Effect of dental tissue conditioners and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on type I collagen microstructure analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical interaction of collagen with some substances usually applied in dental treatments to increase the durability of adhesive restorations to dentin. Initially, the similarity between human dentin collagen and type I collagen obtained from commercial bovine membranes of Achilles deep tendon was compared by the Attenuated Total Reflectance technique of Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Finally, the effects of application of 35% phosphoric acid, 0.1M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine, and 6.5% proanthocyanidin solution on microstructure of collagen and in the integrity of its triple helix were also evaluated by ATR-FTIR. It was observed that the commercial type I collagen can be used as an efficient substitute for demineralized human dentin in studies that use spectroscopy analysis. The 35% phosphoric acid significantly altered the organic content of amides, proline and hydroxyproline of type I collagen. The surface treatment with 0.1M EDTA, 2% chlorhexidine, or 6.5% proanthocyanidin did not promote deleterious structural changes to the collagen triple helix. The application of 6.5% proanthocyanidin on collagen promoted hydrogen bond formation. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.

Desafios à tradução do texto satírico: alguns exemplos de Dritte Walpurgisnacht, de Karl Kraus

Último texto de fôlego de Kraus, Dritte Walpurgisnacht (Terceira noite de Valpúrgis) foi a reação do satirista à tomada do poder por Hitler. Do ponto de vista tradutório, oferece grande variedade de problemas, visto que o autor faz um uso exuberante de citações, trocadilhos, aliterações, neologismos e variações de ditos, provérbios, máximas e lugares-comuns. Este artigo apresenta alguns desses problemas e discute possibilidades para sua solução, não sem antes definir uma abordagem teórica.

La trasformata di Fourier nella valutazione d'opzioni

Lo scopo di questa tesi è di fornire una analisi sistematica delle condizioni necessarie per l’esistenza delle formule di valutazione di opzioni che impiegano la trasformata di Fourier. Perchè la trasformata di Fourier? Se assumiamo che il processo del prezzo del sottostante sia un processo di Lévy noi non conosciamo solitamente la sua Legge di probabilità ma sempre la sua funzione caratteristica che è proprio la trasformata di Fourier della Legge.

Fourier-transform rheology on anionically synthesised polymer melts and solutions of various topology

Aim of this thesis was to further extend the applicability of the Fourier-transform (FT) rheology technique especially for non-linear mechanical characterisation of polymeric materials on the one hand and to investigated the influence of the degree of branching on the linear and non-linear relaxation behaviour of polymeric materials on the other hand. The latter was achieved by employing in particular FT-rheology and other rheological techniques to variously branched polymer melts and solutions. For these purposes, narrowly distributed linear and star-shaped polystyrene and polybutadiene homo-polymers with varying molecular weights were anionically synthesised using both high-vacuum and inert atmosphere techniques. Furthermore, differently entangled solutions of linear and star-shaped polystyrenes in di-sec-octyl phthalate (DOP) were prepared. The several linear polystyrene solutions were measured under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) conditions and the non-linear torque response was analysed in the Fourier space. Experimental results were compared with numerical predictions performed by Dr. B. Debbaut using a multi-mode differential viscoelastic fluid model obeying the Giesekus constitutive equation. Apart from the analysis of the relative intensities of the harmonics, a detailed examination of the phase information content was developed. Further on, FT-rheology allowed to distinguish polystyrene melts and solutions due to their different topologies where other rheological measurements failed. Significant differences occurred under LAOS conditions as particularly reflected in the phase difference of the third harmonic, Ħ3, which could be related to shear thinning and shear thickening behaviour.

