555 resultados para MICROSOMAL EPOXIDE HYDROLASE


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Impaired vascular function, manifested by an altered ability of the endothelium to release endothelium-derived relaxing factors and endothelium-derived contracting factors, is consistently reported in obesity. Considering that the endothelium plays a major role in the relaxant response to the cannabinoid agonist anandamide, the present study tested the hypothesis that vascular relaxation to anandamide is decreased in obese rats. Mechanisms contributing to decreased anandamide-induced vasodilation were determined. Resistance mesenteric arteries from young obese Zucker rats (OZRs) and their lean counterparts (LZRs) were used. Vascular reactivity was evaluated in a myograph for isometric tension recording. Protein expression and localization were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Vasorelaxation to anandamide, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside, as well as to CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 agonists was decreased in endothelium-intact mesenteric arteries from OZRs. Incubation with an AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activator or a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor restored anandamide-induced vascular relaxation in OZRs. CB1 and CB2 receptors protein expression was decreased in arteries from OZRs. Incubation of mesenteric arteries with anandamide evoked endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation in LZRs, whereas it decreased phosphorylation of these proteins in OZRs. In conclusion, obesity decreases anandamide-induced relaxation in resistance arteries. Decreased cannabinoid receptors expression, increased anandamide degradation, decreased AMPK/eNOS activity as well as impairment of the response mediated by TRPV1 activation seem to contribute to reduce responses to cannabinoid agonists in obesity.

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[EN] These experiments test whether respiration can be predicted better from biomass or from potential respiration, a measurement of the mitochondrial and microsomal respiratory electron transport systems. For nearly a century Kleiber's law or a similar precursor have argued the importance of biomass in predicting respiration. In the last decade, a version of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology has elaborated on Kleiber's Law adding emphasis to the importance of biomass in predicting respiration. We argue that Kleiber's law works because biomass packages mitochondria and microsomal electron transport complexes. On a scale of five orders of magnitude we have shown previously that potential respiration predicts respiration aswell as biomass inmarine zooplankton. Here, using cultures of the branchiopod, Artemia salina and on a scale of less than 2 orders of magnitude,we investigated the power of biomass and potential respiration in predicting respiration.We measured biomass, respiration and potential respiration in Artemia grown in different ways and found that potential respiration (Ф) could predict respiration (R), both in μlO2h−1 (R=0.924Φ+0.062, r2=0.976), but biomass (as mg dry mass) could not (R=27.02DM+8.857, r2=0.128). Furthermore the R/Ф ratio appeared independent of age and differences in the food source.

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The research is focused on the relationship between some Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities of plasma- and mitochondrial membranes from tissues of cultured marine bivalve molluscs and potentially stressful environmental conditions, such as the exposure to contaminants both of natural origin (ammonia nitrogen, the main contaminant of aquaculture plants) and of anthropic source (alkyltins). The two filter-feeding bivalve species selected colonize different habitats: the common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis binds to hard substrates and the Philippine clam Tapes philippinarum burrows into sea bottom sandy beds. The choice of typical species of coastal waters, extremely suitable for environmental studies due to their features of poor motility, resistance to transport and great filtering efficiency, may constitute a model to evaluate responses to contaminants of membrane-bound enzyme activities involved in key biochemical mechanisms, namely cell ionic regulation and mitochondrial energy production. In vitro and in vitro approaches have been pursued. In vitro assays were carried out by adding the contaminants (NH4Cl and alkyltins) directly to the ATPase reaction media. In vivo experiments were carried out by exposing mussels to various tributyl tin (TBT) concentrations under controlled conditions in aquaria. ATPase activities were determined spectrophotometrically according to the principles of the method of Fiske and Subbarow (1925). The main results obtained are detailed below. In Tapes philippinarum the interaction of NH4 +, the main form of ammonia nitrogen at physiological and seawater pHs, with the Na,K-ATPase and the ouabaininsensitive Na-ATPase was investigated in vitro on gill and mantle microsomal membranes. The proven replacement by NH4 +of K+ in the activation of the Na,KATPase and of Na+ in the activation of the ouabain-insensitive ATPase displayed similar enzyme affinity for the substituted cation. on the one hand this finding may represent one of the possible mechanisms of ammonia toxicity and, on the other, it supports the hypothesis that NH4 + can be transported across the plasma membrane through the two ATPases. In this case both microsomal ATPases may be involved and co-operate, at least under peculiar circumstances, to nitrogen excretion and ammonia detoxification mechanisms in bivalve molluscs. The two ATPase activities stimulated by NH4 + maintained their typical response to the glycoside ouabain, specific inhibitor of the Na,K-ATPase, being the Na++ NH4 +-activated ATPase even more susceptive to the inhibitor and the ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity activated indifferently by Na+ or NH4 + unaffected by up to 10-2 M ouabain. In vitro assays were carried out to evaluate the response of the two Na-dependent ATPases to organotins in clams and mussels and to investigate the interaction of TBT with mussel mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase. Since no literature data were available, the optimal assay conditions and oligomycin sensitivity of mussel mitochondrial MgATPase were determined. In T. philippinarum the ouabain-insensitive Na-ATPase was found to be refractory to TBT both in the gills and in the mantle, whereas the Na,K-ATPase was progressively inhibited by increasing TBT doses; the enzyme inhibition was more pronounced in the gills than in the mantle. In both tissues of M. galloprovincialis the Na,K-ATPase inhibition by alkyltins decreased in the order TBT>DBT(dibutyltin)>>MBT(monobutyltin)=TeET(tetraethyltin) (no effect). Mussel Na-ATPase confirmed its refractorimess to TBT and derivatives both in the gills and in the mantle. These results indicate that the Na,K-ATPase inhibition decreases as the number of alkyl chains bound to tin decreases; however