Studio di biomateriali usati come scaffold per Tissue Engineering e loro caratterizzazione con tecniche spettroscopiche vibrazionali e di analisi termica

This research investigated someone of the main problems connected to the application of Tissue Engineering in the prosthetic field, in particular about the characterization of the scaffolding materials and biomimetic strategies adopted in order to promote the implant integration. The spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques were usefully applied to characterize the chemico-physical properties of the materials such as – crystallinity; – relative composition in case of composite materials; – Structure and conformation of polymeric and peptidic chains; – mechanism and degradation rate; – Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds, aliphatic interactions). This kind of information are of great importance in the comprehension of the interactions that scaffold undergoes when it is in contact with biological tissues; this information are fundamental to predict biodegradation mechanisms and to understand how chemico-physical properties change during the degradation process. In order to fully characterize biomaterials, this findings must be integrated by information relative to mechanical aspects and in vitro and in vivo behavior thanks to collaborations with biomedical engineers and biologists. This study was focussed on three different systems that correspond to three different strategies adopted in Tissue Engineering: biomimetic replica of fibrous 3-D structure of extracellular matrix (PCL-PLLA), incorporation of an apatitic phase similar to bone inorganic phase to promote biomineralization (PCL-HA), surface modification with synthetic oligopeptides that elicit the interaction with osteoblasts. The characterization of the PCL-PLLA composite underlined that the degradation started along PLLA fibres, which are more hydrophylic, and they serve as a guide for tissue regeneration. Moreover it was found that some cellular lines are more active in the colonization of the scaffold. In the PCL-HA composite, the weight ratio between the polymeric and the inorganic phase plays an essential role both in the degradation process and in the biomineralization of the material. The study of self-assembling peptides allowed to clarify the influence of primary structure on intermolecular and intermolecular interactions, that lead to the formation of the secondary structure and it was possible to find a new class of oligopeptides useful to functionalize materials surface. Among the analytical techniques used in this study, Raman vibrational spectroscopy played a major role, being non-destructive and non-invasive, two properties that make it suitable to degradation studies and to morphological characterization. Also micro-IR spectroscopy was useful in the comprehension of peptide structure on oxidized titanium: up to date this study was one of the first to employ this relatively new technique in the biomedical field.

Wilmstumor- und Metanephrogenese: differenzielle Genexpressionsanalysen und weitere Charakterisierung identifizierter Kandidatengene

