El humanismo de la logoterapia de Viktor Frankl : la aplicación del análisis existencial en la orientación persona.

Se recoge el pensamiento psicológico en el fragor de las disputas y controversias entre Freud y Adler, Jung, Allers, Scwarz, Bühler y Frankl. Se describe el itinerario histórico y conceptual de Viktor Frankl, desde su inicial formación psicoanalista hasta reivindicar el mundo del espíritu como la dimensión genuina del ser humano. El objetivo que se persigue es investigar y marcar las directrices para aplicar el análisis existencia en la orientación personal.

Fundamentos !Vivir a tope! : en reconocimiento al profesor Viktor Frankl

Se expone la almendra de la teoría antropológica de Viktor Frankl. Y algunas de las enseñanzas para la vida corriente que legó tras su dramática experiencia como prisionero en cuatro campos de concentración. Se presentan las teorías de psicólogos y psiquiatras escasamente conocidos como: Allers, Bühler, Schward. Y las polémicas y controversias que entablaron otros mas reconocidos como: Freud, Adler, Jung. Todo ello en el marco de imaginarios Congresoss en la Viena de principios del siglo XX intercalado con precisos datos históricos .

La escuela orientadora.

Se parte de la consideración de que la escuela forma para la vida. En la vida, según Adler, hay tres problemas fundamentales: de relación del yo y del tu, de relación del yo con el otro sexo y de relación del individuo con la profesión. El primer problema es de índole social-personal, el segundo es un problema que gira fundamentalmente en torno al matrimonio; el tercer problema es social-real, y tiene por objeto la solución del problema profesional y del sentido y utilidad de la propia existencia en comunidad. La escuela que prepare para la vida no puede omitir ninguno de estos problemas, ya que su solución es condición de adaptabilidad a la vida ciudadana. Se centra especialmente en el tercer problema, en el cual la escuela debe ser plataforma de una orientación vocacional. Esta función puede desempeñarla doblemente: por su contenido, y por los indicios que ocasionalmente puede proporcionar al orientador. Se reflexiona sobre la cuestión de la orientación vocacional y los ciclos de formación, para determinar la labor orientadora de la escuela en relación con cada uno de ellos. Por otro lado para la instrucción funcional del escolar, hay que conocer una serie de indicios útiles para una orientación del alumno: una estimación de la madurez e idoneidad general, una información del alumno, y una información para el maestro y el educador. En definitiva la Escuela puede y debe: disponer para las superiores, preparar para las calificadas y administrativas, iniciar en las semicalificadas y liberar a ser posible de las no calificadas.

Humanismo en Norteamérica.

Se analiza un artículo publicado en la sección 'Education' del semanario norteamericano 'Time' sobre el pensamiento del pedagogo Mortimer Adler, partidario de un movimiento filosófico de vuelta al humanismo, a través de la idea de la unidad jerárquica del saber, aunque sin olvidar los métodos positivistas.

El sentimiento de inferioridad en los niños.

El concepto de inferioridad no consiste tanto en ser inferior como en sentirse inferior. Pero una persona sólo puede sentirse inferior si se compara con otra que, según él es superior. El sentimiento de inferioridad surge de una comparación. A partir de este dato el sentimiento de inferioridad toda persona realizará grandes esfuerzos para disminuirlo, para alcanzar seguridad. Nos situamos en la psicología individual teleologia. Según Adler el sentimiento de inferioridad y el afán de superioridad no son más que dos fases inseparables de un mismo proceso. El hombre tiene que desarrollar ciertos comportamientos cambiando el fin se puede cambiar la conducta. 100 niños de un hogar infantil. Entrevistas personales y observación. El factor nocivo básico es la falta de auténtico afecto y cariño. En estos niños se ve un gran sentimiento de inseguridad, motivado por el ámbiente en que están creciendo falto de cariño y la atención necesarias para que estos chicos desarrollen una personalidad normal. Estos chicos viven en una situación de angustia, de tensión interior. Cabría la pregunta de sí esta angustia tendría en el futuro que desembocar necesariamente en una neurosis. Estos orfelinatos no ayudan al logro de una madurez en el individuo, sino que por el contrario en la mayoría de los casos forman personas taradas psíquicamente y resentidas contra una sociedad que sienten como injusta.

La grafología y los sentimientos de inferioridad.

Dar una visión amplia del problema de inferioridad desde la perspectiva de varios autores, e intentar ver las manifestaciones de ella en la escritura. Aunque la mayoría de la gente lucha contra la inferioridad no todos de entre ellos salen victoriosos, arrastrando algunos un lastre de inseguridad a lo largo de toda la vida. El resto, que aunque pocos, parten de no sentir esa bendita inferioridad o si la sienten, se recrean en ella. Según Adler, y otros entre tantos, buscan la fuente de la inferioridad en la infancia y en el tipo de educación recibida. Hay que descartar tanto el mimo como el rechazo, porque todas esas posturas que hagan al niño sentirse diferente y le lleven al individualismo, le alejan del objetivo comunitario. Pero si a pesar de todas las precauciones aparece el problema, existe la terapia que consiste en incorporar al individuo a la colectividad, haciendole comprender que su inferioridad es supuesta, que no es más que un sentimiento que ha de rectificar la opinión falsa de sí mismo sobre su valor humano integral.

