729 resultados para Diagrama Forrester
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Apresenta algumas observações experimentais que fornecem embasamento para a segunda lei da termodinâmica, os enunciados de Clausius e Kelvin-Planck. Demonstra através de esquemas o princípio de funcionamento das máquinas térmicas e dos refrigeradores, das máquinas ideais (descrição do ciclo de Carnot) e a representação dos ciclos de potência e de refrigeração num diagrama p-v. Avalia o rendimento de máquinas térmicas ideais. Posteriormente, define o conceito de entropia e suas aplicações, como calcular variações desta propriedade termodinâmica em diferentes processos, em líquidos, sólidos e gases ideais.
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Esta videoaula é uma apresentação do conteúdo que será trabalhado durante a disciplina de Engenharia de Software. O objetivo principal da disciplina é ensinar os alunos a projetar um sistema orientado a objetos usando a linguagem de modelagem UML. O objetivo secundário é ensiná-los a desenvolver um sistema de forma iterativa e incremental. Os diagramas abordados durante o curso são Casos de Uso, Diagramas Conceituais e de Classes, Diagrama de Seqüência, Diagrama de Colaboração e de Estado. Para exemplificar e transmitir tais ensinamentos será usado um sistema de reserva de uma rede de hotéis. Este material é voltado aos estudantes de graduação que estão cursando disciplinas de Engenharia de Software.
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A videoaula traz o conceito de conjunto parcialmente ordenado e o conceito de relação de ordem parcial. Destaca também o Diagrama de Hasse, os elementos comparáveis e não comparáveis, o máximo e o mínimo divisor comum, a regra da tricotomia, as extensões lineares e as ordenações lineares.
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As redes de comunicação de nova geração, onde se incluem as tecnologias de fibra óptica, têm sido uma área na qual tem havido imensa investigação e desenvolvimento. As tecnologias de FTTx, em especial a FTTH, já são uma realidade em milhares de habitações em variadíssimos países. A presente dissertação descreve um estudo da tecnologia GPON - Gigabit Passive Optical Network - nas instalações da EMACOM, Telecomunicações da Madeira, Unipessoal, Lda. Inicialmente são enumerados os requisitos necessários, quer seja por parte dos clientes como dos fornecedores. Em seguida apresenta-se o padrão do ITU-T G.984, contendo as várias camadas, tais como a camada física e a camada de convergência de transmissão, abordando também a estrutura das tramas e as principais características do referido padrão. Depois é dado a conhecer ao leitor os elementos que constituem uma rede GPON, sejam estes equipamentos passivos ou activos. Seguidamente foi descrito o planeamento para o projecto proposto onde foram estudados os vários tipos de arquitectura utilizados pelo FTTH e definiu-se qual seria a melhor opção para a zona urbana considerada. Utilizou-se o ArcMap da ESRI Portugal - Sistemas e Informação Geográfica, S.A, criando uma base de dados e um esquema da própria rede num mapa da freguesia de São Martinho. Utilizou-se o AutoCad, onde foram elaborados vários sinópticos da rede da área escolhida, nos quais englobam a rede de alimentação, e a rede de distribuição. Toda a informação ilustrada nos sinópticos foi colocada numa folha de cálculo de Excel sendo mais rápida a sua pesquisa. Posteriormente, criou-se uma lista de material com as quantidades necessárias a utilizar para a sua implementação. Para verificar a viabilidade do projecto em termos de potência óptica foi efectuado um cálculo do balanço de potência. Assim, é considerada a ligação mais distante para averiguar se existe potência óptica suficiente para cobrir essa ligação. Caso seja viável, então os outros pontos de distribuição ópticos com distâncias inferiores também estarão suficientemente alimentados em termos ópticos. São ainda abordados os vários tipos de perdas nas fibras ópticas, as definições de link power e link loss budgets. Finalmente, foram efectuados testes de simulação com o programa OptiSystem simulando a ligação usada para o cálculo de potência podendo-se assim comparar valores e verificar o desempenho do sistema através do diagrama de olho obtido.