a certain polarity of the organotin molecule is required to yield Na,K-ATPase inhibition, since no enzyme inhibition occurred in the presence of tetraalkyl-substituted derivatives such as TeET . Assays carried out in the presence of the dithioerythritol (DTE) pointed out that the sulphhydrylic agent is capable to prevent the Na,K-ATPase inhibition by TBT, thus suggesting that the inhibitor may link to -SH groups of the enzyme complex.. Finally, the different effect of alkyltins on the two Na-dependent ATPases may constitute a further tool to differentiate between the two enzyme activities. These results add to the wealth of literature data describing different responses of the two enzyme activities to endogenous and exogenous modulators . Mussel mitochondrial Mg-ATPase was also found to be in vitro inhibited by TBT both in the gills and in the mantle: the enzyme inhibition followed non competitive kinetics. The failed effect of DTE pointed out that in this case the interaction of TBT with the enzyme complex is probably different from that with the Na,K-ATPase. The results are consistent with literature data showing that alkyltin may interact with enzyme structures with different mechanisms. Mussel exposure to different TBT sublethal doses in aquaria was carried out for 120 hours. Two samplings (after 24 and 120 hrs) were performed in order to evaluate a short-term response of gill and mantle Na,K-ATPase, ouabain-insensitive Na-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activities. The in vivo response to the contaminants of the enzyme activities under study was shown to be partially different from that pointed out in the in vitro assays. Mitochondrial Mg-ATPase activity appeared to be activated in TBTexposed mussels with respect to control ones, thus confirming the complexity of evaluating in vivo responses of the enzyme activities to contaminants, due to possible interactions of toxicants with molluscan metabolism. Concluding, the whole of data point out that microsomal and mitochondrial ATPase activities of bivalve molluscs are generally responsive to environmental contaminants and suggest that in some cases membrane-bound enzyme activities may represent the molecular target of their toxicity. Since the Na,K-ATPase, the Na-ATPase and the Mg-ATPase activities are poorly studied in marine bivalves, this research may contribute to enlarge knowledge in this quite unexplored field.

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The growth and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 fermenting GOS, lactose, galactose, and glucose were investigated. An unstructerd unsegregated model for growth of B. adolescentis MB 239 in batch cultures was developed and kinetic parameters were calculated with a Matlab algorithm. Galactose was the best carbon source; lactose and GOS led to lower growth rate and cellular yield, but glucose was the poorest carbon source. Lactate, acetate and ethanol yields allowed calculation of the carbon fluxes toward fermentation products. Similar distribution between 3- and 2-carbon products was observed on all the carbohydrates (45 and 55%, respectively), but ethanol production was higher on glucose than on GOS, lactose and galactose, in decreasing order. Based on the stoichiometry of the fructose 6-phosphate shunt and on the carbon distribution among the products, ATP yield was calculated on the different carbohydrates. ATP yield was the highest on galactose, while it was 5, 8, and 25% lower on lactose, GOS, and glucose, respectively. Therefore, a correspondance among ethanol production, low ATP yields, and low biomass production was established demonstrating that carbohydrate preferences may result from different sorting of carbon fluxes through the fermentative pathway. During GOS fermentation, stringent selectivity based on the degree of polymerization was exhibited, since lactose and the trisaccharide were first to be consumed, and a delay was observed until longer oligosaccharides were utilized. Throughout the growth on both lactose and GOS, galactose accumulated in the cultural broth, suggesting that β-(1-4) galactosides can be hydrolysed before they are taken up. The physiology of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 toward xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was also studied and our attention was focused on an extracellular glycosyl-hydrolase (β-Xylosidase) expressed by a culture of B. adolescentis grown on XOS as sole carbon source. The extracellular enzyme was purified from the the supernatant, which was dialyzed and concentrated by ultrafiltration. A two steps purification protocol was developed: the sample was loaded on a Mono-Q anion exchange chromatography and then, the active fractions were pooled and β-Xylosidase was purified by gel filtration chromatography on a Superdex-75. The enzyme was characterized in many aspects. β- Xylosidase was an homo-tetramer of 160 kDa as native molecular mass; it was a termostable enzyme with an optimum of temperature at 53 °C and an optimum of pH of 6.0. The kinetics parameter were calculated: km = 4.36 mM, Vmax = 0.93 mM/min. The substrate specificity with different di-, oligo- and polysaccharides was tested. The reactions were carried out overnight at pH 7 and at the optimum of temperature and the carbohydrates hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Only glycosyl-hydrolase activities on XOS and on xylan were detected, whereas sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, maltose and raffinose were not hydrolyzed. It’s clearly shown that β-Xylosidase activity was higher than the Xylanase one. These studies on the carbohydrate preference of a strain of Bifidobacterium underlined the importance of the affinity between probiotics and prebiotics. On the basis of this concept, together with Barilla G&R f.lli SpA, we studied the possibility to develop a functional food containing a synbiotic. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 were studied to assess their suitability for utilization in synbiotic products on the basis of antioxidative activity, glutathione production, acid and bile tolerance, carbohydrates fermentation and viability in food matrices. Bile and human gastric juice resistance was tested in vitro to estimate the transit tolerance in the upper gastrointestinal tract. B. lactis and L. plantarum were more acid tolerant than S. thermophilus. All the strains resisted to bile. The growth kinetics on 13 prebiotic carbohydrates were determined. Galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides were successfully utilized by all the strains and could be considered the most appropriate prebiotics to be used in effective synbiotic formulations. The vitality of the three strains inoculated in different food matrices and maintained at room temperature was studied. The best survival of Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 was found in food chocolate matrices. Then an in vivo clinical trial was carried out for 20 healthy volunteers. The increase in faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations and the efficacy of the pre-prototype was promising for the future develop of potential commercial products.

