Practising Western Science Outside the West: Personal Observations on the Indian Scene

Modern science, which was an indigenous product of Western culture, is now being practised in many non-Western countries. This paper discusses the peculiar social, cultural and intellectual problems which scientists of these non-Western countries face in adopting Western science in their situations, with special reference to India. It is pointed out that, in addition to money and communication, it is necessary to have a proper psychological gestalt to practise science satisfactorily. The author analyzes his experience as a physics student in India and in the United States to clarify the nature of this psychological gestalt, and to explain what makes it difficult for non-Western scientists to acquire it.

Changing trends in counselling: A counselling psychologist's personal journey

The paper follows the development of "counselling" from the talking cures of ancient times through Chaucer's tales to the recent history of therapies in the Western world. The roles played by various leaders in the field is explored. Finally the therapies in vogue more recent decades are introduced.

A cloud-based intelligent computing system for contextual exploration on personal sleep-tracking data using association rule mining

With the development of wearable and mobile computing technology, more and more people start using sleep-tracking tools to collect personal sleep data on a daily basis aiming at understanding and improving their sleep. While sleep quality is influenced by many factors in a person’s lifestyle context, such as exercise, diet and steps walked, existing tools simply visualize sleep data per se on a dashboard rather than analyse those data in combination with contextual factors. Hence many people find it difficult to make sense of their sleep data. In this paper, we present a cloud-based intelligent computing system named SleepExplorer that incorporates sleep domain knowledge and association rule mining for automated analysis on personal sleep data in light of contextual factors. Experiments show that the same contextual factors can play a distinct role in sleep of different people, and SleepExplorer could help users discover factors that are most relevant to their personal sleep.

Personal health data - Privacy policy harmonization and global enforcement

This workshop is jointly organized by EFMI Working Groups Security, Safety and Ethics and Personal Portable Devices in cooperation with IMIA Working Group "Security in Health Information Systems". In contemporary healthcare and personal health management the collection and use of personal health information takes place in different contexts and jurisdictions. Global use of health data is also expanding. The approach taken by different experts, health service providers, data subjects and secondary users in understanding privacy and the privacy expectations others may have is strongly context dependent. To make eHealth, global healthcare, mHealth and personal health management successful and to enable fair secondary use of personal health data, it is necessary to find a practical and functional balance between privacy expectations of stakeholder groups. The workshop will highlight these privacy concerns by presenting different cases and approaches. Workshop participants will analyse stakeholder privacy expectations that take place in different real-life contexts such as portable health devices and personal health records, and develop a mechanism to balance them in such a way that global protection of health data and its meaningful use is realized simultaneously. Based on the results of the workshop, initial requirements for a global healthcare information certification framework will be developed.

The Relational Self, the Social Bond and the Dynamics of Personal Relationships : A Sociological Analysis

This study analyses personal relationships linking research to sociological theory on the questions of the social bond and on the self as social. From the viewpoint of disruptive life events and experiences, such as loss, divorce and illness, it aims at understanding how selves are bound to their significant others as those specific people ‘close or otherwise important’ to them. Who form the configurations of significant others? How do different bonds respond in disruptions and how do relational processes unfold? How is the embeddedness of selves manifested in the processes of bonding, on the one hand, and in the relational formation of the self, on the other? The bonds are analyzed from an anti-categorical viewpoint based on personal citations of significance as opposed to given relationship categories, such as ‘family’ or ‘friendship’ – the two kinds of relationships that in fact are most frequently significant. The study draws from analysis of the personal narratives of 37 Finnish women and men (in all 80 interviews) and their entire configurations of those specific people who they cite as ‘close or otherwise important’. The analysis stresses the subjective experiences, while also investigating the actualized relational processes and configurations of all personal relationships with certain relationship histories embedded in micro-level structures. The research is based on four empirical sub-studies of personal relationships and a summary discussing the questions of the self and social bond. Discussion draws from G. H. Mead, C. Cooley, N. Elias, T. Scheff, G. Simmel and the contributors of ‘relational sociology’. Sub-studies analyse bonds to others from the viewpoint of biographical disruption and re-configuration of significant others, estranged family bonds, peer support and the formation of the most intimate relationships into exclusive and inclusive configurations. All analyses examine the dialectics of the social and the personal, asking how different structuring mechanisms and personal experiences and negotiations together contribute to the unfolding of the bonds. The summary elaborates personal relationships as social bonds embedded in wider webs of interdependent people and social settings that are laden with cultural expectations. Regarding the question of the relational self, the study proposes both bonding and individuality as significant. They are seen as interdependent phases of the relationality of the self. Bonding anchors the self to its significant relationships, in which individuality is manifested, for example, in contrasting and differentiating dynamics, but also in active attempts to connect with others. Individuality is not a fixed quality of the self, but a fluid and interdependent phase of the relational self. More specifically, it appears in three formats in the flux of relational processes: as a sense of unique self (via cultivation of subjective experiences), as agency and as (a search for) relative autonomy. The study includes an epilogue addressing the ambivalence between the social expectation of individuality in society and the bonded reality of selves.