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O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal a realização de um estudo do efeito do ganho das antenas nas perdas de percurso de uma ligação na banda de frequência ISM (Insdustrial Scientific and Medical) nos 2,4 GHz. Para tal, foram utilizadas 14 antenas de 7 tipos diferentes (2 monopolo, 2 colineares, 2 grelhas, 2 Yagi, 2 painéis, 2 parabólicas e 2 helicoidais) com ganhos a variar desde os 1,3 a 23 dBi. Inicialmente, obtiveram-se os parâmetros fundamentais das antenas utilizadas, nomeadamente o diagrama de radiação e o ganho. Desenvolveu-se um sistema, que permite a medição do diagrama de radiação de forma automática através de um motor passo a passo. Uma aplicação desenvolvida em ambiente Matlab realiza o controlo do motor e desenha o respectivo diagrama em tempo real. Para a realização das medições da propagação do sinal desenvolveu-se um sistema que interliga a antena receptora a um computador portátil através de um analisador de espectros. À medida que as medições são efectuadas, a atenuação do sinal em função da distância é determinada e apresentada graficamente no computador sendo, ainda, representada a atenuação esperada no espaço livre. Para isto, implementou-se uma aplicação em ambiente Matlab que faz o tratamento e representação dos dados. Tendo-se conhecimento dos parâmetros das antenas, e com o sistema de medição implementado, passou-se às medições da propagação do sinal em diferentes meios, tais como, meio sem obstáculos, meio urbano, meio florestal caracterizado por troncos no percurso de propagação e meio florestal caracterizado por folhagem no percurso de propagação. Em cada meio foram efectuadas medições para 37 combinações de antenas, com ganhos conjuntos a variar desde os 2,6 até o 46 dBi. As medições foram efectuadas com a colocação da antena emissora numa posição fixa e com o afastamento da antena receptora em intervalos de 5 metros, até os 150 metros, seguindo a linha de máxima radiação entre ambas as antenas. Ainda, para os meios sem obstáculos e florestais, foram efectuadas medições para dois ângulos em relação à linha indicada, sendo estes de 30° e 330°, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados obtidos, verificou-se um aumento da atenuação à medida que se passou para meios mais obstruídos, sendo que, para o meio sem obstáculos a atenuação aproxima-se da curva do espaço livre. No meio urbano observou-se que a atenuação aumentou ligeiramente. No entanto, esta não é muito significativa quando comparada com a atenuação no espaço livre. Por último, notou-se um grande aumento da atenuação nos meios florestais, ao nível dos troncos e da vegetação, sendo superior para esta última. Relativamente às antenas, verificou-se que existe um aumento da atenuação na medida que o ganho destas aumenta, sendo mais visível para meios com maior obstrução (florestais). Para a situação em que as antenas encontram-se com desvios de 30° e 330°, verificou-se que este aumento é mais significativo para as antenas directivas (ganhos superiores).