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Zusammenfassung:In Chlorophyll(Chl) a/c-haltigen Algen leisten Xanthophylle einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Lichtsammlung. Daneben finden sich weitere Xanthophylle, die an einem Schutzmechanismus bei überoptimalem Lichtangebot beteiligt sind, dem sog. Xanthophyllzyklus. Ein Teil der Chl a/c-haltigen Algen besitzt den auch bei Höheren Pflanzen anzutreffenden Violaxanthin/Antheraxanthin/Zeaxanthin-(Vx/Ax/Zx-)Zyklus. In anderen Gruppen wie den Dinophyta, Haptophyta und den Kieselalgen (Bacillariophyceae) ist statt dessen der Diadinoxanthin/Diatoxanthin-(Ddx/Dtx-)Zyklus zu finden. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, daß schwachlichtadaptierte Turbidostatkulturen der Kieselalge Phaeodactylum tricornutum unter mehrstündiger Starklichtinkubation neben den Pigmenten des Ddx/Dtx-Zyklus auch die des Vx/Ax/Zx-Zyklus akkumulieren. Außerdem läßt sich ein dritter Xanthophyllzyklus zwischen beta-Cryptoxanthin (Cx) und beta-Cryptoxanthin-Epoxid (CxE) nachweisen, doch liegen diese beiden Pigmente nur in sehr geringen Konzentrationen vor. Für die Starklichtakkumulation von Zx ist eine hohe Deepoxidase-Aktivität und die de-novo-Synthese von Carotinoiden erforderlich. Aus Zx wird im anschließenden Schwachlicht über die Intermediate Vx und Ddx das Lichtsammelxanthophyll Fucoxanthin (Fx) synthetisiert. Dies bestätigt auch ein Vergleich der Kinetiken der einzelnen Umwandlungsschritte mit den anhand eines Modells der Xanthophyllbiosynthesewege ermittelten theoretischen Ratenkonstanten. Dieser Vergleich legt jedoch nahe, daß bei der Vx-Synthese aus beta-Carotin CxE anstelle von Zx involviert sein könnte. Eine Untersuchung weiterer Chl a/c-haltiger Algen mit Ddx/Dt-Zyklus ergab, daß sie unter Starklicht ebenfalls den Vx/Ax/Zx-Zyklus akkumulieren. Weiterhin sind, mit Einschränkungen bei den Dinophyten und Xanthophyceen, alle untersuchten Algen in der Lage, die unter Starklicht akkumulierten Xanthophyllzykluspigmente im nachfolgenden Schwachlicht zur Synthese des jeweiligen Lichtsammelxanthophylls zu nutzen. Unter energetischen Gesichtspunkten stellt dieses Pigment-Recycling insbesondere für die Fx-haltigen Algen einen Vorteil dar, da ihre Lichtsammelkomplexe im Vergleich zu denen der Höheren Pflanzen etwa die doppelte Anzahl an Xanthophyllen binden.