Rheology and Fourier-transform rheology on water-based systems

The influence of shear fields on water-based systems was investigated within this thesis. The non-linear rheological behaviour of spherical and rod-like particles was examined with Fourier-Transform rheology under LAOS conditions. As a model system for spherical particles two different kinds of polystyrene dispersions, with a solid content higher than 0.3 each, were synthesised within this work. Due to the differences in polydispersity and Debye-length, differences were also found in the rheology. In the FT-rheology both kinds of dispersions showed a similar rise in the intensities of the magnitudes of the odd higher harmonics, which were predicted by a model. The in some cases additionally appearing second harmonics were not predicted. A novel method to analyse the time domain signal was developed, that splits the time domain signal up in four characteristic functions. Those characteristic functions correspond to rheological phenomena. In some cases the intensities of the Fourier components can interfere negatively. FD-virus particles were used as a rod-like model system, which already shows a highly non-linear behaviour at concentrations below 1. % wt. Predictions for the dependence of the higher harmonics from the strain amplitude described the non-linear behaviour well at large, but no so good at small strain amplitudes. Additionally the trends of the rheological behaviour could be described by a theory for rod-like particles. An existing rheo-optical set-up was enhanced by reducing the background birefringence by a factor of 20 and by increasing the time resolution by a factor of 24. Additionally a combination of FT-rheology and rheo-optics was achieved. The influence of a constant shear field on the crystallisation process of zinc oxide in the presence of a polymer was examined. The crystallites showed a reduction in length by a factor of 2. The directed addition of polymers in combination with a defined shear field can be an easy way for a defined change of the form of crystallites.

Analisi di Fourier e applicazioni ai mercati elettrici

Questo lavoro è dedicato all'analisi spettrale del comportamento del prezzo del mercato dell’energia elettrica; l'obiettivo è quello di introdurre il lettore allo studio di metodi matematici che permettono di calcolare le periodicità presenti nel mercato elettrico.

Studies of pure rotational spectra of isolated molecules and molecular adducts using pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave (PJ-FTM) spectroscopy

This thesis focuses on studying molecular structure and internal dynamics by using pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave (PJ-FTMW) spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations. Several kinds of interesting chemical problems are investigated by analyzing the MW spectra of the corresponding molecular systems. First, the general aspects of rotational spectroscopy are summarized, and then the basic theory on molecular rotation and experimental method are described briefly. ab initio and density function theory (DFT) calculations that used in this thesis to assist the assignment of rotational spectrum are also included. From chapter 3 to chapter 8, several molecular systems concerning different kind of general chemical problems are presented. In chapter 3, the conformation and internal motions of dimethyl sulfate are reported. The internal rotations of the two methyl groups split each rotational transition into several components line, allowing for the determination of accurate values of the V3 barrier height to internal rotation and of the orientation of the methyl groups with respect to the principal axis system. In chapter 4 and 5, the results concerning two kinds of carboxylic acid bi-molecules, formed via two strong hydrogen bonds, are presented. This kind of adduct is interesting also because a double proton transfer can easily take place, connecting either two equivalent or two non-equivalent molecular conformations. Chapter 6 concerns a medium strong hydrogen bonded molecular complex of alcohol with ether. The dimer of ethanol-dimethylether was chosen as the model system for this purpose. Chapter 7 focuses on weak halogen…H hydrogen bond interaction. The nature of O-H…F and C-H…Cl interaction has been discussed through analyzing the rotational spectra of CH3CHClF/H2O. In chapter 8, two molecular complexes concerning the halogen bond interaction are presented.

Un'applicazione geometrica delle serie di Fourier

Risolvere il problema isoperimetrico in R^2 significa determinare la figura piana avente area maggiore tra tutte le figure aventi ugual perimetro. In questo lavoro trattiamo la risoluzione del problema isoperimetrico in R^2 proposta da Hurwitz, il quale, basandosi esclusivamente sulle proprietà analitiche delle serie di Fourier, è riuscito a dimostrare che la circonferenza è l'unica curva piana, semplice, chiusa e rettificabile con l'area massima avendo fissato il perimetro.

Trasformata e antitrasformata di Fourier per funzioni sommabili e applicazioni

In questa tesi viene trattata la trasformata di Fourier per funzioni sommabili, con particolare riguardo per il cosiddetto teorema di inversione, che permette il calcolo di sofisticati integrali reali. Viene inoltre fornito un capitolo di premesse di analisi complessa, utili al calcolo esplicito di trasformate di Fourier.

Das Leib-Seele-Problem bei Karl Joël

In dieser Dissertation wird ein in Vergessenheit geratener Philosoph behandelt. Er hieß Karl Joël und war zu seinen Lebzeiten einer der bekannteren Philosophen. Die erste Bedeutung dieser Dissertation liegt deshalb darin, seine zwar genialen, aber vergessenen Gedanken (hauptsächlich von einem seiner Hauptwerke, „Seele und Welt“) wieder ans Licht gebracht zu haben. Es ist aber unmöglich, alle Gedanken einer großartigen Philosophie in einer einzigen Arbeit eingehend zu analysieren; aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Dissertation hauptsächlich Joëls „Seele und Welt“, eines seiner Hauptwerke, behandelt. rnAm Anfang dieser Doktorarbeit wird eine Einleitung (Kapitel 1) gegeben, die Lesern einen Überblick auf die gesamte Arbeit geben soll. Es folgt dann eine Biographie (Kapitel 2), in der das Leben des Philosophen relativ detailliert dargestellt wird. Da der Philosoph heute ein ziemlich unbekannter Philosoph ist, musste die Biographie einen dementsprechenden Umfang haben und nach vorne gestellt werden, so dass Leser gleich das ganze Bild seiner Philosophie haben können. Im Kapitel 3 werden Joëls frühere Werke bis „Seele und Welt“ behandelt und seine Gedanken bis „Seele und Welt“ verfolgt, um die Ideen in diesem Buch vertieft erforschen zu können. Im Kapitel 4 wird die Geschichte des Leib-Seele-Problems kurz zusammengefasst, um die Fragestellung des Problems zu verdeutlichen. Diese vier Kapitel machen zusammen den ersten Teil der Dissertation (die Einführung) aus. rnDanach fängt der zweite Teil der Dissertation an, der mit „Systematische Erklärung von Joëls Organismuskonzeption“ betitelt ist. Im Kapitel 5 wird Fechners Parallelismus erörtert. Joël kritisiert im ersten Teil von „Seele und Welt“ Fechners parallelistische Auffassung und versucht, diese zu überwinden. Deshalb musste in dieser Dissertation auch Fechners Parallelismus behandelt werden, um Joëls Kritik an Fechner richtig einschätzen zu können. Im Kapitel 6 wird zuerst der „Seelenbegriff im 19. Jahrhundert“ thematisiert und die philosophische Lage zu Joëls Zeit klar dargestellt. Anschließend wird Joëls Seelenbegriff behandelt. Joël versucht, seinen Seelenbegriff so formulieren, dass dieser über den traditionellen Seelenbegriff hinaus den neuen naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen gerecht werden kann. Im Kapitel 7 wird Joëls Organismusbegriff erörtert. Der Organismusbegriff macht das Wesentliche von Joëls Philosophie aus. Dies ist davon abzuleiten, dass „Seele und Welt“ eigentlich „Versuch einer organischen Auffassung“ heißt. Joël nahm neue Erkenntnisse auf und entwarf seinen Organismusbegriff, obwohl dieser von Schelling stark beeinflusst ist. rnAb dem Kapitel 8 wird die Philosophie Joëls dargestellt (der dritte Teil). Im Kapitel 8 wird der Indifferenzbegriff Joëls behandelt, aus der sich die zwei Weltextreme, Seele und Körper, entfalteten. In Kapiteln 9 und 10 wird dargestellt, wie aus der Indifferenz zur Mannigfaltigkeit der Welt gelangt wird. Im Kapitel 11 wird erklärt, wie die Äußerlichkeit (die Anschauungen) zur reinen Innerlichkeit (dem Denken) übergehen kann. Dadurch wird eine gewisse Erklärung für das Leib-Seele-Problem geliefert. Im Kapitel 12 wird versucht, Joëls Philosophie auf die moderne physische Problematik anzuwenden. Unsere Vorstellung des Raums als Dreidimensionalität kommt ins Wanken angesichts der neuen physischen Auffassung, dass es eigentlich nicht drei, sondern neun Raumdimensionen geben muss. In diesem Kapitel wird Joëls Begriff der Dreidimensionalität entwickelt, so dass sich dieser auch an die modernen Erkenntnisse anpassen kann. Im Kapitel 13 wird die Funktionsweise des Willens erörtert. Es ist unmöglich, den Willen als absolut frei oder notwendig zu bestimmen. Es kann nur nach einem freieren und notwendigeren Willen gefragt werden. Im Kapitel 14 befindet sich die Schlussbemerkung. Im Kapitel 15 findet man das Literaturverzeichnis von und über Joël. Da dieser Philosoph unbekannt ist, kann das Kapitel von größerer Bedeutung sein, als man sich sonst vorstellt.