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden verschiedene Kandidatengene für den Wilmstumor (WT), eine Tumorerkrankung der Niere, identifiziert und charakterisiert. Da dieses frühkindliche Malignom aus einer inkorrekt ablaufenden Metanephrogenese resultiert, wurden die Genexpressionsmuster verschiedener humaner Wilmstumor- und Normalnierengewebe (adulte sowie fetale Niere) mit Hilfe der Technik des differential display verglichen und die als differenziell exprimiert identifizierten Gene kloniert und charakterisiert. Bei TM7SF1 handelt es sich um ein neues Gen, dessen Transkription im Zuge der Metanephrogenese angeschaltet wird. Das von ihm codierte putative Protein kann aufgrund von Strukturvorhersagen vermutlich zur Familie G Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptoren gezählt werden. Die ableitbare Funktion als Signalmolekül der Nierenentwicklung, sowie seine Lokalisation in einem WT-Lokus (1q42-q43) machen TM7SF1 zu einem aussichtsreichen Kandidatengen für den WT. Darüber hinaus konnten die Voraussetzungen für funktionelle Tests, die eine weitere Charakterisierung von TM7SF1 erlauben, geschaffen werden (Identifikation und Klonierung des murinen Homologen, stabil überexprimierende WT-Zelllinien, Antikörper gegen den Aminoterminus des putativen Proteins). Mit TCF2 wurde ein weiteres Gen identifiziert, dessen Produkt in Prozessen der Metanephrogenese eine Rolle spielt. Die signifikante Herunterregulation der TCF2-Expression in der großen Mehrzahl der untersuchten WTs, die innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigte Regulation durch das WT1-Genprodukt, sowie seine genomische Lokalisation in einem Intervall für die familiäre Form des WT (FWT1 in 17q12-q21) zeigen das Potenzial von TCF2, als Kandidatengen für den FWT zu gelten. Darüber hinaus wurde mit GLI3 ein in verschiedenen WTs stark exprimiertes Gen identifiziert. Sein Produkt ist eine Komponente des entwicklungsbiologisch relevanten und in verschiedene Tumorerkrankungen involvierten sonic hedgehog-Signaltransduktionsweges. Mit FE7A3 und CDT151 konnten zwei differenziell exprimierte cDNAs identifiziert werden, die Teile neuer Gene darstellen und die in WT-Loci kartiert werden konnten. Aufgrund von Homologievergleichen im Bereich der identifizierten offenen Leserahmen konnte eine mögliche Bedeutung der putativen Genprodukte für die WT-Pathogenese als Zelladhäsionsmolekül (FE7A3) bzw. als mit der Proliferation assoziiertem Transkriptionsfaktor (CDT151) herausgearbeitet werden. Neben den komparativen Genexpressionsuntersuchungen wurde in einem zweiten Ansatz die transkriptionelle Regulation des einzigen bisher klonierten Wilmstumorgens (WT1) analysiert. Mit Hilfe vergleichender Reportergenanalysen in WT1-exprimierenden und nicht-exprimierenden Zelllinien konnten neue für die transkriptionelle Regulation von WT1 relevante Bereiche identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde der für die Transkriptionsfaktoren SP1 und SP3 an anderen Promotoren beschriebene funktionelle Antagonismus für die WT1-Expression untersucht und in Gelretardationsanalysen mit dem WT1-Expressionsstatus oben genannter Zelllinien korreliert.

3D-Cryo-Elektronenmikroskopie des 4x6-Hämocyanins der Vogelspinne Eurypelma californicum unter Oxy- und Deoxybedingungen

Arthropodenhämocyanine und Molluskenhämocyanine, die extrazellulären Atmungsproteine der Arthropoden und Mollusken, unterscheiden sich grundsätzlich im Aufbau, besitzen aber ähnliche aktive Zentren, welche in ihrer oxydierten Form für die Blaufärbung der Hämocyanine verantwortlich sind. Sauerstoff wird im Bindungszentrum zwischen zwei, von sechs Histidinen ligandierten, Kupfer(I)Ionen gebunden. Arthropodenhämocyanine bauen sich artspezifisch aus 1, 2, 4, 6, oder 8 Hexameren mit D3-Symmetrie auf. Die Untereinheiten von je ca. 75 kDa falten sich in drei Domänen unterschiedlicher Funktionen. Der komplexe, hierarchische Zusammenbau der Arthropodenhämocyanine hängt von der Heterogenität der Untereinheiten ab. Die 7 verschieden Sequenzen des 4x6-Hämocyanins von Eurypelma californicum (EcHc) sind biochemisch in der Quartärstruktur lokalisiert. Bislang fehlte noch ein unabhängig erstelltes 3D-Modell der geometrischen Gesamtstruktur welche die hexamere und monomere Topographie eindeutig zeigt. Dessen Erstellung war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit, in Verbindung mit der Zielsetzung, die 3D-Rekonstruktion in den beiden extremen physiologischen Zuständen, mit und ohne gebundenen Sauerstoff, zu erzeugen. Dazu wurden in einer eigens entwickelten Atmosphären-Präparationskammer die Proteine in Lösung schockgefrorenen und mittels Cryo-3D-Elektronenmikroskopie gemessen. Aus den daraus gewonnen Projektionsbildern ließen sich mit der ”Single Particle Analyse“ die 3D-Informationen zurückberechnen. Die 3D-Rekonstruktionen wurden mit der publizierten Röntgenkristallstruktur des hexameren Referenz-Hämocyanins der Languste Panulirus interruptus verifiziert. Die Rekonstruktionen erlaubten die eindeutige Messung diverser in der Literatur diskutierter Parameter der Architektur des 4x6-EcHc und darüber hinaus weiterer geometrischer Parameter, welche hier erstmals veröffentlicht werden. SAXS-Daten sagen extreme Translationen und Rotationen von Teilquartärstrukturen zwischen oxy- und deoxy-EcHc voraus, was von den 3D-Rekonstruktionen der beiden Zustände nicht bestätigt werden konnte: Die 16 Å Rekonstruktion der Deoxyform weicht geometrisch nicht von der 21 Å Rekonstruktion der Oxyform ab. Die Einpassung der publizierten Röntgenstruktur der Untereinheit II des Hämocyanin des Pfeilschwanzkrebses Limulus polyphemus in die Rekonstruktionen unterstützt eine auf der hexameren Hierarchieebene lokalisierte Dynamik der Oxygenierung. Mittels Einpassung modellierter molekularer Strukturen der EcHc-Sequenzen konnte eine erste Vermutung zur Lokalisation der beiden zentralen Linker-Untereinheiten b und c des 4x6-Moleküls gemacht werden: Demnach würde Untereinheit b in den exponierten Hexameren des Moleküls liegen. Aussagen über die Quartärstrukturbindungen auf molekularer Ebene aufgrund der Einpassung modellierter molekularer Daten in die Rekonstruktionen sind als spekulativ einzustufen: a) Die Auflösung der Rekonstruktion ist verbesserungswürdig. b) Es gibt keine adäquate Vorlage für eine verlässliche Strukturvorhersage; die verschiedenen EcHc-Sequenzen liegen nur als Modellierung vor. c) Es wäre eine flexible Einpassung notwendig, um Ungenauigkeiten in den modellierten Strukturen durch Sekundärstrukturanpassung zu minimieren.

Helix-coil-transition in solid polypeptides

Abstract Poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) was synthesized by living anionic ring-opening polymerization of the NCA monomer, which was obtained by reacting diphosgene with an amino acid derivative. The chemical structures and thermal properties were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, TGA and DSC. XRD powder patterns found to be amorphous for all polymers obtained. The molecular weights could be determined under severe limitations due to low solubility and high aggregation tendency. The secondary structure of the PLGA films was analyzed in the solid state by IR spectroscopy; the order was determined mainly by XRD. Uniform bulk films (1-5 µm) were produced by drop-casting of PLGA solutions in TFA on silica. The XRD film analysis indicated the absence of a long range order or an orientation even if a helical microstructure was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The coil solvent TFA delivered constantly a helical or a β-sheet structure in the solid state depending on the water content of the solvent which was observed for the first time to exhibit a high influence on the crystallization process for PLGA. Temperature dependent in-situ IR measurements were examined to analyze if a helix-coil transition occurs, but there could be no solvent system determined, which resulted in a disordered coil structure in the solid state. General parameters like solvent systems, evaporation conditions, concentration, substrates etc. were analyzed. New crystallizations were obtained on silica prepared by drop-casting of solutions of PLGA in DMF, DMA, TMU, NMP, and pyridine/water mixtures, respectively. PSCBC in DMF, CDCl3/TFA-d, and PSBC in CDCl3/TFA-d exhibited the same crystalline diffraction patterns like PLGA. The long range order in the X-ray diffraction pattern is proven by extremely sharp crystalline signals, which are not changing the shape or the position of the peak by increasing the temperature up to 160°C. The substrate seems to play a decisive role because the crystalline structures were not obtainable on glass. The crystal structure consists probably of two different layered structures based on the intensity ratios of the two series of crystalline signals in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The source of the layered structure remains unclear and needs further studies to investigate the spatial arrangement of the chains in more detail. The secondary structure was still not changing upon heating even if a highly crystalline diffraction pattern occurs. Concluding that even the newly investigated crystallization did not show a helix-coil transition in the solid state by annealing, the phenomenon known in solution has to be claimed as unachievable in the solid state based on the results of this work. A remaining open question represents the observation that the same crystalline pattern can be reproducibly prepared with exhibiting two different ordered secondary structures (helix and β-sheet). After the investigation that the evaporation time cannot be decisive for the crystal growth, the choice of a strong hydrogen bonding interrupting solvent is most probably the key to support and induce the crystallization process.

De Novo Design of Foldamers for Preparation of Nanostructured Materials

This thesis deals with the synthesis and the conformation analysis of hybrid foldamers containing the 4-carboxyoxazolidin-2-one unit or related molecules, in which an imido-type function is obtained by coupling the nitrogen of the heterocycle with the carboxylic acid moiety of the next unit. The imide group is characterized by a nitrogen atom connected to an endocyclic and an exocyclic carbonyl, which tend always to adopt the trans conformation. As a consequence of this locally constrained disposition effect, these imide-type oligomers are forced to fold in ordered conformations. The synthetic approach is highly tuneable with endless variations, so, simply by changing the design and the synthesis, a wide variety of foldamers with the required properties may be prepared “on demand”. Thus a wide variety of unusual secondary structures and interesting supramolecular materials may be obtained with hybrid foldamers. The behaviour in the solid state of some of these compounds has been analyzed in detail, thus showing the formation of different kinds of supramolecular materials that may be used for several applications. A winning example is the production of a bolaamphiphilic gelators that may also be doped with small amounts of dansyl containing compounds, needed to show the cellular uptake into IGROV-1 cells, by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These gels are readily internalized by cells and are biologically inactive, making them very good candidates in the promising field of drug delivery. In the last part of the thesis, a particular attention was directed to the search of new scaffolds that behave as constrained amino acid mimetics, showing that tetramic acids derivatives could be good candidates for the synthesis and applications of molecules having an ordered secondary structure.

Mechanical analysis and modeling of structural archetypes

This is a research B for the University of Bologna. The course is the civil engineering LAUREA MAGISTRALE at UNIBO. The main purpose of this research is to promote another way of explaining, analyzing and presenting some civil engineering aspects to the students worldwide by theory, modeling and photos. The basic idea is divided into three steps. The first one is to present and analyze the theoretical parts. So a detailed analysis of the theory combined with theorems, explanations, examples and exercises will cover this step. At the second, a model will make clear all these parts that were discussed in the theory by showing how the structures work or fail. The modeling is able to present the behavior of many elements, in scale which we use in the real structures. After these two steps an interesting exhibition of photos from the real world with comments will give the chance to the engineers to observe all these theoretical and modeling-laboratory staff in many different cases. For example many civil engineers in the world may know about the air pressure on the structures but many of them have never seen the extraordinary behavior of the bridge of Tacoma ‘dancing with the air’. At this point I would like to say that what I have done is not a book, but a research of how this ‘3 step’ presentation or explanation of some mechanical characteristics could be helpful. I know that my research is something different and new and in my opinion is very important because it helps students to go deeper in the science and also gives new ideas and inspirations. This way of teaching can be used at all lessons especially at the technical. Hope that one day all the books will adopt this kind of presentation.

Untersuchungen zum Ectodomain shedding des Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts

Zu den Liganden des Zelloberflächenrezeptors RAGE gehören AGEs, S100-Proteine, HMGB1 und Aβ. RAGE wird daher eine Rolle bei verschiedenen neurologischen Erkrankungen sowie Diabetes, Arteriosklerose und Krebs zugesprochen. Des Weiteren geht eine Verringerung der Menge an sRAGE häufig mit diesen Krankheiten einher. Aus diesen Gründen stellt die pharmakologische Stimulierung der Proteolyse von RAGE eine vielversprechende Therapieform dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Steigerung der sRAGE-Bildung über PAC1-, V2- und OT-Rezeptoren möglich ist. Die Untersuchung der PAC1-Signalwege zeigte, dass PKCα/PKCβI, CaMKII, Ca2+-Ionen, PI3-Kinase und der MAP-Kinase-Weg wichtig für die Stimulierung sind und dass der PKA-Weg nicht beteiligt ist. Die dreimonatige Behandlung von Mäusen mit PACAP-38 weist darauf hin, dass eine Stimulierung des Ectodomain Sheddings von RAGE auch in vivo erfolgen kann. Die Untersuchung der Signalwege, ausgehend von den V2- und OT-Rezeptoren, zeigte, dass ebenfalls PKCα/PKCβI, CaMKII, Ca2+-Ionen zur Aktivierung der Proteasen führen, dagegen konnte weder ein Einfluss des PKA- noch des MAP-Kinase-Weges festgestellt werden. Außerdem wurden sowohl MMP-9 als auch ADAM-10 als RAGE-spaltende Proteasen identifiziert. Die nähere Untersuchung der RAGE-Spaltstelle erbrachte, dass keine spezifische Sequenz, sondern vielmehr die Sekundärstruktur eine Rolle bei der Erkennung durch die Proteasen spielt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde weiterhin ein anti-RAGE Antikörper anhand einer neu entwickelten Methode zunächst gereinigt und dann erfolgreich an ein mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Rhodamin markiertes Polymer gekoppelt. Die Stimulierung der Proteolyse von Meprin β wurde auch untersucht und es konnte ebenfalls eine Beteiligung von ADAM-10 an der Spaltung nachgewiesen werden.

Assessment of population structure by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in goat breeds

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be used in biodiversity studies and commercial tasks like traceability, paternity testing and selection for suitable genotypes. Twenty-seven SNPs were characterized and genotyped on 250 individuals belonging to eight Italian goat breeds. Multilocus genotype data were used to infer population structure and assign individuals to populations. To estimate the number of groups (K) to test in population structure analysis we used likelihood values and variance of the bootstrap samples, deriving optimal K from a drop in the likelihood and a rise in the variance plots against K.

Reconstitution of mitochondrial ATP synthase into lipid bilayers for structural analysis

Mitochondrial F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase is a molecular motor that couples the energy generated by oxidative metabolism to the synthesis of ATP. Direct visualization of the rotary action of the bacterial ATP synthase has been well characterized. However, direct observation of rotation of the mitochondrial enzyme has not been reported yet. Here, we describe two methods to reconstitute mitochondrial F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase into lipid bilayers suitable for structure analysis by electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Proteoliposomes densely packed with bovine heart mitochondria F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase were obtained upon detergent removal from ternary mixtures (lipid, detergent and protein). Two-dimensional crystals of recombinant hexahistidine-tagged yeast F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase were grown using the supported monolayer technique. Because the hexahistidine-tag is located at the F(1) catalytic subcomplex, ATP synthases were oriented unidirectionally in such two-dimensional crystals, exposing F(1) to the lipid monolayer and the F(o) membrane region to the bulk solution. This configuration opens a new avenue for the determination of the c-ring stoichiometry of unknown hexahistidine-tagged ATP synthases and the organization of the membrane intrinsic subunits within F(o) by electron microscopy and AFM.

A new approach to detect structural differences in lung parenchyma using digital image analysis

Morphometric investigations using a point and intersection counting strategy in the lung often are not able to reveal the full set of morphologic changes. This happens particularly when structural modifications are not expressed in terms of volume density changes and when rough and fine surface density alterations cancel each other at different magnifications. Making use of digital image processing, we present a methodological approach that allows to easily and quickly quantify changes of the geometrical properties of the parenchymal lung structure and reflects closely the visual appreciation of the changes. Randomly sampled digital images from light microscopic sections of lung parenchyma are filtered, binarized, and skeletonized. The lung septa are thus represented as a single-pixel wide line network with nodal points and end points and the corresponding internodal and end segments. By automatically counting the number of points and measuring the lengths of the skeletal segments, the lung architecture can be characterized and very subtle structural changes can be detected. This new methodological approach to lung structure analysis is highly sensitive to morphological changes in the parenchyma: it detected highly significant quantitative alterations in the structure of lungs of rats treated with a glucocorticoid hormone, where the classical morphometry had partly failed.

Insight into the strand exchange reaction promoted by the RecA protein of {\it Escherichia coli\/}

In vitro, RecA protein catalyses the exchange of single strands of DNA between different DNA molecules with sequence complementarity. In order to gain insight into this complex reaction and the roles of ATP binding and hydrolysis, two different approaches have been taken. The first is to use short single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides as the ssDNA in strand exchange. These were used to determine the signal for hydrolysis and the structure of the RecA-DNA complex that hydrolyses ATP. I present a defined kinetic analysis of the nucleotide triphosphatase activity of RecA protein using short oligonucleotides as ssDNA cofactor. I compare the effects of both homopolymers and mixed base composition oligomers on the ATPase activity of RecA protein. I examine the steady state kinetic parameters of the ATPase reaction using these oligonucleotides as ssDNA cofactor, and show that although RecA can both bind to, and utilise, oligonucleotides 7 to 20 residues in length to support the repressor cleavage activity of RecA, these oligonucleotides are unable to efficiently stimulate the ATPase activity of RecA protein. I show that the K$\sb{\rm m}\sp{\rm ATP}$, the Hill coefficient for ATP binding, the extent of reaction, and k$\sb{\rm cat}$ are all a function of ssDNA chain length and that secondary structure may also play a role in determining the effects of a particular chain length on the ATPase activity of RecA protein.^ The second approach is to utilise one of the many mutants of RecA to gain insight into this complex reaction. The mutant selected was RecA1332. Surprisingly, in vitro, this mutant possesses a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. The K$\sb{\rm m}\sp{\rm ATP}$, Hill coefficient for ATP binding, and K$\sb{\rm m}\sp{\rm DNA}$ are similar to that of wild type. k$\sb{\rm cat}$ for the ATPase activity is reduced 3 to 12-fold, however. RecA1332 is unable to use deoxyoligonucleotides as DNA cofactors in the ATPase reaction, and demonstrates an increased sensitivity to inhibition by monovalent ions. It is able to perform strand exchange with ATP and ATP$\lbrack\gamma\rbrack$S but not with UTP, whereas the wild type protein is able to use all three nucleotide triphosphates. RecA1332 appears to be slowed in its ability to form intermediates and to convert these intermediates to products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

Purification and cloning of the novel phosphoprotein copine III and characterization of its associated kinase activity

The copines, named and first described by Creutz et al. (1998), comprise a two C2 domain-containing protein family that can aggregate phosphatidylserine membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although no enzymatic function has been attributed to copines, their carboxyl terminus shows homology to the A domain found in integrins that allows binding of magnesium ions. The secondary structure of A domains resembles a Rossmann fold, which can bind dinucleotides and is present in a number of intracellular enzymes. Due to a crossreacting activity of Mik b 1, an antibody to the IL-2R b chain, we were able to serendipitously clone human copine III (CIII). CIII is 65% identical to copine I (CI) and the 5 kb CIII transcript is expressed ubiquitously as determined by a multitissue Northern blot. A polyclonal antibody generated against the carboxyl terminus of CIII recognized CIII in immunoblots and immunoprecipitations. Phosphorylation of CIII was observed on serine and threonine residues, as determined by phosphoamino acid analysis. ^ Experiments were designed to determine whether or not any enzymatic activity, specifically kinase activity, was intrinsic to or associated with CIII. In vitro and in gel kinase assays were performed using transfected HA-tagged CI and CIII, immunoprecipitated endogenous CIII and purified endogenous CIII. The exogenous substrate MBP was phosphorylated in all in vitro kinase assays containing CIII protein purification and column chromatography expertise with me. ^

Effectiveness of Texas Children's Hospital's Saturday Wellness Program for Children with special health care needs

Children with Special Health Care Needs comprise approximately 13% of children within the state of Texas. In addition to their primary diagnosis, it is estimated that approximately 18% of these children with special health care needs are overweight. Many times parents of children with special health care needs are extremely busy dealing with the daily responsibilities required to care for a child with a chronic illness, and thus, lose connections with their local communities and available resources for health needs such as obesity. Texas Children’s Hospital’s Wellness Program for Children with Special Health Care Needs is a family-centered wellness program to prevent obesity in this population; however, no formal evaluation of the program has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Texas Children’s Saturday Wellness Program on weight status, nutrition knowledge, and the frequency of physical activity of children who participated in the program. A secondary data analysis was conducted with 50 children with special health care needs and their families who participated in the program during 2007 and 2008. A pre post-test study design was used with data collected immediately before and after participation in the 4 week program. Data measures included demographics (age, race, etc.), anthropometrics (height and weight), a quality of life survey focusing on nutrition and physical activity behaviors, and a knowledge survey on physical activity and nutrition. Of 50 participants, 33 (66%) completed the program. Children participating in the program showed a significant decrease in BMI (mean=29.83 to mean=29.22, BMI z score p<0.01), as well as frequency of physical activity (p<0.05) and knowledge (p<0.01). Texas Children’s Hospital’s wellness program for children with special health care needs provided a promising structure for a wellness program within a multi-ethnic special needs population; however, long term effect research is needed with a larger sample size and more comprehensive outcomes and process measures. Nonetheless, this program indicates the effectiveness and feasibility of a family-based approach to weight loss in children with special needs.^

A path analysis of an after-school health and exercise program for elementary school children in El Paso, Texas

As schools are pressured to perform on academics and standardized examinations, schools are reluctant to dedicate increased time to physical activity. After-school exercise and health programs may provide an opportunity to engage in more physical activity without taking time away from coursework during the day. The current study is a secondary data analysis of data from a randomized trial of a 10-week after-school program (six schools, n = 903) that implemented an exercise component based on the CATCH physical activity component and health modules based on the culturally-tailored Bienestar health education program. Outcome variables included BMI and aerobic capacity, health knowledge and healthy food intentions as assessed through path analysis techniques. Both the baseline model (χ2 (df = 8) = 16.90, p = .031; RMSEA = .035 (90% CI of .010–.058), NNFI = 0.983 and the CFI = 0.995) and the model incorporating intervention participation proved to be a good fit to the data (χ2 (df = 10) = 11.59, p = .314. RMSEA = .013 (90% CI of .010–.039); NNFI = 0.996 and CFI = 0.999). Experimental group participation was not predictive of changes in health knowledge, intentions to eat healthy foods or changes in Body Mass Index, but it was associated with increased aerobic capacity, β = .067, p < .05. School characteristics including SES and Language proficiency proved to be significantly associated with changes in knowledge and physical indicators. Further effects of school level variables on intervention outcomes are recommended so that tailored interventions can be developed aimed at the specific characteristics of each participating school. ^

Demographic analysis of Certified Industrial Hygienists (CIH) with the use of survival analysis techniques

Objective. The goal of this study is to characterize the current workforce of CIHs, the lengths of professional practice careers of the past and current CIHs.^ Methods. This is a secondary data analysis of data compiled from all of the nearly 50 annual roster listings of the American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) for Certified Industrial Hygienists active in each year since 1960. Survival analysis was performed as a technique to measure the primary outcome of interest. The technique which was involved in this study was the Kaplan-Meier method for estimating the survival function.^ Study subjects: The population to be studied is all Certified Industrial Hygienists (CIHs). A CIH is defined by the ABIH as an individual who has achieved the minimum requirements for education, working experience and through examination, has demonstrated a minimum level of knowledge and competency in the prevention of occupational illnesses. ^ Results. A Cox-proportional hazards model analysis was performed by different start-time cohorts of CIHs. In this model we chose cohort 1 as the reference cohort. The estimated relative risk of the event (defined as retirement, or absent from 5 consecutive years of listing) occurred for CIHs for cohorts 2,3,4,5 relative to cohort 1 is 0.385, 0.214, 0.234, 0.299 relatively. The result show that cohort 2 (CIHs issued from 1970-1980) has the lowest hazard ratio which indicates the lowest retirement rate.^ Conclusion. The manpower of CIHs (still actively practicing up to the end of 2009) increased tremendously starting in 1980 and grew into a plateau in recent decades. This indicates that the supply and demand of the profession may have reached equilibrium. More demographic information and variables are needed to actually predict the future number of CIHs needed. ^