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Organotin compounds are worldwide diffused environmental contaminants, mainly as consequence of their extensive past use as biocides in antifouling paints. In spite of law restrictions, due to unwanted effects, organotin still persist in waters, being poorly degraded, easily resuspended from sediments and bioaccumulated in exposed organisms. The widespread toxicity and the possible threat to humans, likely to be organotin-exposed through contaminated seafood, make organotin interactions with biomolecules an intriguing biochemical topic, apart from a matter of ecotoxicological concern. Among organotins, tributyltin (TBT) is long known as the most dangerous and abundant chemical species in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its amphiphilic nature, provided by three lipophilic arms and an electrophilic tin core, TBT can be easily incorporated in biomembranes and affect their functionality. Accordingly, it is known as a membrane-active toxicant and a mitochondrial poison. Up to now the molecular action modes of TBT are still partially unclear and poorly explored in bivalve mollusks, even if the latter play a not neglectable role in the marine trophic chain and efficiently accumulate organotins. The bivalve mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis, selected for all experiments, is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean and currently used in ecotoxicological studies. Most work of this thesis was devoted to TBT effects on mussel mitochondria, but other possible targets of TBT were also considered. A great deal of literature points out TBT as endocrine disrupter and the masculinization of female marine gastropods, the so-called imposex, currently signals environmental organotin contamination. The hormonal status of TBT-exposed mussels and the possible interaction between hormones and contaminants in modulating microsomal hydroxilases, involved in steroid hormone and organotin detoxification, were the research topics in the period spent in Barcelona (Marco Polo fellowship). The variegated experimental approach, which consisted of two exposure experiments and in vitro tests, and the choice of selected tissues of M. galloprovincialis, the midgut gland for mitochondrial and microsomal preparations for subsequent laboratory assays and the gonads for the endocrine evaluations, aimed at drawing a clarifying pattern on the molecular mechanisms involved in organotin toxicity. TBT was promptly incorporated in midgut gland mitochondria of adult mussels exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 μg/L TBT, and partially degraded to DBT. TBT incorporation was accompanied by a decrease in the mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase activity, while the coexistent oligomycin-insensitive fraction was unaffected. Mitochondrial fatty acids showed a clear rise in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after 120 hr of TBT exposure, mainly referable to an increase in 22:6 level. TBT was also shown to inhibit the ATP hydrolytic activity of the mitochondrial F1FO complex in vitro and to promote an apparent loss of oligomycin sensitivity at higher than 1.0 μM concentration. The complex dose-dependent profile of the inhibition curve lead to the hypothesis of multiple TBT binding sites. At lower than 1.0 μM TBT concentrations the non competitive enzyme inhibition by TBT was ascribed to the non covalent binding of TBT to FO subunit. On the other hand the observed drop in oligomycin sensitivity at higher than 1.0 μM TBT could be related to the onset of covalent bonds involving thiolic groups on the enzyme structure, apparently reached only at high TBT levels. The mitochondrial respiratory complexes were in vitro affected by TBT, apart from the cytocrome c oxidase which was apparently refractory to the contaminant. The most striking inhibitory effect was shown on complex I, and ascribed to possible covalent bonds of TBT with –SH groups on the enzyme complexes. This mechanism, shouldered by the progressive decrease of free cystein residues in the presence of increasing TBT concentrations, suggests that the onset of covalent tin-sulphur bonds in distinct protein structures may constitute the molecular basis of widespread TBT effects on mitochondrial complexes. Energy production disturbances, in turn affecting energy consuming mechanisms, could be involved in other cellular changes. Mussels exposed to a wide range of TBT concentrations (20 - 200 and 2000 ng/L respectively) did not show any change in testosterone and estrogen levels in mature gonads. Most hormones were in the non-biologically active esterified form both in control and in TBT-treated mussels. Probably the endocrine status of sexually mature mussels could be refractory even to high TBT doses. In mussel digestive gland the high biological variability of microsomal 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-Debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) activity, taken as a measure of CYP3A-like efficiency, probably concealed any enzyme response to TBT exposure. On the other hand the TBT-driven enhancement of BFCOD activity in vitro was once again ascribed to covalent binding to thiol groups which, in this case, would stimulate the enzyme activity. In mussels from Barcelona harbour, a highly contaminated site, the enzyme showed a decreased affinity for the 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BCF) substrate with respect to mussel sampled from Ebro Delta, a non-polluted marine site. Contaminant exposure may thus alter the kinetic features of enzymes involved in detoxification mechanisms. Contaminants and steroid hormones were clearly shown to mutually interact in the modulation of detoxification mechanisms. The xenoestrogen 17α-ethylenyl estradiol (EE2) displayed a non-competitive mixed inhibition of CYP3A-like activity by a preferential bond to the free enzyme both in Barcelona harbour and Ebro Delta mussels. The possible interaction with co-present contaminants in Barcelona harbour mussels apparently lessened the formation of the ternary complex enzyme-EE2-BCF. The whole of data confirms TBT as membrane toxicant in mussels as in other species and stresses TBT covalent binding to protein thiols as a widespread mechanism of membrane-bound-enzyme activity modulation by the contaminant.

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Ionic Liquids (ILs) constituted by organic cations and inorganic anions are particular salts with a melting point below 100°C. Their physical properties such as melting point and solubility can be tuned by altering the combination of their anions and cations. In the last years the interest in ILs has been centered mostly on their possible use as “green” alternatives to the traditional volatile organic solvents (VOCs) thanks to their low vapour pressure and the efficient ability in catalyst immobilization. In this regard, the subject of the present thesis is the study of the oxodiperoxomolybdenum catalyzed epoxidation of olefins in ILs media with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. In particular N-functionalized imidazolium salts, such as 1-(2-t-Butoxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-3-methylimidazolium (1), were synthesized with different counterions [I]-, [PF6]-, [NO3]-, [NTf2]- and [ClO4]– and tested as reaction solvents. The counterion exchange with [Cl]-, [NTf2]- and [NO3]- was also performed in unfuctionalized imidazolium salts such as 3-butyl-1-methylimidazol-3-ium (3). All the prepared ILs were tested in catalytic epoxidation of olefins exploiting oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes [MoO(O2)2(C4H6N2)2] (4) and [MoO(O2)2(C5H8N2)2] (5) as catalysts. The IL 3[NTf2] and the catalysts 5 give rise to the best results leading to the selective formation of the epoxide of cis-cyclooctene avoiding hydrolysis side reaction. A preliminary study on the synthesis of novel NHC oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes starting from imidazolium salts was also developed.