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The production of waste from urban and industrial activities is one of the factors of environmental contamination and has aroused attention of the scientific community, in the sense of its reuse. On the other hand, the city of Salvador/Ba, with approximately 262 channels, responsible for storm water runoff, produces every year, by the intervention of cleaning and clearing channels, a significant volume of sediments (dredged mud), and thus an appropriate methodology for their final destination. This study aims to assess the influence of incorporation of these tailings in arrays of clay for production of interlocked block ceramic, also known as ceramic paver. All the raw materials from the metropolitan region of Salvador (RMS) were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG and TDA), particle size analysis and dilatometry. With the use of statistical experimental planning technique, ternary diagram was defined in the study region and the analyzed formulations. The specimens were prepared with dimensions of 60x20x5mm³, by uniaxial pressing of 30 MPa and after sintering at temperatures of 900°, 1000º and 1100ºC the technological properties were evaluated: linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specifies mass, flexural rupture and module. For the uniaxial compression strength used cylindrical probe body with Ø 50 mm. The standard mass (MP) was prepared with 90% by weight of clay and 10% by weight of Channel sediment (SCP), not being verified significant variations in the properties of the final product. With the incorporation of 10% by weight of manganese residue (PFM) and 10% by weight of the Ceramic waste (RCB) in the mass default, in addition to adjusting the plasticity due to less waste clay content, provided increased linear firing shrinkage, due the significant concentration of K2O, forming liquid phase at low temperature, contributing to decreased porosity and mechanical resistance, being 92,5 MPa maximum compressive strength verified. After extract test leachate and soluble, the piece containing 10% of the PFM, was classified as non-hazardous and inert material according to NBR10004/04 ABNT. The results showed the feasibility on using waste, SCP, RCB and PFM clay mass, at temperatures above 900ºC, paver ceramic production, according to the specifications of the technical standards, so that to exceed the 10% of the PFM, it becomes imperative to conduct studies of environmental impacts
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This work proposes an environment for programming programmable logic controllers applied to oil wells with BCP type method of artificially lifting. The environment will have an editor based in the diagram of sequential functions for programming of PLCs. This language was chosen due to the fact of being high-level and accepted by the international standard IEC 61131-3. The use of these control programs in real PLC will be possible with the use of an intermediate level of language based on XML specification PLCopen T6 XML. For the testing and validation of the control programs, an area should be available for viewing variables obtained through communication with a real PLC. Thus, the main contribution of this work is to develop a computational environment that allows: modeling, testing and validating the controls represented in SFC and applied in oil wells with BCP type method of artificially lifting
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Boron is a semi-metal present in certain types of soils and natural waters. It is essential to the healthy development of plants and non-toxic to humans, depending on its concentration. It is used in various industries and it s present in water production coming from oil production. More specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the largest oil producers on shore of Brazil, the relationship water/oil in some fields becomes more than 90%. The most common destination of this produced water is disposal in open sea after processing to meet the legal specification. In this context, this research proposes to study the extraction of boron in water produced by microemulsion systems for industrial utilization. It was taken into account the efficiency of extraction of boron related to surfactant (DDA and OCS, both characterized by FT-IR), cosurfactant (butanol and isoamyl alcohol), organic phase (kerosene and heptanes) and aqueous phase (solution of boron 3.6 ppm in alkaline pH). The ratio cosurfactant/ surfactant used was four and the percentage of organic phases for all points of study was set at 5%. It was chosen points with the highest percentage of aqueous phase. Each system was designed for three points of different compositions in relation to the constituents of a pseudoternary diagram. These points were chosen according to studies of phase behavior in pseudoternary diagrams made in previous studies. For this research, points were chosen in the Winsor II region. The excess aqueous solution obtained in these systems was separated and analyzed by ICP OES. For the data set obtained, the better efficiency in the extraction of boron was obtained using the system with DAC, isoamyl alcohol and heptanes, which extracted 49% in a single step. OCS was not viable to the extraction of boron by microemulsion system in the conditions defined in this study