Just say no? The influence of personal goals, beliefs, psychosocial adjustment, and parental relationships in drug use by adolescents

The study in its entirety focused on factors related to adolescents decisions concerning drug use. The term drug use is taken here to include the use of tobacco products, alcohol, narcotics, and other addictive substances. First, the reasons given for drug use (attributions) were investigated. Secondly, the influence of personal goals, the beliefs involved in decision making, psychosocial adjustment including body image and involvement with peers, and parental relationships on drug use were studied. Two cohorts participated in the study. In 1984, a questionnaire on reasons for drug use was administered to a sample of adolescents aged 14-16 (N=396). A further questionnaire was administered to another sample of adolescents aged 14-16 (N=488) in 1999. The results for both cohorts were analyzed in Articles I and II. In Articles III and IV further analysis was carried out on the second cohort (N=488). The research report presented here provides a synthesis of all four articles, together with material from a further analysis. In a comparison of the two cohorts it was found that the attributions for drug use had changed considerably over the intervening fifteen-year period. In relation to alcohol and narcotics use an increase was found in reasons involving inner subjective experiences, with mention of the good feeling and fun resulting from alcohol and narcotics use. In addition, the goals of alcohol consumption were increasingly perceived as drinking to get drunk, and for its own sake. The attributions for the adolescents own smoking behavior were quite different from the attributions for smoking by others. The attributions were only weakly influenced by the participants gender or by their smoking habits, either in 1984 or 1999. In relation to participants own smoking, the later questionnaire elicited more mention of inner subjective experiences involving "good feeling. In relation to the perceived reasons for other people s smoking, it elicited more responses connected with the notion of "belonging. In the second sample, the results indicated that the levels of body satisfaction among adolescent girls are lower than those among adolescent boys. Overall, dissatisfaction with one's physical appearance seemed to relate to drug use. Girls were also found to engage in more discussions than boys; this applied to (i) discussion with peers (concerning both intimate and general matters), and (ii) discussion with parents (concerning general matters). However, more than a quarter of the boys (out of the entire population) reported only low intimacy with both parents and peers. If both drinking and smoking were considered, it seemed that girls in particular who reported drinking and smoking also reported high intimacy with parents and peers. Boys who reported drinking and smoking reported only medium intimacy with parents and peers. In addition, having an intimate relationship with one's peers was associated with a greater tendency to drink purely in order to get drunk. Overall, the results seemed to suggest that drug use is connected with a close relationship with peers and (surprisingly) with a close relationship with parents. Nevertheless, there were also indications that to some extent peer relationships can also protect adolescents from smoking and alcohol use. The results, which underline the complexity of adolescent drug use, are taken up in the Discussion section. It may be that body image and/or other identity factors play a more prominent role in all drug use than has previously been acknowledged. It does appear that in the course of planning support campaigns for adolescents at risk of drug use, we should focus more closely on individuals and their inner world. More research on this field is clearly needed, and therefore some ideas for future research are also presented.

