Cost of malaria control in China: Henan's consolidation programme from community and government perspectives

Objective To assist with strategic planning for the eradication,of malaria in Henan Province, China, which reached the consolidation phase of malaria control in 1992, when only 318 malaria cases were reported, Methods We conducted a prospective two-year study of the costs for Henan's malaria control programme. We used a cost model that could also be applied to other malaria programmes in-mainland China, and analysed the cost of the three components of Henan's malaria programme. suspected malaria case management,, vector surveillance,,and population blood surveys. Primary cost data were collected from the government, and data on suspected malaria patient's were collected in two malaria counties (population 2 093 100). We enlisted the help of 260 village doctors. in six-townships or former communities (population 247 762), and studied all 12 315 reported cases of suspected malaria in catchment areas in 1994 and 1995. Findings The average-annual government investment in malaria control was estimated to be US$ 111 516 (case-management 59%; active blood surveys 25%;vector surveillance 12%; and contingencies and special projects 4%). The average cost (direct and indirect) for-patients seeking-treatment for suspected malaria was US$ 3.48, equivalent,to 10 days' income for rural residents. Each suspected malaria case cost the government an, average of US$ 0.78. Conclusion Further cuts in government funding will increase future costs, when epidemic malaria returns; investment in malaria control should therefore continue at least at current levels,of US$ 0.03 per person a risk.

Characterisation of chronic lateral epicondylalgia using the McGill pain questionnaire, visual analog scales, and quantitative sensory tests

Aims: To characterise chronic lateral epicondylalgia using the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Visual Analog Scales for pain and function, and Quantitative Sensory Tests; and to examine the relationship between these tests in a population with chronic lateral epicondylalgia. Method: Fifty-six patients (29 female, 27 male) diagnosed with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia of 18.7 months (mean) duration (range 1-300), with a mean age of 50.7 years (range 27-73) participated in this study. Each participant underwent assessment with the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Visual Analog Scales (VAS) for pain and function. and Quantitative Sensory Tests (QST) including thermal and pressure pain thresholds, pain free grip strength, and neuromeningeal tissue testing via the upper limb tension test 2b (ULTT 2b). Results: Moderate correlation (r = .338-.514, p = .000-.013) was found between all indices of the MPQ and VAS for pain experienced in the previous 24 hours and week. Thermal pain threshold was found to be significantly higher in males. A significant poor to moderate correlation was found between the Pain Rating Index (PRI) in the sensory category of the MPQ and ULTT2b scores (r = .353, p = .038). There was no other significant correlation between MPQ and QST data. Pain free grip strength was poorly yet significantly correlated with duration of pathology (r = 318, p = .038). Conclusion: The findings of this study are in agreement with others (Melzack and Katz, 1994) regarding the multidimensional nature of pain, in a condition conventionally conceived as a musculoskeletal pain state. The findings also suggest that utilisation of only one pain measurement tool is unlikely to provide a thorough clinical picture of pain experienced with chronic lateral epicondylalgia.

Aviso para requerimento de benef??cio

O Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS) n??o mantinha uma rela????o pr??xima com seus segurados no que diz respeito a mant??-los informados acerca do direito ?? aposentadoria urbana por idade, quando este era adquirido. N??o havia uma a????o proativa de gest??o quanto aos que estariam implementando direitos e que necessitariam de orienta????o e atendimento. Investiu-se na iniciativa de, utilizando os dados constantes do Cadastro Nacional de Informa????es Sociais (CNIS), identificar todos os segurados que implementariam o direito ?? aposentadoria por idade. Com base em tais informa????es, criou-se um novo servi??o, que consiste no envio aos segurados do Aviso para Requerimento de Benef??cio ??? contendo informa????es cadastrais, renda mensal estimada e orienta????es para agendamento do atendimento ???, no m??s anterior ??quele em que o segurado completa a idade m??nima exigida. Foram enviados 36.698 avisos e requeridos 29.274 benef??cios, o que demonstra o sucesso da iniciativa

Revis??o dos Procedimentos de P??s-Registro de Medicamentos

O Grupo de Trabalho (GT) de revis??o do regulamento t??cnico para p??s-registro de -medicamentos da Anvisa vem trabalhando na desburocratiza????o e celeridade dos procedimentos regulat??rios referentes ?? atualiza????o de dados do medicamento ap??s a obten????o de seu registro. Esses s??o itens de fundamental import??ncia para o est??mulo da produ????o e da qualidade dos medicamentos comercializados no pa??s. Foi feita uma classifica????o das modifica????es p??s-registro de medicamentos conforme o risco sanit??rio, a complexidade de an??lise e testes farmacot??cnicos. A abordagem permitiu efici??ncia da an??lise t??cnica e, uma vez que esses procedimentos tornaram-se mais c??leres, houve maior previsibilidade nas a????es de p??s-registro com a ado????o dos novos fluxos e prazos de an??lise

