Teaching Communications, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities with Multimedia: A University-Middle School Service-Learning Project

Se describe el uso de tecnología en forma de presentaciones de multimedia para facilitar la enseñanza de las Normas para el Aprendizaje de una Lengua Extranjera del Concilio Americano para la Enseñanza de Lenguas extranjeras. Las normas abarcan las comunicaciones, las culturas, las conexiones, las comparaciones y las comunidades. El estudiantado universitario aprende a crear, con multimedia, presentaciones sobre un tema cultural en la lengua meta. El componente de aprendizaje por servicio comunitario se fundamenta en las presentaciones creadas para estudiantes de colegio, quienes tienen acceso a las presentaciones en un sitio web de la universidad.A description is provided of how the use of technology in the form of multimedia presentations enhances the teaching of the Five C Standards for Foreign Language Learning of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages: communications, cultures, connections, comparisons, and communities. University students learn to create multimedia presentations on a cultural topic in the target language. The service-learning component provides the multimedia presentations for middle-school students who access them from the university website.

Conexiones de Galois y técnicas de tratamiento de la información

En el ámbito de las estructuras ordenadas, Ø. Ore introdujo en 1944 el concepto de conexión de Galois como un par de funciones antítonas entre dos conjuntos parcialmente ordenados, generalizando así la teoría de polaridades entre retículos completos. Este concepto supone una generalización de la correspondencia subgrupo-subcuerpo que se describe en el clásico Teorema Fundamental de la Teoría de Galois, de ahí el origen del término. Años más tarde, J. Schmidt mantuvo la terminología de conexión de Galois, pero cambió las funciones antítonas por funciones isótonas, lo cual favoreció la aplicabilidad de este concepto a Computación. El término adjunción fue introducido en 1958 por D. M. Kan. Originalmente fueron definidas en un contexto categórico y tal vez debido a esto, pueden encontrarse gran cantidad de ejemplos de adjunciones en varias áreas de investigación, que van desde las más teóricas a las más aplicadas. En 1965, Lotfi Zadeh introduce la Teoría de Conjuntos Difusos. En su trabajo se aborda definitivamente el problema del modelado matemático de la ambigüedad, con la definición de conjunto difuso X en un universo U como una aplicación X: U→ [0,1] que asocia a cada elemento u del conjunto U un valor del intervalo real [0,1] y donde X(u) representa el grado de pertenencia de u al conjunto difuso X. El término conexión de Galois difusa fue introducido por R. Belohlávek como un par de aplicaciones definidas entre los conjuntos de conjuntos difusos definidos sobre dos universos. Desde entonces, en el ámbito de la lógica difusa, se pueden encontrar numerosos artículos en los cuales se estudian las conexiones de Galois difusas desde un punto de vista algebraico y abstracto. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar y caracterizar, a partir de una aplicación f: A→ B desde un conjunto A dotado con una determinada estructura hasta un conjunto B no necesariamente dotado de estructura, las situaciones en las cuales se pueda definir una estructura en B similar a la de A, de forma que además se pueda construir una aplicación g: B→ A tal que el par (f,g) sea una adjunción (conexión de Galois isótona). Se considera el conjunto A dotado con un orden parcial y se realiza la descomposición canónica de la función f a través del conjunto cociente de A con respecto a la relación núcleo. Partiendo del problema inicial de deducir las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para la existencia de un orden parcial en B y para la definición de un adjunto por la derecha de f, con esta descomposición canónica se pretende dividir la cuestión en tres problemas más simples, a saber, la construcción de un orden en el codominio y un adjunto por la derecha para cada una de las aplicaciones que forman parte de la citada descomposición. Esto resuelve la cuestión planteada para el caso de funciones que son sobreyectivas. Para el caso general, es necesario analizar previamente cómo extender una relación de preorden definida sobre un subconjunto de un conjunto dado a dicho conjunto, así como la definición de un adjunto por la derecha para la inclusión natural del subconjunto dentro del conjunto. Se continua la investigación considerando el conjunto A dotado con un preorden, en este caso la ausencia de la propiedad antisimétrica hace necesario utilizar la denominada relación p-núcleo, que es el cierre transitivo de la unión de la relación núcleo y la relación de equivalencia núcleo simétrico. Asimismo, el hecho de que no se tenga unicidad para el máximo o el mínimo de un subconjunto, conduce a trabajar con relaciones definidas en el conjunto de partes de un conjunto (concretamente, con el preorden de Hoare). Todo ello hace aumentar la dificultad en la búsqueda de las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para la existencia de una relación de preorden en el codominio y la existencia de un adjunto por la derecha. Se finaliza esta sección con el análisis de la unicidad del adjunto por la derecha y del orden parcial (preorden) definido sobre el codominio. Después del estudio anterior, se introducen los denominados operadores y sistemas de ≈-cierre en conjuntos preordenados y se analiza la relación existente entre ambos (que deja de ser biunívoca, como sucede en el caso de órdenes parciales). Se trabaja con la noción de compatibilidad respecto a una relación de equivalencia y se caracteriza la construcción de adjunciones entre conjuntos preordenados en términos de la existencia de un sistema de ≈-cierre compatible con la relación núcleo. En una segunda parte de la tesis, se aportan las definiciones de las nociones de adjunción difusa, co-adjunción difusa y conexiones de Galois difusas por la derecha y por la izquierda entre conjuntos con preórdenes difusos. Además se presentan las distintas caracterizaciones de los conceptos anteriormente señalados, así como las relaciones entre ellos. Se aborda la construcción de adjunciones entre conjuntos con órdenes difusos, utilizando de nuevo la relación núcleo, en su versión difusa, y la descomposición canónica de la función de partida respecto a ella. El teorema principal de esta sección recoge una caracterización para la definición de una relación difusa de orden sobre el codominio B y un adjunto por la derecha para f:(A, ρA) → B donde (A, ρA) es un conjunto con un orden difuso. El estudio del problema anterior entre conjuntos con preórdenes difusos, hace necesario trabajar con la relación difusa denominada p-núcleo. También es preciso definir un preorden difuso en el conjunto de partes de un conjunto para describir las condiciones bajo las que es posible la construcción de una adjunción. Se finaliza proponiendo la definición de sistema de cierre en un conjunto con un preorden difuso y algunas caracterizaciones más manejables. También se trabaja con los operadores de cierre definidos en un conjunto con un preorden difuso y se analiza la relación con los sistemas de cierre. Todo ello encaminado a caracterizar la construcción de un adjunto por la derecha y un preorden difuso sobre el codominio B de una de una aplicación f:(A, ρA) → B, donde ρA es un preorden difuso sobre A.