What should I think; How should I feel? : The balancing of personal experiences and social norms in the outgroup attitude formation of youth

The present study focused on the associations between the personal experiences of intergroup contact, perceived social norms and the outgroup attitudes of Finnish majority and Russian-speaking minority youth living in Finland. The theoretical background of the study was derived from Allport s (1954) theory of intergroup contact (i.e., the contact hypothesis), social psychological research on normative influences on outgroup attitudes (e.g., Rutland, 2004; Stangor and Leary, 2006) and developmental psychological research on the formation of explicit (deliberate) and implicit (automatically activated) outgroup attitudes in adolescence (e.g., Barrett, 2007; Killen, McGlothlin and Henning, 2008). The main objective of the study was to shed light on the role of perceived social norms in the formation of outgroup attitudes among adolescents. First, the study showed that perceived normative pressure to hold positive attitudes towards immigrants regulated the relationship between the explicit and implicit expression of outgroup attitudes among majority youth. Second, perceived social norms concerning outgroup attitudes (i.e., the perceived outgroup attitudes of parents and peers) affected the relationship between intergroup contact and explicit outgroup attitudes depending on gender and group status. Positive social norms seem to be especially important for majority boys, who need both pleasant contact experiences and normative support to develop outgroup attitudes that are as positive as girls attitudes. The role of social norms is accentuated also among minority youth, who, contrary to majority youth with their more powerful and independent status position, need to reflect upon their attitudes and experiences of negative intergroup encounters in relation to the experiences and attitudes of their ingroup members. Third, the results are indicative of the independent effects of social norms and intergroup anxiety on outgroup attitudes: the effect of perceived social norms on the outgroup attitudes of youth seems to be at least as strong as the effect of intergroup anxiety. Finally, it was shown that youth evaluate intergroup contact from the viewpoint of their ingroup and society as a whole, not just based on their own experiences. In conclusion, the outgroup attitudes of youth are formed in a close relationship with their social environment. On the basis of this study, the importance of perceived social norms for research on intergroup contact effects among youth cannot be overlooked. Positive normative influences have the potential to break the strong link between rare and/or negative personal contact experiences and negative outgroup attitudes, and norms also influence the relationship between implicit and explicit attitude expression.

Leader - Follower Relations In An Intercultural Chinese Context - Personal, Interpersonal and Behavioural Influences and Impact on Work Contribution

The successful interaction between leaders and their followers is central to the overall functioning of a company. The increasingly multinational nature of modern business and the resulting multicultural and increasingly heterogeneous workforce imposes specific challenges to the development of high-quality work relationships. The Western multinational companies that have started operations in China are facing these challenges. This study examines the quality of leader-follower relationships between Western expatriate leaders and their Chinese followers as well as between Chinese leaders and their Chinese followers in Western-owned subsidiaries in China. The focus is on the influence of personal, interpersonal and behavioural factors (personality, values, cultural knowledge, perceived and actual similarity, interactional justice, and follower performance) and the work-related implications of these relationships (job attitudes and organisational citizenship behaviour). One interesting finding of this study is that Chinese followers have higher perceptions of their Western than their Chinese leaders. The results also indicate that Chinese and Western leaders’ perceptions of their followers are not influenced favourably by the same follower characteristics. In a similar vein, Chinese followers value different traits in Western versus Chinese leaders. These results, as well as the numerous more specific findings of the study, have practical implications for international human resource management and areas such as selection, placement and training. Due to the different effect of personal and interpersonal factors across groups, it is difficult to achieve the “perfect match” between leader and follower characteristics that simultaneously contribute to high-quality relationships for Chinese and Western leaders as well as for followers. However, the results indicate that the ability of organisations to enhance the quality of leader-follower relations by selecting and matching people with suitable characteristics may provide an effective means for organisations to increase positive job attitudes and hence influence work-related outcomes.

Estudio para la rehabilitación y desarrollo de la pequeña ganadería de la zona seca Sur de la Región I, Nicaragua

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de contribuir a impulsar un programa de rehabilitación y desarrollo sostenido de la pequeña ganadería a corto y mediano plazo en la zona seca sur de la Región l. El estudio estuvo integrado por seis componentes: la Caracterización Biofísica y Socio Económica de la Zona, la Situación de la Ganadería en Nicaragua, la Situación de la Ganadería en la Región 1, Caracterización de la Pequeña Ganadería, Conclusiones y el Plan de Acciones. La información necesaria para el estudio fue obtenida a través de datos primarios (Observación de Campo) y apoyada por la elaboración de una ficha de entrevista, la información secundaria fue obtenida a través de revisión bibliográfica y consultas con Personal de Instituciones como BND, MED, MAG, Casas Comerciales, etc. Los resultados del estudio se consolidaron y analizaron estadísticamente; finalmente se presentaron conclusiones y limitantes encontradas, así como las recomendaciones tendientes a superar los problemas encontrados. En general la situación de la pequeña ganadería en la zona seca evidencian un potencial deterioro; sus índices técnicos, el bajo nivel tecnológico adoptado y la baja rentabilidad encontrada refuerzan esta aseveración. Concluyéndose que existe una diversidad de prácticas las que no tienen ningún fundamento técnico; que el subsistema pecuario es susceptible de considerables mejoras a pesar de su ingreso neto favorable; que existe la necesidad de organizar a los productores para mejorar la comercialización de sus productos. Basados en la realidad se planteó un plan de acciones el cual se diseñó en función de cumplir con los objetivos de: Realizar un reordenamiento de los recursos de la finca para aprovechar al máximo las interacciones de los subsistemas, Maximizar el uso de los recursos de la finca y el proceso de producción. Se diseñó un plan de manejo sanitario, reproductivo y de alimentación bovina, así como las medidas de acompañamiento para la introducción de vientres y sementales, las que se relacionan con la raza de animales a introducir, zonas de intervención, capacitación y mecanismos de divulgación tecnológica.