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Waste generated during the exploration and production of oil, water stands out due to various factors including the volume generated, the salt content, the presence of oil and chemicals and the water associated with oil is called produced water. The chemical composition of water is complex and depends strongly on the field generator, because it was in contact with the geological formation for thousands of years. This work aims to characterize the hydrochemical water produced in different areas of a field located in the Potiguar Basin. We collected 27 samples from 06 zones (400, 600, 400/600, 400/450/500, 350/400, A) the producing field called S and measured 50 required parameter divided between physical and chemical parameters, cations and anions. In hydrochemical characterization was used as tools of reasons ionic calculations, diagrams and they hydrochemical classification diagram Piper and Stiff diagram and also the statistic that helped in the identification of signature patterns for each production area including the area that supplies water injected this field for secondary oil recovery. The ionic balance error was calculated to assess the quality of the results of the analysis that was considered good, because 89% of the samples were below 5% error. Hydrochemical diagrams classified the waters as sodium chloride, with the exception of samples from Area A, from the injection well, which were classified as sodium bicarbonate. Through descriptive analysis and discriminant analysis was possible to obtain a function that differs chemically production areas, this function had a good hit rate of classification was 85%
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The produced water is a byproduct formed due to production of petroleum and carries with it a high amount of contaminants such as oil particles in suspension, organic compounds and metals. Thus, these latter pollutants are very difficult to treat because of its high solubility in water. The objective of this work is to use and evaluate a microemulsioned system to remove metals ( K , Mg , Ba , Ca , Cr , Mn , Li , Fe ) of synthetic produced water. For the extraction of metals, it was used a pseudoternary diagram containing the following phases: synthetic produced water as the aqueous phase (AP), hexane as organic phase (OP), and a cosurfactant/surfactant ratio equal to four (C/S = 4) as the third phase, where the OCS (saponified coconut oil) was used as surfactant and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The synthetic produced water was prepared in a bench scale and the region of interest in the diagram for the removal of metals was determined by experimental design called. Ten points located in the phase Winsor II were selected in an area with a large amount of water and small amounts of reagents. The samples were analyzed in atomic absorption spectrometer, and the results were evaluated through a statistical assesment, allowing the efficiency analysis of the effects and their interactions. The results showed percentages of extraction above 90% for the metals manganese, iron, chromium, calcium, barium and magnesium, and around 45% for metals lithium and potassium. The optimal point for the simultaneous removal of metals was calculated using statistical artifact multiple response function (MR). This calculation showed that the point of greatest extraction of metals occurs was the J point, with the composition [72% AP, 9% OP, 19% C/S], obtaining a global extraction percentage about 80%. Considering the aspects analyzed, the microemulsioned system has shown itself to be an effective alternative in the extraction of metals on synthetic produced water remediation
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Durante as últimas décadas, as indústrias farmacêuticas têm despertado grande interesse em óleos vegetais e vários extratos de planta por causa da sua baixa toxicidade e alta biodegrabilidade. O óleo de copaíba (Cop) é usado in natura na medicina popular como anti-inflamatório e antimicrobiano para tratar várias doenças, tais como inflamação da garganta, úlceras e infecções urinárias e pulmonares. Emulsões são sistemas dispersos termodinamicamente instáveis que consistem em dispersões de gotículas microscópicas em outro líquido imiscível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar diferentes emulsões de Cop, determinar o EHL crítico deste óleo e avaliar a sua estabilidade, além de realizar estudos comparativos entre diferentes métodos de construção de diagramas de fases. As emulsões foram preparadas pelo método de inversão de fases variando as proporções de EHL de 4,7 a 16,7. A estabilidade foi determinada por vários métodos e os diagramas de fases foram produzidos pelo método de titulação usando diferentes procedimentos de agitação. As emulsões a base de Cop com EHL entre 12,7 e 15,7 foram as mais estáveis. As emulsões apresentaram boa estabilidade em curto e longo prazo, aspecto leitoso e baixos valores de índice de cremagem. Diferentes sistemas coloidais foram produzidos a partir dos diagramas de fases dependendo do processo de agitação. Baseado nesses métodos, o valor determinado de EHL do Cop foi 14,8, as emulsões permaneceram estáveis por mais de um ano e estes resultados indicam que o estudo das emulsões de Cop pode ser um promissor veículo de liberação tópica de fármacos e ativos cosméticos