Preschoolers’ free play - connections with emotional and social functioning

Play has an important role in various aspects of children’s development. However, time for free play has declined substantially over the last decades. To date, few studies have focused on the relationship between opportunities for free play and children’s social functioning. The aims of this study are to examine whether children ́s free play is related to their social functioning and whether this relationship is mediated by children ́s emotional functioning. Seventy-eight children (age, 55- 77 months) were tested on their theory of mind and emotion understanding. Parents reported on their children’s time for free play, empathic abilities, social competence and externalizing behaviors. The main findings showed that free play and children’s theory of mind are negatively related to externalizing behaviors. Empathy was strongly related to children’s social competence, but free play and social competence were not associated. Less time for free play is related to more disruptive behaviors in preschool children, however certain emotional functioning skills influence these behaviors independently of the time children have for free play. These outcomes suggest that free play might help to prevent the development of disruptive behaviors, but future studies should further examine the causality of this relationship.

Urban-rural connections and development perspectives in Portugal

Portugal is characterized by a significant asymmetry in the population distribution/density and economic activity as well as in social and cultural dynamics. This means very diverse landscapes, differences in regional development, sustainability and quality of life, mainly between urban and rural areas. A consequence coherent with the contemporary dynamics: urbanization of many rural areas that loose their productive-agricultural identity and, simultaneously, the reintegration in urban areas of spaces and activities with more rural characteristics. In this process of increasing complexity of organization of the landscape is essential to restore the continuum naturale (between urban and rural areas) allowing closer links to both ways of life. A strategy supported in the landscape, which plays important functions for public interest, in the cultural, social, ecological and environmental fields. At the same time, constitutes an important resource for economic activity, as underlined in the European Landscape Convention. Based on this assumption, and using a multi-method approach, the study aims to analyse a) the links between urban and rural areas in Portugal and b) the reasons why these territories are chosen by individuals as places of work and mobility, residence or evasion, culture and leisure, tranquillity or excitement – meaning overall well-being. Primary information was obtained by a questionnaire survey applied to a convenience sample of the Portuguese population. Secondary data and information will be collected on the official Portuguese Statistics (INE and PORDATA). Understanding the urban-rural links is essential to support policy measures, take advantage from the global changes and challenge many of the existing myths.

On Ordinal VC-Dimension and Some Notions of Complexity

We generalize the classical notion of Vapnik–Chernovenkis (VC) dimension to ordinal VC-dimension, in the context of logical learning paradigms. Logical learning paradigms encompass the numerical learning paradigms commonly studied in Inductive Inference. A logical learning paradigm is defined as a set W of structures over some vocabulary, and a set D of first-order formulas that represent data. The sets of models of ϕ in W, where ϕ varies over D, generate a natural topology W over W. We show that if D is closed under boolean operators, then the notion of ordinal VC-dimension offers a perfect characterization for the problem of predicting the truth of the members of D in a member of W, with an ordinal bound on the number of mistakes. This shows that the notion of VC-dimension has a natural interpretation in Inductive Inference, when cast into a logical setting. We also study the relationships between predictive complexity, selective complexity—a variation on predictive complexity—and mind change complexity. The assumptions that D is closed under boolean operators and that W is compact often play a crucial role to establish connections between these concepts. We then consider a computable setting with effective versions of the complexity measures, and show that the equivalence between ordinal VC-dimension and predictive complexity fails. More precisely, we prove that the effective ordinal VC-dimension of a paradigm can be defined when all other effective notions of complexity are undefined. On a better note, when W is compact, all effective notions of complexity are defined, though they are not related as in the noncomputable version of the framework.

Using coloured petri nets to simulate DoS-resistant protocols

In this work, we examine unbalanced computation between an initiator and a responder that leads to resource exhaustion attacks in key exchange protocols. We construct models for two cryp-tographic protocols; one is the well-known Internet protocol named Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol, and the other one is the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) which has built-in DoS-resistant mechanisms. To examine such protocols, we develop a formal framework based on Timed Coloured Petri Nets (Timed CPNs) and use a simulation approach provided in CPN Tools to achieve a formal analysis. By adopting the key idea of Meadows' cost-based framework and re¯ning the de¯nition of operational costs during the protocol execution, our simulation provides an accurate cost estimate of protocol execution compar- ing among principals, as well as the percentage of successful connections from legitimate users, under four di®erent strategies of DoS attack.

Creative design and the generative evolutionary paradigm

Design as seen from the designer's perspective is a series of amazing imaginative jumps or creative leaps. But design as seen by the design historian is a smooth progression or evolution of ideas that they seem self-evident and inevitable after the event. But the next step is anything but obvious for the artist/creator/inventor/designer stuck at that point just before the creative leap. They know where they have come from and have a general sense of where they are going, but often do not have a precise target or goal. This is why it is misleading to talk of design as a problem-solving activity - it is better defined as a problem-finding activity. This has been very frustrating for those trying to assist the design process with computer-based, problem-solving techniques. By the time the problem has been defined, it has been solved. Indeed the solution is often the very definition of the problem. Design must be creative-or it is mere imitation. But since this crucial creative leap seem inevitable after the event, the question must arise, can we find some way of searching the space ahead? Of course there are serious problems of knowing what we are looking for and the vastness of the search space. It may be better to discard altogether the term "searching" in the context of the design process: Conceptual analogies such as search, search spaces and fitness landscapes aim to elucidate the design process. However, the vastness of the multidimensional spaces involved make these analogies misguided and they thereby actually result in further confounding the issue. The term search becomes a misnomer since it has connotations that imply that it is possible to find what you are looking for. In such vast spaces the term search must be discarded. Thus, any attempt at searching for the highest peak in the fitness landscape as an optimal solution is also meaningless. Futhermore, even the very existence of a fitness landscape is fallacious. Although alternatives in the same region of the vast space can be compared to one another, distant alternatives will stem from radically different roots and will therefore not be comparable in any straightforward manner (Janssen 2000). Nevertheless we still have this tantalizing possibility that if a creative idea seems inevitable after the event, then somehow might the process be rserved? This may be as improbable as attempting to reverse time. A more helpful analogy is from nature, where it is generally assumed that the process of evolution is not long-term goal directed or teleological. Dennett points out a common minsunderstanding of Darwinism: the idea that evolution by natural selection is a procedure for producing human beings. Evolution can have produced humankind by an algorithmic process, without its being true that evolution is an algorithm for producing us. If we were to wind the tape of life back and run this algorithm again, the likelihood of "us" being created again is infinitesimally small (Gould 1989; Dennett 1995). But nevertheless Mother Nature has proved a remarkably successful, resourceful, and imaginative inventor generating a constant flow of incredible new design ideas to fire our imagination. Hence the current interest in the potential of the evolutionary paradigm in design. These evolutionary methods are frequently based on techniques such as the application of evolutionary algorithms that are usually thought of as search algorithms. It is necessary to abandon such connections with searching and see the evolutionary algorithm as a direct analogy with the evolutionary processes of nature. The process of natural selection can generate a wealth of alternative experiements, and the better ones survive. There is no one solution, there is no optimal solution, but there is continuous experiment. Nature is profligate with her prototyping and ruthless in her elimination of less successful experiments. Most importantly, nature has all the time in the world. As designers we cannot afford prototyping and ruthless experiment, nor can we operate on the time scale of the natural design process. Instead we can use the computer to compress space and time and to perform virtual prototyping and evaluation before committing ourselves to actual prototypes. This is the hypothesis underlying the evolutionary paradigm in design (1992, 1995).

Making sense of an everyday science text : linguistic, visual and spatial design

In this article, we take a close look at the literacy demands of one task from the ‘Marvellous Micro-organisms Stage 3 Life and Living’ Primary Connections unit (Australian Academy of Science, 2005). One lesson from the unit, ‘Exploring Bread’, (pp 4-8) asks students to ‘use bread labels to locate ingredient information and synthesise understanding of bread ingredients’. We draw upon a framework offered by the New London Group (2000), that of linguistic, visual and spatial design, to consider in more detail three bread wrappers and from there the complex literacies that students need to interrelate to undertake the required task. Our findings are that although bread wrappers are an example of an everyday science text, their linguistic, visual and spatial designs and their interrelationship are not trivial. We conclude by reinforcing the need for teachers of science to also consider how the complex design elements of everyday science texts and their interrelated literacies are made visible through instructional practice.

Connecting brands with consumers on the internet

There is value of using brands to build relationships with customers and improve brand performance on the web. Products and services are easily replicated; therefore to simplify the buyer decision making process, brands have become important. Building strong brands is important as they can create contrasts between other brands, connections to consumers, and relevance through building customer relationships. Branding in an online environment is important for three reasons: security, recognition and associated costs.

Being There

This 60 minute work looked to challenge traditional expectations of how dancers ‘perform’ and what it means when they are ‘themselves’ onstage. The audience was asked to sit in an ellipse on stage and the dancers were often performing quite close to them. While the audience didn’t move once the work began, the proximity to the dancers allowed them an unusual opportunity to see these dancers deconstructing their own profession and their own world of performance in an intimate environment. This was done for, and with the audience, and for some, it connected them deeply with the performers. For Georg Simmel, an early 20th Century sociologist, ‘the eye of a person discloses his own soul when he seeks to uncover that of another. What occurs in this direct mutual reciprocity is the entire field of human relationships.’ Performer authenticity, while utilised often in film and theatre, is not common in the form of dance. Because of our societal tendency toward the desire for authenticity, and its uncommon usage in dance, an inversion of this convention is one of the many tools that is available to choreographers to form deep connections with their audience and is one that is gaining popularity throughout the world as a form of connection via reality and the immediacy of live performance.

Fashion as consumer entrepreneurship : emergent risk culture, social network markets, and the launch of 'Vogue' in China

China has a reputation as an economy based on utility: the large-scale manufacture of low-priced goods. But useful values like functionality, fitness for purpose and efficiency are only part of the story. More important are what Veblen called ‘honorific’ values, arguably the driving force of development, change and value in any economy. To understand the Chinese economy therefore, it is not sufficient to point to its utilitarian aspect. Honorific status-competition is a more fundamental driver than utilitarian cost-competition. We argue that ‘social network markets’ are the expression of these honorific values, relationships and connections that structure and coordinate individual choices. This paper explores how such markets are developing in China in the area of fashion and fashion media. These, we argue, are an expression of ‘risk culture’ for high-end entrepreneurial consumers and producers alike, providing a stimulus to dynamic innovation in the arena of personal taste and comportment, as part of an international cultural system based on constant change. We examine the launch of Vogue China in 2005, and China’s reception as a fashion player among the international editions of Vogue, as an expression of a ‘decisive moment’ in the integration of China into an international social network market based on honorific values.

Designing learning spaces for (partially) online lives : recombinant architecture

The notion of recombinant architecture signals a loosening of spatial connections between physical and digital-online environments (Mitchell, 1996; 2000; 2003). Such an idea also points to the transformative nature of the designing approaches concerned with the creation of spaces where bits meet bodies to fulfil human needs and desires and, at the same time, pursuing those human dimensions of space and place which are so important to our senses of belonging, physical comfort and amenity. This paper proposes that recombinant spaces and places draw on familiar architectural forms and functions and on the transforming functions of digital-online modes. Perspectives, approaches and resources outlined in the paper support designing and re-designing enterprises and aim to stimulate discussion in the Digital Environments strand of this online conference: 'Under Construction: a world without walls'.

Changing the metaphor : the potential of online communities in teacher professional development

Belonging to an online community offers teachers the opportunity to exchange ideas, make connections with a wider peer group and form collaborative networks. The increasing popularity of teacher professional communities means that we need to understand how they work and determine the role they may play in teacher professional development. This chapter will map data from a doctoral study to a recentlydeveloped model of professional development to offer a new perspective of how online communities can add to a teacher’s personal and professional growth and, in so doing, add to the small number of studies in this field. This chapter will conclude with a call for a revision of the way we approach professional development in the 21st century and suggest that old models and metaphors are hindering the adoption of more effective means of professional development for teachers.