Estudio retrospectivo de mortalidad (1994-1998) y manejo sanitario en períodos de desarrollo y engorde (marzo-septiembre, 1999) de conejos comerciales en la Granja Experimental de FACA-UNA

El presente estudio se realizó en la granja cunícula de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada en el Km. 12 1/2 de la carretera Norte, Managua, Nicaragua. El cual abarca una fase retrospectiva y una prospectiva, realizándose con ayuda de los registros productivos y reproductivos de cada animal. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer retrospectivamente las tasas de mortalidad del período de enero de 1994 a diciembre de 1998, e implementar un plan sanitario en forma prospectiva con el fin de disminuir la mortalidad encontrada en los años anteriores. Las fases del estudio realizado se enfocaron en el análisis de la mortalidad de los animales, teniendo como variables las diferentes categorías, raza, destino, mes y año. En la fase retrospectiva, la mortalidad de las hembras por raza dio como resultado, un porcentaje de muertos mayor en la raza Neozelandés Blanca con 27 hembras muertas representando el 48.2 % de la mortalidad entre 8 diferentes razas, presentándose las muertes en su mayoría en los meses de época seca, así como también 403 gazapos muertos lo que representa un porcentaje de 58 %. En la fase prospectiva, el total de conejos estudiados fue de 112, de los cuales se obtuvo un total de 4 hembras muertas para un porcentaje de 14.28% en lo que respecta a su categoría. El porcentaje de mortalidad de los gazapos al nacimiento fue de 25.8% dándose el número mayor de muertos en la época seca. En la categoría de engorde fue un total de 11 conejos muertos lo que representa el 13.9% de mortalidad en esa categoría. Los resultados demuestran que la implementación de un plan sanitario es indispensable para una alta producción de conejos, ya que sin este el índice de mortalidad e incidencia de enfermedades se aumentan, igualmente el factor económico haciendo gastos innecesarios en medicamentos para curar las enfermedades.

Establecimiento de plan sanitario y profilactico en la Granja Cunicula Artesanal de Nindiri, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua

Dado que en Nicaragua la producción cunícula se está convirtiendo en una alternativa de consumo para la población, es necesario que en las granjas cunícula se implementen medidas profilácticas para mejorar las condiciones de salud y por ende la calidad de su carne, por lo cual se propuso este trabajo de investigación que lleva por titulo: Establecimiento de Plan Sanitario y Profiláctico en la Granja Cunícula Artesanal de Nindirí, Departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua. Por lo cual se procedió a establecer los siguientes objetivos: Validar la aplicación de minerales y vitaminas en granjas cuniculas de explotación artesanal, validar la aplicación de Coccidiostáticos en los conejos de diferentes categorías, validar la aplicación de desparasitantes externos e internos en los conejos de diferentes categorías. Este estudio se realizó en un período de seis meses mediante laaplicación de cuatro tipos de tratamiento con frecuencia de aplicación TA (Sulfaprin) mensual, TB (Levamisol) cada tres meses, TC (Ivermectina) cada tres meses, TD (Vitaminas AD3E) semanal, en total se estudiaron 80 animales de diferentes categorías. Los tratamientos aplicados demostraron efectividad en el control de las patologías en la granja. Así el plan sanitario permitió mejorar casi en su totalidad patologías predisponentes. En conclusión se puede decir que la aplicación del plan sanitario acompañado de medidas higiénicas, controló en un 95% la presencia de patologías, disminuyó la tasa de mortalidad y los costos de producción, además se obtuvo mejor calidad de la carne.