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Plasma polymerization technique is widely accepted as an effective and simple method for the preparation of functional thin films. By careful choice of precursors and deposition parameters, plasma polymers bearing various functional groups could be easily obtained. In this work, I explored the deposition of four kinds of plasma polymerised functional thin films, including the protein-resistant coatings, the thermosensitive coatings, as well as, the coatings bearing amine or epoxide groups. The deposited plasma polymers were characterized by various techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atom force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, optical waveguide spectroscopy, and so on. As expected, high retention of various functional groups could be achieved either at low plasma input power or at low duty cycle (duty cycle = Ton/(Ton+Toff)). The deposited functional thin films were found to contain some soluble materials, which could be removed simply by extraction treatment. Besides the thermosentive plasma polymer (see Chapter 9), other plasma polymers were used for developing DNA sensors. DNA sensing in this study was achieved using surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy. The nonfouling thin films (i.e., ppEO2, plasma polymerization of di(ethylene glycol) monovinyl ether) were used to make a multilayer protein-resistant DNA sensor (see Chapter 5). The resulted DNA sensors show good anti-fouling properties towards either BSA or fibrinogen. This sensor was successfully employed to discriminate different DNA sequences from protein-containing sample solutions. In Chapter 6, I investigated the immobilization of DNA probes onto the plasma polymerized epoxide surfaces (i.e., ppGMA, plasma polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate). The ppGMA prepared at a low duty cycle showed good reactivity with amine-modified DNA probes in a mild basic environment. A DNA sensor based on the ppGMA was successfully used to distinguish different DNA sequences. While most DNA detection systems rely on the immobilization of DNA probes onto sensor surfaces, a new homogeneous DNA detection method was demonstrated in Chapter 8. The labeled PNA serves not only as the DNA catcher recognizing a particular target DNA, but also as a fluorescent indicator. Plasma polymerized allylamine (ppAA) films were used here to provide a positively charged surface.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Enzyme des Ajmalin-Biosynthesewegs aus der Arzneipflanze Rauvolfia serpentina charakterisiert. Dabei handelt es sich einerseits um die Vomilenin-Reduktase und die 2β-(R)-1.2-Dihydrovomilenin-Reduktase. Es wurden Versuche unternommen, diese Enzyme heterolog zu exprimieren. Eine aktive Expression konnte nicht durchgeführt werden, was mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Modifikationen in der Ursprungspflanze zurückzuführen ist. Allerdings bestehen auch Zweifel, ob es sich bei den Volllängenklonen um die cDNAs der Reduktasen handelte. Zum anderen sollte eine Strukturaufklärung der Vinorin-Synthase im Komplex mit Liganden vorgenommen werden. Die erhaltenen Proteinkristalle stellten sich als derart empfindlich gegenüber Schwankungen ihrer Umgebung und dem Eindringen von Liganden in den Kristall dar, dass eine erfolgreiche Komplexierung und strukturelle Beschreibung durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse nicht möglich war. Weiterhin wurden Mutagenesestudien mit der Vinorin-Synthase durchgeführt. Eine Asparaginsäure bildet eine Salzbrücke mit einem Arginin. Alle durchgeführten Mutationen dieser Asparaginsäure führten zu einem absoluten Aktivitätsverlust. Eine Funktion des Asparagins 277, als mitverantwortliche Aminosäure zur Bindung des Co-Substrats Acetyl-CoA, konnte anhand der Mutagenesestudien ausgeschlossen werden. Weiterhin ist es erstmals gelungen die Polyneuridinaldehyd-Esterase aus Rauvolfia serpentina zu kristallisieren. Schließlich konnte die dreidimensionale Struktur der Polyneuridinaldehyd-Esterase aufgeklärt werden. Es folgte eine Beschreibung struktureller Eigenschaften der Polyneuridinaldehyd-Esterase im Vergleich zu einem Modell, welches durch ein „Molecular Modelling“ erstellt wurde.

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Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) sind ubiquitäre Verschmutzungen der Umwelt und entstehen während der unvollständigen Verbrennung organischen Materials wie Holz, Kohle und Erdöl. Werden diese chemisch nicht reaktiven PAK in den Körper aufgenommen, durchlaufen sie eine Reihe von enzymatischen Umsetzungen, die unter der Bezeichnung Fremdstoffmetabolismus zusammengefasst werden. Die chemische Umsetzung des PAK und Prokarzinogens Benzo[a]pyren (B[a]P) führt u.a. zur Bildung des reaktiven Metaboliten B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxid (BPDE). BPDE ist stark elektrophil und kann auf Grund dieser Eigenschaft an nukleophile Makromoleküle wie Proteine und DNA binden. Die Bildung von BPDE-DNA-Addukten resultiert in der Entstehung von Mutationen und kann zur Tumorbildung führen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Wirkung von BPDE als Modellsubstanz für gentoxische Agenzien auf intrazelluläre Signalkaskaden und die Konsequenzen der BPDE-Exposition bezüglich der Zellaktivität untersucht werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass BPDE-Behandlung von Mausfibroblasten eine intrazelluläre Signalkaskade