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The inorganic actives, represented mainly by microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, have shown great potential to protect against large UV spectrum. The aim of this study is the development, characterization and analysis of stability in the short term of microemulsions containing inorganic fotoprotection agents. The microemulsions identified by the phases diagram containing the metallic oxides were produced by two different methods and subjected to the centrifugation test and thermal stress cycles, and subsequently characterized by macroscopic evaluation, test dilution, electrical conductivity, pH, particle size, and zeta potential. This study highlights the influence of the metal oxides addition in the structure and distribution of micelles in the microemulsions
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Ferritin is a protein composed of heavy and light chains, non-covalently linked and which accommodates, in its core, thousands of atoms of iron. Furthermore, this protein represents the stock of iron in the body and it is characterized as an acute marker and predictor of diseases, such as iron deficiency anemia, hereditary hemochromatosis and others. Considering the variability of reference values and the analytical methods currently available, the aim of this work was to propose 95% confidence intervals for adults in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, after determining the average concentration of serum ferritin for both sexes, beyond its correlation with the age. We analyzed 385 blood samples, collected by venipuncture from individuals residing in the State, after 12-14 hours of fast. The populational sample had 169 men and 216 women between 18-59 years old, which filled a questionnaire on socioeconomic, food habits and accounts about previous and current diseases. The sample collections were itinerant and the results of erythrogram, fasting glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, creatinine, leukocyte count and platelets, beyond C-reactive protein, were issued to each participant, so that, after selection of the apparently healthy individuals, the dosage of serum ferritin was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed using the softwares SPSS 11.0 Windows version, Epi Info 3.3.2 and Graf instant pad (version 3.02), and the random population sample was single (finite population), for which the test of linear correlation and diagram of dispersion were also made. After selection of individuals and determination of serum ferritin, the most discrepant outliers were disregarded (N = 358, Men = 154/Women = 207) and the average value determined for the masculine sex individuals was 167,18 ng / dL; for the feminine sex individuals, the average value obtained was 81,55 ng / dL. Moreover, we found that 25% of men had values < 90,30 ng / dL; 50% ≤ 156,25 ng / dL and 75% ≤ 229,00 ng / dL. In the group of women, 25% had values < 38,80 ng / dL; 50% ≤ 65,00 ng / dL and 75% ≤ 119,00 ng / dL. Through the correlation coefficient (r = 0,23 with p = 0,003), it is possible to suggest the existence of positive linear correlation between age and serum ferritin for men. The correlation coefficient for women (r = 0,16 with p = 0,025) also confirms the existence of positive linear correlation between serum ferritin and age. Considering the analysis carried out and specific methods corroborating with the proposed benchmarks, we concluded that the average value found for men is higher than that found for women. Furthermore, this scenario rises with age for both sexes, and the 95% confidence intervals obtained were 74 ng/dL ≤ μ ≤ 89 ng/dL and 152ng/dL ≤ μ ≤183ng/dL for the feminine and masculine sex individuals respectively
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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Praziquantel (PRZ) is the main drug used for treatment of schistosomiasis in Brazil. It is administered by oral rout as tablets. However, has low aqueous solubility which limits this therapeutic success dosage form and availability of liquid forms. The emulsion systems have great potential and represent an interesting strategy to increase the solubility of drugs. The aim of study was the development and characterization of lipid-emulsified liquid systems of the type oil in water (O / W), the base of soybean oil as the internal phase stabilized by surfactants pair Tween® 80 and Span® 80, for improving the phase biopharmaceutical of PRZ. After selecting the best value of Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB = 11), the parameters of the preparation of the formulations were optimized emulsification technique. The emulsions were successfully obtained; the liquid forms provided exhibited Newtonian behavior and an increase in solubility of PRZ higher than 20 times. The accelerated stability study demonstrated the stability of the emulsions and the effect of cosurfactants investigated. The study of the dynamics of interaction between components in the diagram showed pseudoternary phase regions to obtain O/W emulsions, whereas the study of the interaction of the components and their effect on system structure and the efficiency of incorporation of the drug led to systems with an amount of soluble drug even higher (about 1.5%), which demonstrates the potential of this new input mainly for the treatment of schistosomiasis, which resulted in the filing of patent BR 10 2013 0004 55 3