Manual de crianza, raza, entrenamiento y reglamento del gallo de combate

Los gallos de combate llegaron a América provenientes de Europa; los conquistadores españoles trajeron gallos del tipo bankivoyde; malayoide, entre otros. Los primeros gallos de combate se originaron hace más de cinco mil años, ascendientes de los que hoy conocemos como Asiles Las primeras peleas de gallo se registraron en la India tres mil años antes de Cristo. Posiblemente las primeras aves que se pelearon por separado, fueron machos nacidos en cautiverio, tanto Malayos (Gallus giganteus)como Bankivas (subespecies de Gallus gallus). Para la selección y formación del "gallo de combate" intervinieron una serie de factores, los cuales se tejieron alrededor de la antigua Bélica de estas aves, de allí vendría el interés por crearlos, teniendo antes que capturarlo y trasladarlo desde su hábitat natural (los bosques) al cautiverio,cuando eran pollitos. Seguramente el primer criador de gallos de combate se daría cuenta de la actitud Bélica conflictiva en los pollones; quienes, al crecer demostrarían sus primeras actitudes de luchadores, matándose unos a otros. Esto forzaría a los criadores a separarlos en pequeñas jaulas rústicas. Luego hicieron la primera selección de los mejores ejemplares, según las actitudes de lucha, fuerza, velocidad, agilidad, entre otras. Antes de empezar con la explicación del manejo de los gallos de pelea, es necesario ejecutar algunas aclaraciones con relación a lo que son los gallos de pelea, y sobre todo, quienes son los que se encargan de su manejo. Cabe entender que, no todas las personas que están en este medio son iguales, y la forma más sencilla de explicar esto, es marcar la diferencia entre "galleros" y "criadores de gallos" Estos últimos, para tener aves de calidad, le es indispensable saber eleccionar a los reproductores, tal vez esta es la tarea más difícil de todas. Fundamentar la base para una buena alimentación, sana y racional. Es muy importante conocer sobre el tema de las instalaciones, para los que quieren iniciar su criadero de aves de combate. Deben tomarse en cuenta, en el manejo del gallo de pelea, las prácticas adecuadas del descreste y tusado. Las enfermedades se reconocen por sus señales muy claras. Las vacunas es el método más sencillo y más barato de prevenir pérdidas. El entrenamiento o cuido apropiado y la buena alimentación del gallo, son esenciales para obtener victorias o buen rendimiento durante el combate, si falta uno de éstos dos, puede ser fatal para sus gallos. Existen distintos tipos de entrenamientos para un gallo de pelea, ninguno es criticable, pero definitivamente es necesario preguntarse ¿Están ganando con este método? En síntesis hay que identificar y evaluar, comenzando desde el lugar en dónde desarrollar nuestras crías, depende mucho de las condiciones climáticas y ambientales(humedad, sol, temperatura, disposición de agua fresca, entre otras). Disponibilidad de materia prima como granos, alimento balanceado, y forraje verde. Disposición de personal calificado en la temática y permanencia continúa.

La evaluación de valores y actitudes en el ciclo básico de secundaria en el caso de dos instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Paraná

Resumen: La Educación en valores es uno de los ejes que han de convertirse en uno de los puntos centrales de la educación del siglo XXI. Junto con las competencias laborales y la educación en la democracia, los valores hacen al desarrollo de la integralidad de la persona y su calidad de vida. La enseñanza y consecuente evaluación de valores en nuestras escuelas han de llevarse a cabo en un clima psicoético institucional acorde a los mismos.

Autorregulación emocional y actitudes ante situaciones de agravio

Este trabajo trata acerca de la evaluación de la influencia de la autorregulación emocional (control de los impulsos y control en situaciones adversas) sobre las actitudes ante situaciones de agravio. La muestra comprendió a 287 adolescentes, de ambos sexos, 114 varones y 173 mujeres, de 15 a 17 años de edad, residentes en la ciudad de Paraná. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Actitudes ante Situaciones de Agravio y el Inventario de Cociente Emocional (Eq-i). Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran que existe una relación negativa entre el control de los impulsos y el control en situaciones adversas, y las actitudes agresivas de venganza, rencor y hostilidad.