595, d =989.71 nm y Eg = 1.39 Ev, a través de experimentos numéricos con datos de medidas de transmitancia espectral en películas delgadas de Cu3BiS3.

Quality of Chicken Feather Processed in Different Conditions

Abstract. The objective of this research was to evaluate the hydrolyzed chicken feather based on pepsin digestibility and nutrient content, after physico-chemical and biological process. It was carried out by experimental methods at feed and nutrition laboratory. The treatments were hydrolyzed feather meals immersed in 0.5% NaOH and Na2S solution for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that chemical treatment (NaOH-Na2S) in various time of incubation at 60oC followed by fermentation using Bacillus sp. MTS at 37oC for four days decreased the protein of hydrolyzed feather (78.88 to 73.06%), but increased the keratin fiber (1.9 to 3.26%). Pepsin digestibility informed that the increasing incubation time from 0, 2, 4, 6 to 8 hours resulted in higher solubility than that of control (30.2% at 8 hours vs 15.4% at 0 hours). Processing chicken feather  by  0.5% NaOH and Na2S solution at 60oC for 6 hours followed by fermentation increased the value of pepsin digestibility.  Key words: hydrolyzed, Bacillus sp. MTS, feather, solubility Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kualitas nutrien tepung bulu ayam hasil proses hidrolisis secara fisiko-kimia dan biologis menggunakan Bacillus sp. MTS. Metode eksperimental digunakan dalam penelitian yang menggunakan dua tahap proses hidrolisis yaitu tahap 1: setelah perebusan bulu dalam larutan NaOH maka bulu direndam dalam larutan  0.5% NaOH dan Na2S pada 600C dan tahap 2: fermentasi bulu selama empat hari pada suhu 370C. Perlakuan berupa waktu inkubasi yaitu 0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 jam diterapkan pada tahap kedua dengan ulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Perlakuan fisiko-kimia yang dilanjutkan fermentasi menggunakan bakteri spesifik penghasil enzim-enzim pendegradasi keratin bulu menurunkan kadar  protein tepung bulu  (78,88% menjadi 73,06%) dan meningkatkan kadar serat tepung bulu (1,9 menjadi 3,26%). Uji kelarutan protein tepung bulu dalam pepsin menginfromasikan bahwa proses tahap 1 menghasilkan nilai kelarutan protein tepung bulu yang meningkat dua kali dibanding kontrol (30,2% pada 8 jam vs 15,4% pada 0 jam inkubasi) atau enam kali dibanding tepung bulu tanpa hidrolisis (5%). Pengolahan bulu ayam menggunakan cara pemanasan, perendaman dalam larutan NaOH dan Na2S selama 6 jam pada 600C serta fermentasi menghasilkan tepung bulu dengan daya larut dalam pepsin  lebih baik dibanding tanpa pengolahan.  Kata kunci: hidrolisis, tepung-bulu, Bacillus sp. MTS, kelarutan