induziert, welche zur Aktivierung der Stressaktivierten Proteinkinasen (SAPK) JNK und p38 führt. An dieser Signalkaskade sind Src-ähnliche Kinasen beteiligt. BPDE-Behandlung führt in den untersuchten Mausfibroblasten zur Induktion von DNA-Einzelstrangbrüchen, deren Auftreten zeitlich mit der SAPK-Aktivierung korreliert. Die BPDEinduzierten DNA-Strangbrüche sind die Folge der Entfernung dieser Läsionen aus dem Genom durch die Nukleotidexzisionsreparatur (NER). Erkannt werden BPDE-DNA-Addukte durch die NERProteine XPA und XPC (Xeroderma Pigmentosum Komplementationsgruppe A und C). Nach der Erkennung von BPDE-DNA-Addukten kommt es zur Rekrutierung von Nukleasen, welche die vorliegende Läsion und umliegende Nukleotide aus dem Genom entfernen. In XPA- und XPCdefizienten Mausfibroblasten induziert BPDE daher keine DNA-Strangbrüche. Jedoch ist nur in XPCdefizienten Zellen, aber nicht in XPA-defizienten Zellen, die SAPK-Aktivierung drastisch reduziert. Behandlung von Mausfibroblasten mit Benzo[c]phenanthren-3,4-Diol-1,2-Epoxid, einem PAK, dessen DNA-Addukte schlecht durch NER-Faktoren erkannt und repariert werden, führt zu keiner SAPKAktivierung. Die Aktivierung von p38 und JNK scheint demnach abhängig zu sein von der Erkennung des primären DNA-Schadens. Die XPC-abhängige SAPK-Aktivierung schützt die Zellen vor BPDEabhängiger Toxizität, da sowohl XPC- als auch p38-defiziente Mausfibroblasten eine höhere Sensitivität gegenüber BPDE zeigen als korrespondierende Wildtypzellen. Zusamenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit ein neuer Signalweg beschrieben werden, in dem DNASchäden, verursacht durch BPDE, über die XPC-abhängige DNA-Schadenserkennung, die Aktivierung der SAPK induziert. Diese Aktivierung der SAPK schützt vor BPDE-induzierter Toxizität.

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Flugfähige Insekten sind äußerst leistungsfähige Tiere. Ihre Flugmuskulatur ist das Gewebe mit der höchsten ATP-Umsatzrate im Tierreich. Der hohe Energieumsatz ist möglich durch einen vollständig aeroben Stoffwechsel der Flugmuskulatur, der durch die effiziente Sauerstoffversorgung über das Tracheensystem gewährleistet wird. Andererseits haben Insekten einen offenen Blutkreislauf, d.h. ihre Gewebe werden nicht über Kapillaren mit Substraten versorgt, sondern von der Hämolymphe umspült, die daher eine hohe Konzentration an energieliefernden Substraten haben muss. Als schnell verfügbares Substrat nutzen Wanderheuschrecken bei Beginn eines Fluges als Hauptsubstrat Trehalose, die in hoher Konzentration als Hämolymphzucker vorliegt (20 bis 40mal höhere Konzentration als Glucose). Trehalose ist, anders als Glucose, ein nicht-reduzierender Zucker und daher nicht toxisch. Allerdings muss das Disaccharid Trehalose zu Glucose hydrolysiert werden, bevor sie im Zellstoffwechsel verwertet werden kann. Diese Funktion erfüllt die Trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28), ein Enzym, das membrangebunden ist und nach Zellfraktionierung in der Mikrosomenfraktion erscheint. Es ist schon lange offensichtlich, dass die Aktivität der Trehalase regulierbar sein muss und zwar reversibel (eine Eigenschaft, die für Hydrolasen ungewöhnlich ist), der Mechanismus ist allerdings bislang nicht klar, da alle üblichen Typen von Aktivitätsregulation nicht verwirklicht zu sein scheinen. Die meisten Autoren vermuten, dass die Regulation über den Transport des Substrats erfolgt. Ein Trehalosetransporter konnte allerdings bisher in der Flugmuskulatur von Locusta nicht nachgewiesen werden. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich Experimente vor, die dafür sprechen, dass Trehalase als Ektoenzym aktiv ist (overte Form), während eine inaktive Form (latente Form) in Vesikeln im Cytoplasma vorliegt und per Exocytose reversibel in die Plasmamembran transloziert werden kann. Für die Testung dieser Arbeitshypothese nutzte ich Trehazolin, einen sehr spezifischen Inhibitor der Trehalase, der äußerst fest und dauerhaft im aktiven Zentrum des Enzyms bindet. Dazu war es nötig, die Flugmuskulatur zu fraktionieren, um die Effekte von Trehazolin auf die verschiedenen Formen der Trehalase (gebunden, löslich, overt, latent) zu analysieren. Mit der Arbeitshypothese vereinbar sind die folgenden Befunde: (1) In die Hämolymphe injiziertes Trehazolin hemmt bevorzugt die overte Trehalase und erst bei höheren Dosen und nach längerer Zeit die latente Form. (2) Trehazolin wirkt in hoher Dosis (50µg pro Tier) auch nach Verfütterung, allerdings stark abgeschwächt, da nach 24 Stunden ein signifikanter Effekt nur auf die overte, aber nicht auf die latente Form sichtbar war. (3) In einem Langzeitversuch über 30 Tage führte die einmalige Injektion von 20µg Trehazolin zu einer schnellen Hemmung der overten Trehalase, der eine verzögerte Hemmung der latenten Aktivität folgte. Der Zeitverlauf von Hemmung und Erholung spricht für eine Vorläufer-Produkt-Beziehung zwischen latenter und overter Form. (4) Flugaktivität der Tiere führt zu einer starken Verminderung der latenten Aktivität, falls Trehazolin in der Hämolymphe der Tiere vorhanden war. (5) Neuropeptide könnten die Translokation fördern. Insulin hat einen entsprechenden Effekt, der aber unabhängig ist von der Flugaktivität. (6) Der PI3-Kinasehemmstoff Wortmannin stabilisiert die latente Form der Trehalase. Auch andere Organe als die Flugmuskulatur besitzen Trehalase, aber mit deutlich geringerer Aktivität. In der Sprungmuskulatur könnte auch eine latente Form vorhanden sein, für Darm und Gehirn ist das nicht wahrscheinlich.

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Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten wichtige Schritte auf dem Weg zur asymmetrischen Totalsynthese des Cripowellin-Aglycons gemacht und wichtige Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden. Es gelang dabei, einen Teil des Grundgerüsts des Kerns mit dem entscheidenden stereogenen Zentrum optisch aktiv aufzubauen. Die Aza-Claisen-Umlagerung diente hierbei als Schlüsselschritt zum stereoselektiven Aufbau eines Epoxids. Für die Aza-Claisen-Umlagerung dienten ein Allylamin und ein Säurefluorid als Ausgangsverbindungen. Das Allylamin konnte ausgehend von Piperonylalkohol über sechs Stufen (Schutzgruppen-operationen, Bromierung, metallorganische Reaktionen, Reduktion) mit einem Auxliar versehen und mit einer Gesamtausbeute von 56 % synthetisiert werden. Die Synthese des Säurefluorids konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entscheidend verbessert werden, insbesondere bezüglich der Reinheit. Die Aza-Claisen-Umlagerung zu einem Pentensäurederivat selbst konnte mit einer sehr befriedigenden Ausbeute von 91 % durchgeführt werden. Dabei entstanden zwei Diastereomere im Verhältnis 92:8. Kristallisationsversuche schlugen leider fehl, sodass der Konfigurationsbeweis noch aussteht. Dieses Pentensäurederivat konnte zunächst durch einen Reduktionsschritt und saure Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe und des Auxiliars in ein Benzylchlorid überführt werden, welches dann durch Umsetzung mit Ammoniak zu einem Benzazepinon reagierte, ein weiteres wichtiges Schlüsselintermediat in dieser Synthese. Mit diesem Benzazepinon wurden viele Versuche zur Doppelbindungsfunk-tionalisierung unternommen, so z. B. Dihydroxylierungen und Epoxidierungen. Auch wurde das Amid zum Amin reduziert und mit Pentensäure erneut funktionalisiert. Mit dem so gewonnenen Dien wurden erste Versuche unternommen, über eine Grubbs-Metathese das bicyclische System des Cripowellins aufzubauen, die jedoch scheiterten.

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Background. Abiraterone acetate is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17 α-hydrolase (CYP17A1) that causes a reduction in the synthesis of testosterone in the adrenal glands, testes and tumor microenvironment. Blocking androgen production, abiraterone has been shown to prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) previously submitted to chemotherapy. The aim of our study was to verify the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in predicting clinical outcome in CRPC patients treated with abiraterone after chemotherapy. Methods. We analyzed 48 CRPC consecutive patients treated with abiraterone after at least one chemotherapeutic regimen with docetaxel. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and genotyped for four polymorphisms in the CYP17A1 gene (rs743572, rs10883783, rs17115100, rs284849). PFS and OS survival curves were used to identify statistical associations between haplotypes and clinical outcome. Results. Forty-eight Caucasian patients with metastatic CRPC treated with abiraterone were genotyped for polymorphisms in the CYP17A1 gene. All samples were evaluable for both sequencing and TaqMan Genotyping assay. The CRPC patients treated with abiraterone had a median PFS and OS of 7.6 months (95% CI: 4.3-10.5) and 17.6 months (95% CI: 10.5-19.0), respectively Statistical analyses highlighted a difference approaching statistical significance (log-rank test p = 0.0534) between rs10883783 and PFS. Other polymorphisms were not associated with a benefit from treatment with abiraterone. Conclusions. In our case series of 48 treated patients, rs10883783 only was identified as a possible predictive marker, results showing a trend toward statistical significance. Further analysis of this polymorphism is needed in larger series of patients to confirm our findings.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit mit dem Titel „Enantioselektive Organokatalyse in Epoxidierungen und Cyanhydrinbildungen“ wurde die Synthese zweier Cyclophan-carbaldimine durchgeführt. Beide Verbindungen bestehen aus einem Glykosyl-Baustein und einem Paracyclophan-Baustein, die über eine Imin-Bindung verbrückt sind. Die Cyclophan-carbaldimine wurden dann als Katalysatoren in einer Reihe von enantioselektiven Reaktionen verwendet. Enantioselektive Reaktionen bilden von zwei spiegelbildlichen Produkten stets eines im Überschuss. Zu diesen Reaktionen zählen die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten enantioselektiven Epoxidierungen und enantioselektiven Cyanhydrinsynthesen. Die enantioselektiven Epoxidierungen waren dabei als Teil der Totalsynthesen der Naturstoffe Dasyscyphin D und Caripyrin geplant. Diese beiden Naturstoffe zeigten in biologischen Tests am Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoffforschung (IBWF) in Kaiserslautern Aktivität gegen den Reisbrand-Pilz Magnaporthe grisea, der für Ernteverluste in beträchtlichem Ausmaß verantwortlich ist. Das Caripyrin selbst beinhaltet eine Epoxidstruktur. Mittels der oben angeführten Katalysatoren wurde versucht, diese Epoxidstruktur selektiv einzuführen. Dies gelang nicht, aber der Naturstoff konnte mittels Epoxidierung durch m-Chlorperbenzoesäure erstmals dargestellt werden. In mehreren biologischen Vergleichstests am IBWF Kaiserslautern zeigte auch das synthetische Caripyrin mit dem natürlichen Caripyrin vergleichbare biologische Aktivität.rnDas Dasyscyphin D an sich trägt keine Epoxidfunktion. Dennoch spielt sie auch hier eine wichtige Rolle. Innerhalb der geplanten Totalsynthese von Dasyscyphin D sollte die Farnesylseitenkette eines aromatischen Ringes selektiv epoxidiert werden. Durch einen elektrophilen Angriff an dieses Epoxid sollte im Anschluss eine Cyclisierung zum Dasyscyphin-Grundgerüst eingeleitet werden, aus dem dann Dasyscyphin D dargestellt werden sollte. Im Gegensatz zur Caripyrin-Synthese, bei der die selektive Epoxidierung nicht gelang, scheint sie in der Synthese von Dasyscyphin D sattgefunden zu haben, allerdings ist eine Isolierung des Reaktionsproduktes noch nicht gelungen. Folglich konnte das Dasyscyphin D noch nicht erfolgreich synthetisiert werden.rnDie Versuche zur enantioselektiven Cyanhydrin-Synthese waren nicht Bestandteil einer Totalsynthese. Die Cyanhydrine wurden zuerst als Racemate synthetisiert und gaschromatographisch vermessen, um auf diese Weise die exakten Retentionszeiten der einzelnen Enantiomere zu ermitteln. Anschließend wurden die Cyanhydrine dann enantioselektiv dargestellt und ebenfalls gaschromatographisch vermessen. Durch den Vergleich mit den racemischen Cyanhydrinen konnte dabei direkt aus der Reaktionslösung gemessen werden, was erforderlich war, da eine Isolierung der Cyanhydrine unter den gewählten Reaktionsbedingen nicht gelang. Aus den gaschromatographischen Messungen konnten Enantiomerenüberschüsse von bis zu 95 % ermittelt werden. Weiterhin ergaben die Messungen, dass der Arabinosyl-Katalysator im Vergleich mit dem Galactosyl-Katalysator eine geringere Enantioselektivität induziert, was vermutlich auf leichte räumliche Differenzen der beiden Katalysatoren zurückzuführen ist. Ein weiteres wichtiges Ergebnis war, dass beide Katalysatoren, wie geplant, unterschiedliche Enantiomere im Überschuss bilden. Die Glykosyl- und Paracyclophan-Bausteine der beiden Katalysatoren waren so gewählt worden, dass beide Katalysatoren pseudo-Enantiomere bilden. Auf diese Weise sollte eine Einflussnahme auf das gebildete Enantiomer durch die Wahl des entsprechenden Cyclophan-carbaldimin-Katalysators möglich gemacht werden, was, wie bereits erwähnt, gelang.rn

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In Medicina Veterinaria l'avvelenamento da rodenticidi anticoagulanti è conosciuto e studiato ormai da anni, essendo una delle intossicazioni più comunemente riscontrate nelle specie non target. In letteratura si rinvengono numerose pubblicazioni ma alcuni aspetti sono rimasti ancora inesplorati.Questo studio si propone di valutare il processo infiammatorio, mediante le proteine di fase acuta (APPs), in corso di fenomeni emorragici, prendendo come modello reale un gruppo di soggetti accidentalmente avvelenati da rodenticidi anticoagulanti. I 102 soggetti avvelenati presentano un valore più elevato di proteina C reattiva (CRP)con una mediana di 4.77 mg/dl statisticamente significativo rispetto alla mediana delle due popolazioni di controllo di pari entità numerica create con cross match di sesso, razza ed età; rispettivamente 0.02 mg/dl dei soggetti sani e 0.37 mg/dl dei soggetti malati di altre patologie. Inoltre all'interno del gruppo dei soggetti avvelenati un valore di CRP elevato all'ammissione può predisporre al decesso. La proteina C reattiva assume quindi un ruolo diagnostico e prognostico in questo avvelenamento. Un'altra finalità, di non inferiore importanza, è quella di definire una linea guida terapeutica con l'ausilio di biomarker coagulativi e di valutare la sicurezza della vitamina K per via endovenosa: in 73 cani, non in terapia con vitamina k, intossicati da rodenticidi anticoagulanti, i tempi della coagulazione (PT ed aPTT) ritornano nel range di normalità dopo 4 ore dalla prima somministrazione di 5 mg/kg di vitamina k per via endovenosa e nessun soggetto durante e dopo il trattamento ha manifestato reazioni anafilattiche, nessuno dei pazienti ha necessitato trasfusione ematica e tutti sono sopravvissuti. Infine si è valutata l'epidemiologia dell'ingestione dei prodotti rodenticidi nella specie oggetto di studio e la determinazione dei principi attivi mediante cromatografia liquida abbinata a spettrofotometria di massa (UPLC-MS/MS).