The factors needed for hearing-impaired children to benefit from closed-captioned television

This paper discusses a study to determine whether reading level or age has an effect on understanding of closed-captioned television.

The European Union-an expanding security community? EU Diplomacy Paper 06/2012, August 2012

This paper investigates why and how the geographical scope of the security community centered around the European Union (EU) is expanding. It starts from the assumption that the EU itself is a ‘tightly-coupled mature pluralistic security community’. The analysis of the expansion of this peaceful area is based on the theoretical framework first designed by Karl Deutsch and later developed by Emmanuel Adler and Michael Barnett. Contrary to the logic of the adage ‘si vis pacem para bellum’, I argue that the security community is expanding because the EU’s own origins and self-perception are driven by an ambition to create lasting peace. The key mechanisms I explore are the EU’s enlargement and neighborhood policies, which are best understood when analyzed against the concept of concentric circles: the regional EU-centered security community is a multi-speed security community, stronger at its core and weaker as it spreads towards its margins.

Examination of faecal Bifidobacterium populations in breast- and formula-fed infants during the first 18 months of life.

Bifidobacteria in the infant faecal microbiota have been the focus of much interest, especially during the exclusive milk-feeding period and in relation to the fortification of infant formulae to better mimic breast milk. However, longitudinal studies examining the diversity and dynamics of the Bifidobacterium population of infants are lacking, particularly in relation to the effects of weaning. Using a polyphasic strategy, the Bifidobacterium populations of breast- and formula-fed infants were examined during the first 18 months of life. Bifidobacterium-specific denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis demonstrated that breast-fed infants harboured greater diversity than formula-fed infants and the diversity of the infants' Bifidobacterium populations increased with weaning. Twenty-seven distinctive banding profiles were observed from ∼1100 infant isolates using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, 14 biotypes of which were confirmed to be members of the genus Bifidobacterium. Two profiles (H, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis; and I, Bifidobacterium bifidum) were common culturable biotypes, seen in 9/10 infants, while profile E (Bifidobacterium breve) was common among breast-fed infants. Overall, inter- and intra-individual differences were observed in the Bifidobacterium populations of infants between 1 and 18 months of age, although weaning was associated with increased diversity of the infant Bifidobacterium populations. Breast-fed infants generally harboured a more complex Bifidobacterium microbiota than formula-fed infants.

Longitudinal investigation of the faecal microbiota of healthy full-term infants using fluorescence in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

From birth onwards, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of infants progressively acquires a complex range of micro-organisms. It is thought that by 2 years of age the GI microbial population has stabilized. Within the developmental period of the infant GI microbiota, weaning is considered to be most critical, as the infant switches from a milk-based diet (breast and/or formula) to a variety of food components. Longitudinal analysis of the biological succession of the infant GI/faecal microbiota is lacking. In this study, faecal samples were obtained regularly from 14 infants from 1 month to 18 months of age. Seven of the infants (including a set of twins) were exclusively breast-fed and seven were exclusively formula-fed prior to weaning, with 175 and 154 faecal samples, respectively, obtained from each group. Diversity and dynamics of the infant faecal microbiota were analysed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Overall, the data demonstrated large inter- and intra-individual differences in the faecal microbiological profiles during the study period. However, the infant faecal microbiota merged with time towards a climax community within and between feeding groups. Data from the twins showed the highest degree of similarity both quantitatively and qualitatively. Inter-individual variation was evident within the infant faecal microbiota and its development, even within exclusively formula-fed infants receiving the same diet. These data can be of help to future clinical trials (e.g. targeted weaning products) to organize protocols and obtain a more accurate outline of the changes and dynamics of the infant GI microbiota.

Pollination ecology in the 21st century: key questions for future research

To inspire new ideas in research on pollination ecology, we list the most important unanswered questions in the field. This list was drawn up by contacting 170 scientists from different areas of pollination ecology and asking them to contribute their opinion on the greatest knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Almost 40% of them took part in our email poll and we received more than 650 questions and comments, which we classified into different categories representing various aspects of pollination research. The original questions were merged and synthesised, and a final vote and ranking led to the resultant list. The categories cover plant sexual reproduction, pollen and stigma biology, abiotic pollination, evolution of animal-mediated pollination, interactions of pollinators and floral antagonists, pollinator behaviour, taxonomy, plant-pollinator assemblages, geographical trends in diversity, drivers of pollinator loss, ecosystem services, management of pollination, and conservation issues such as the implementation of pollinator conservation. We focused on questions that were of a broad scope rather than case-specific; thus, addressing some questions may not be feasible within single research projects but constitute a general guide for future directions. With this compilation we hope to raise awareness of pollination-related topics not only among researchers but also among non-specialists including policy makers, funding agencies and the public at large.

Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women

Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans (ITF prebiotics) in obese women. Methods A double blind, placebo controlled, intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics (inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix; n=15) or placebo (maltodextrin; n=15) for 3 months (16 g/day). Blood, faeces and urine sampling, oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment. The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA. Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics, but not the placebo, led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels. ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis, Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium, an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels. No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses. However, ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and/or diabetes. Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women, leading to modest changes in host metabolism, as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures.