Langattoman tietoliikenneverkon toteuttaminen satama-alueelle

Tässä työssä toteutetaan IEEE 802.16-2004 standardiin perustuva langaton WiMAX tietoliikenneverkko, sekä tutkitaan etenemismallien soveltuvuutta satama-alueelle. Myös muiden verkkoratkaisujen soveltuvuutta pohditaan. Lisäksi tutkitaan sääolosuhteiden sekä päätelaitteen liikkumisnopeuden vaikutuksia yhteyteen. Satama-alueella on teräksestä valmistettuja merikontteja pinottuina päällekkäin, ja ne vaikeuttavat langattomien signaalien etenemistä. Merikonttien pinot säilyttävät tietyn maksimikorkeuden johtuen työkoneiden rajallisesta kyvystä pinota niitä. Langattomien signaalien etenemiselle erilaisissa ympäristöissä on kehitetty etenemismalleja. Etenemisallien avulla voidaan pyrkiä ennustamaan signaalin vahvuutta eri etäisyyksillä tukiasemasta. Etenemismallit kuvaavat ympäristön aiheuttamaa signaalin vaimenemista erilaisten muuttujien avulla. Langattoman tietoliikenneverkon toteutus ongelmatilanteineen dokumentoitiin ja alueella tehtiin kuuluvuusmittauksia. Löydettiin etenemismalli ja muuttujat, joiden avulla lasketut tulokset vastasivat mitattuja tuloksia hyvin. Myös sääolosuhteiden sekä päätelaitteen liikkumisnopeuden vaikutusta signaalin vahvuuteen tutkittiin. Vesi- ja lumisateen sekä sumun vaikutuksen todettiin olevan merkityksetön verkon käyttämällä 3.5 GHz taajuusalueella. Myöskään päätelaitteen liikkumisnopeuden ei todettu vaikuttavan toiminnallisuuteen 20-30 kilometrin tuntinopeudella, jolla työkoneet alueella liikkuvat.

Efeito de substâncias empregadas para remoção de cobre sobre o teor de compostos secundários da cachaça

High copper content is of great concern among producers of sugar-cane spirits who frequently use filters instead of cleaning the stills. This study compared the efficiency of activated carbon, ion-exchange-polymeric resin, and activated-carbon/iron-oxide magnetic composite for copper reduction without removing excessive organic compounds that are important for the beverage's quality. Resin was the most efficient copper adsorbent, removing fewer organic compounds. The composite also removed copper; however, it also removed large amounts of organic compounds. Activated carbon didn't remove sufficient copper to reduce its concentration to less than 5 g L-1, and it removed large amounts of higher alcohols and esters.

Produção e caracterização de carvão ativado produzido a partir do defeito preto, verde, ardido (PVA) do café

The black, green and sour coffee defect (PVA) contributes with 20% of the total coffee production. It should be separate from the normal coffee grains in order to improve the final quality of the beverage. In this way, the present work has the objective to use the PVA reject for the production of activated carbon. The activated carbon (CA) was prepared from PVA defect using zinc chloride as activating agent. The prepared material (CA PVA) was characterized and the adsorption tests were carried out using as organic models methylene blue (AM) and reactive red (VR). The CA PVA revealed to be more efficient in the removal of the organic contaminants compared to a commercial activated carbon.

Removal of copper(II) from sugar-cane spirits employing chitosan

A method employing chitosan as complexant agent in the removal of copper(II) ions generally present in the Brazilian cachaça samples is herein proposed. The efficiency of this method is attributed to its high capacity of metal cations adsorption, mainly due to presence of hydroxyl and amine groups that can serve as chelating sites. The removal of copper(II) ions from this alcoholic beverage was efficient employing either in column and batch system. The analysis were carried out employing the flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the remaining copper(II) concentrations in the treated cachaça were lower than LOD of FAAS technique.

Uso de perfis cromatográficos de voláteis de cafés arábicas torrados para a diferenciação das amostras segundo o sabor, o aroma e a qualidade global da bebida

In this work, the volatile chromatographic profiles of roasted Arabica coffees, previously analyzed for their sensorial attributes, were explored by principal component analysis. The volatile extraction technique used was the solid phase microextraction. The correlation optimized warping algorithm was used to align the gas chromatographic profiles. Fifty four compounds were found to be related to the sensorial attributes investigated. The volatiles pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, cyclopentanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, furfural, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, 2-etenyl-n-methyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-propionyl-furan compounds were important for the differentiation of coffee beverage according to the flavour, cleanliness and overall quality. Two figures of merit, sensitivity and specificity (or selectivity), were used to interpret the sensory attributes studied.

Caracterização e quantificação de contaminantes em aguardentes de cana

The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the presence of organic and inorganic contaminants in samples of aged cachaça from the South of the state of Minas Gerais. Furfural, methanol and copper were determined by colorimetric reactions, while the analyses of ethyl carbamate and acrolein were performed by GC/MS and HPLC, respectively. High levels of furfural and copper were obtained. All samples showed concentrations below the established by legislation for the ethyl carbamate, and for acrolein, only one sample showed higher levels. Methanol was not detected in the samples.

Avaliação da composição mineral do chá da folha senescente de Montrichardia linifera (arruda) schott (araceae) por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS)

Levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were determinated by FAAS in the tea and dry matter from senescent leaf from Montrichardia linifera, plant used in folk medicine Amazon. The content of these metals that are transferred of the leaf to the infusions have presented significant reductions, however, the Mn values in the infusion may exceed the tolerable daily intake (11 mg) if consumption of this tea is greater than 1.0 L per day. So the tea of senescent leaves of M. linifera may be considered as a toxic beverage and thus its use is not advised.

Identificação do carbamato de etila durante o armazenamento da cachaça em tonel de carvalho (quercus sp) e recipiente de vidro

The objective of the present study was the identification and quantification of ethyl carbamate (EC), by HPLC-FLD, after different periods of storage in an oak (Quercus sp) barrel and a glass vessel. The concentration of EC in the cachaça samples varied from beverage in both the oak barrel and the glass vessel resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of this contaminant.

Development of Russian Ports in The Gulf of Finland

Russia has been one of the fastest developing economic areas in the world. Based on the GDP, the Russian economy grew evenly since the crisis in 1998 up till 2008. The growth in the gross domestic product has annually been some 5–10%. In 2007, the growth reached 8.1%, which is the highest figure after the 10% growth in 2000. Due to the growth of the economy and wage levels, purchasing power and consumption have been strongly increasing. The growing consumption has especially increased the imports of durables, such as passenger cars, domestic appliances and electronics. The Russian ports and infrastructure have not been able to satisfy the growing needs of exports and imports, which is why quite a large share of Russian foreign trade is going through third countries as transit transports. Finnish ports play a major role in transit transports to and from Russia. About 15% of the total value of Russian imports was transported through Finland in 2008. The economic recession that started in autumn 2008 and continues to date has had an impact on the economic development of Russia. The export income has decreased, mainly due to the reduced world market prices of energy products (oil and gas) and raw minerals. Investments have been postponed, getting credit is more difficult than before, and the ruble has weakened in relation to the euro and the dollar. The imports are decreasing remarkably, and are not forecast to reach the 2008 volumes even in 2012. The economic crisis is reflected in Finland's transit traffic. The volume of goods transported through Finland to and from Russia has decreased almost in the same proportion as the imports of goods to Russia. The biggest risk threatening the development of the Russian economy over long term is its dependence on export income from oil, gas, metals, minerals and forest products, as well as the trends of the world market prices of these products. Nevertheless, it is expected that the GDP of Russia will start to grow again in the forthcoming years due to the increased demand for energy products and raw minerals in the world. At the same time, it is obvious that the world market prices of these products will go up with the increasing demand. The increased income from exports will lead to a growth of imports, especially those of consumer goods, as the living standard of Russian citizens rises. The forecasts produced by the Russian Government concerning the economic development of Russia up till 2030 also indicate a shift in exported goods from raw materials to processed products, which together with energy products will become the main export goods of Russia. As a consequence, Russia may need export routes through third countries, which can be seen as an opportunity for increased transit transports through the ports of Finland. The ports competing with the ports of Finland for Russian foreign trade traffic are the Russian Baltic Sea ports and the ports of the Baltic countries. The strongest competitors are the Baltic Sea ports handling containers. On the Russian Baltic Sea, these ports include Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad and, in the near future, the ports of Ust-Luga and possibly Vyborg. There are plans to develop Ust-Luga and Vyborg as modern container ports, which would become serious competitors to the Finnish ports. Russia is aiming to redirect as large a share as possible of foreign trade traffic to its own ports. The ports of Russia and the infrastructure associated with them are under constant development. On the other hand, the logistic capacity of Russia is not able to satisfy the continually growing needs of the Russian foreign trade. The capacity problem is emphasized by a structural incompatibility between the exports and imports in the Russian foreign trade. Russian exports can only use a small part of the containers brought in with imports. Problems are also caused by the difficult ice conditions and narrow waterways leading to the ports. It is predicted that Finland will maintain its position as a transit route for the Russian foreign trade, at least in the near future. The Russian foreign trade is increasing, and Russia will not be able to develop its ports in proportion with the increasing foreign trade. With the development of port capacity, cargo flows through the ports of Russia will grow. Structural changes in transit traffic are already visible. Firms are more and more relocating their production to Russia, for example as regards the assembly of cars and warehousing services. Simultaneously, an increasing part of transit cargoes are sent directly to Russia without unloading and reloading in Finland. New product groups have nevertheless been transported through Finland (textile products and tools), replacing the lost cargos. The global recession that started in autumn 2008 has influenced the volume of Russian imports and, consequently, the transit volumes of Finland, but the recession is not expected to be of long duration, and will thus only have a short-term impact on transit volumes. The Finnish infrastructure and services offered by the logistic chain should also be ready to react to the changes in imported product groups as well as to the change in Russian export products in the future. If the development plans of the Russian economy are realized, export products will be more refined, and the share of energy and raw material products will decrease. The other notable factor to be taken into consideration is the extremely fast-changing business environment in Russia. Operators in the logistic chain should be flexible enough to adapt to all kinds of changes to capitalise on business opportunities offered by the Russian foreign trade for the companies and for the transit volumes of Finnish ports, also in the future.

Efeitos da história térmica nas propriedades do polímero pet: um experimento para ensino de análise térmica

Polyethilenetherephtalate (PET) is commonly used in manufacturing of beverage bottles representing a didactic appeal in thermal analysis education due to its presence in the student's day life. Additionally such polymer presents well defined thermal analytical curves and a well known thermal behavior. TGA curve is used to present the thermal stability. The thermal history effects in the thermal properties of a PET sample from a soft drink bottle are used to demonstrate the effect of different heating/cooling conditions on glass transition, melting, crystallization and crystalline degree using DSC curves.

A fração volátil das aguardentes de cana produzidas no Brasil

The volatile fraction of sugar cane spirits plays a key role in the quality and acceptance of these beverages. The composition of this fraction is dependent on the way sugar cane collection, fermentation, distillation and aging are carried out. The materials used in these processes strongly influence chemical composition. Acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2.3-butanedione, n-propanol, 3-methyl-buthanol and isobuthanol were the major volatiles in spirits. Dimethyl sulfide and n-propanol impaired beverage flavor. Ethyl octanoate, 1.1-diethoxy-ethane, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-butanol were important aroma contributors. Ageing allows the extraction of flavor-active components (e.g., phenolic compounds) from wood.

A reliable method of quantification of trace copper in beverages with and without alcohol by spectrophotometry after cloud point extraction

A new cloud point extraction (CPE) method was developed for the separation and preconcentration of copper (II) prior to spectrophotometric analysis. For this purpose, 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) azonapthalen-2-ol (Sudan II) was used as a chelating agent and the solution pH was adjusted to 10.0 with borate buffer. Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) was used as an extracting agent in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). After phase separation, based on the cloud point of the mixture, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with acetone, and the enriched analyte was spectrophotometrically determined at 537 nm. The variables affecting CPE efficiency were optimized. The calibration curve was linear within the range 0.285-20 µg L-1 with a detection limit of 0.085 µg L-1. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of copper in different beverage samples.

DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF Ilex paraguariensis BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Ilex paraguariensis (yerba-mate) is used as a beverage, and its extract requires adequate quality control methods in order to guarantee quality and safe use. Strategies to develop and optimize a chromatographic method to quantify theobromine, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in I. paraguariensis extracts were evaluated by applying a quality by design (QbD) model and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The presence of these three phytochemical markers in the extracts was evaluated using UHPLC-MS and was confirmed by the chromatographic bands in the total ion current traces (m/z of 181.1 [M+H]+, 195.0 [M+H]+, and 353.0 [M−H]−, respectively). The developed method was then transferred to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform, and the three phytochemical markers were used as external standards in the validation of a method for analyses of these compounds in extracts using a diode array detector (DAD). The validated method was applied to quantify the chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theobromine in the samples. HPLC-DAD chromatographic fingerprinting was also used in a multivariate approach to process the entire data and to separate the I. paraguariensis extracts into two groups. The developed method is very useful for qualifying and quantifying I. paraguariensis extracts.

Unitizing in Supply Chain – Case SECU Container

The aim of this thesis is to analyze how increasing the level of unitizing affects to the costs in the transport system of a Finnish paper and board company. The parts of the supply chain where costs are analyzed are limited to domestic inland transport and port operations. Supply Chain management is important aspect of modern day companies’ strategies. Intermodal transport and different transport systems are the key items which are studied in the theory part of this thesis. In the case study the payload simulations for SECU container (Stora Enso Cargo Unit) stuffed in mills sites are base of the cost analyze of this thesis. Thesis also makes a glance for the restrictions and development trends in Finnish railroads. In analyze SECU containers are moved up to the mill site for stuffing. This increases the level of unitizing in supply chain. Analyze is made for three variation of current traffic lines. Analyze shows that when idea of intermodalism is well used there is considerable cost savings to gather in pre-transportation and port operations. But also effects to mill sites and destination ports needs to be take under considering. In analyze the effects of increased axle weight for SECU container transportation in Finnish railroads is studied. When transport unit is stuffed in earliest possible point supply chain and unloaded the last possible point the savings made in chain can be considerable. In case study of this thesis almost 40% savings in total costs could be reached in pre transportation and port operations when unitizing level is increased in supply chain.

Pinnoiteteollisuudessa syntyvien maalijätteiden hyötykäyttö ja uudet liiketoimintamahdollisuudet

Tämän diplomityön tavoite on kartoittaa maalien ja lakkojen valmistuksessa syntyvien sivuvirtojen hyötykäyttöä ja hyötykäyttöpotentiaalia nykyisellään. Työn tarkoitus on toimia esiselvityksenä pinnoiteteollisuuden sivuvirtojen hyötykäyttöön liittyvien liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien syvemmälle analyysille. Teollisuuden sivuvirtoihin liittyvää tietoa kerätään tilastoista ja olemassa olevista raporteista sekä haastattelemalla teollisuus- ja palveluyritysten edustajia sekä alan asiantuntijoita. Sivuvirtojen teknisten hyötykäyttömahdollisuuksien ja liiketoiminnallisten mahdollisuuksien tarkastelua varten järjestetään työpajoja asiantuntijoille Apila Group Oy Ab:n asiantuntijaverkostossa. Neljässä haastatellussa tuotantolaitoksissa syntyi vuonna 2008 yhteensä 6 662 tonnia kiinteää jätettä ja lietteitä. 68 % näistä sivuvirroista hyötykäytettiin energiana tai polttoaineen valmistuksessa. Materiaalina sivuvirtoja hyötykäytettiin 16 % sivuvirroista, pääasiassa pahvia, paperia, metalleja sekä tynnyreitä ja kontteja. Myös merkittävä osa liuottimista otettiin talteen uudelleenhyödyntämistä varten. Tässä diplomityössä hyötykäyttömahdollisuuksien tarkempaa tarkastelua varten valittiin tavanomaisiksi jätteiksi luokiteltuja maalisivuvirtoja, joita haastatelluissa tuotantolaitoksissa syntyi noin 1 500 tonnia. Maalisivuvirtojen tärkeimmät materiaaliominaisuudet liittyvät niiden sisältämiin täyte- ja sideaineisiin, jotka muodostavat merkittävän osan maalien koostumuksesta. Selvityksen mukaan nämä ominaisuudet voidaan ottaa hyötykäyttöön erilaisissa yhdistelmämateriaaleissa, esimerkiksi ekstruusiopuristetuissa tai ahtopuristetuissa muovikuitukomposiiteissa. Komposiittien raaka-aineena käytetään jo erilaisia sivuvirtoja ja lisäksi erilaisten komposiittien markkinoiden ennustetaan kasvavan. Tämä voi tarjota mahdollisuuksia uusille palvelu-, t&k- tai tuotteistusliiketoiminnoille. Kuivilla maalijätteillä on myös hyvä lämpöarvo, jolloin energiahyötykäytön ja palamisjäännöksen materiaalihyötykäytön yhdistäminen mm. keramiikka- tai sementtiteollisuudessa voi tarjota mahdollisuuksia uusille liiketoiminnoille.