Dimensionamento à punção em apoios internos de lajes protendidas sem aderência

Esta dissertação trata da punção em lajes protendidas com cordoalhas não aderentes, para pilares internos, calculadas através das normas ABNT NBR 6118:2007, ABNT NBR 6118:2014, EN 1992-1-1:2004 e ACI 318-11. Ao longo do trabalho, são apresentados dimensionamentos à punção através desses códigos a fim de se obter uma análise comparativa dos resultados. Além disso, são expostas três situações de provas de carga não destrutivas para punção, realizadas em lajes reais. Os casos, verificados a partir da comparação entre as quatro normas, servem de base para avaliações sobre o nível de segurança estrutural entre os dimensionamentos. Após as análises teóricas, conclui-se que, no geral, o EC2:2004 e a NBR 6118:2014 são os códigos que geram os resultados menos conservadores no cálculo das armaduras de punção. Já o ACI 318-11 e a NBR 6118:2007 obtêm os resultados mais conservadores para esse dimensionamento. Quando considerados os carregamentos máximos sem utilização de armadura de punção, a norma americana se destaca, obtendo valores comparáveis aos do EC2:2004 e da NBR 6118:2014. A NBR 6118:2007 resulta em dimensionamentos sempre mais conservadores.

Modelling the Mechanical Behavior of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to analyze the mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites with varying nanofiber network parameters. The study was focused on nanofiber aspect ratio, concentration and initial orientation. The reinforcing phase affects the behavior of the polymeric nanocomposite. Simulations have shown that the fiber concentration has a significant effect on the properties, with higher loadings resulting in higher stress levels and higher stiffness, matching the general behavior from experimental knowledge in this field. The results also indicate that, within the studied range, the observed effect of the aspect ratio and initial orientation is smaller than that of the concentration, and that these two parameters are interrelated.

Construção de um biossensor para o doseamento de ureia baseado na inibição enzimática da amidase de pseudomonas aeruginosa com recurso a um eléctrodo selectivo de iões amónio

Era objectivo do presente trabalho o desenvolvimento de um biossensor baseado na inibição da amidase de Pseudomonas aeruginosa para a quantificação de ureia em diversas amostras com recurso a um eléctrodo selectivo de iões amónio (ISE). A ureia é um poderoso inibidor do centro activo da amidase (Acilamida hidrolase EC 3.5.1.4) de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a qual catalisa a hidrólise de amidas alifáticas produzindo o ácido correspondente e amónia. O extracto celular de Pseudomonas aeruginosa L10 contendo actividade de amidase foi imobilizado em membranas de poliétersulfona modificadas (PES) e em membranas de nylon Porablot NY Plus na presença de gelatina e de glutaraldeído (GA) como agente bifuncional. Estas membranas foram posteriormente utilizadas na construção do biossensor baseado no ISE, utilizando acetamida como substrato, a reacção enzimática foi seguida medindo os iões amónio produzidos pela hidrólise da amida alifática, e a resposta do biossensor apresentada como a velocidade inicial da reacção (mV.min-1). A optimização dos parâmetros de imobilização foi efectuada de acordo com a metodologia ANOVA. Assim, a mistura de 30μL extracto celular, 2μL GA (5%) e 10 μL Gelatina 15% (p/v) foi a que conduziu a uma melhor resposta do biossensor. Efectuou-se ainda o estudo de optimização de alguns parâmetros experimentais pH e tempo de incubação em ureia, este conduziu ao valor pH=7,2 como pH óptimo de resposta do biossensor e 20 min como tempo óptimo de incubação das membranas nas soluções de ureia, sendo neste caso a resposta do biossensor dada pela diferença das respostas do biossensor antes e após incubação. A calibração do biossensor foi efectuada em soluções contendo concentrações conhecidas de ureia preparadas em tampão Tris, leite e vinho caseiro, exibindo um limite de detecção de 2,0 ×10-6 M de ureia. A incubação das membranas em hidroxilamina 2M por um período de 2h permitiu a recuperação de 70% da actividade enzimática da membrana. O biossensor apresentou uma elevada estabilidade de armazenamento por um período de 55 dias revelando uma perda de apenas 15% da sua resposta. O biossensor desenvolvido apresenta uma sensibilidade de 58,245 mV.min-1 e um tempo de resposta de aproximadamente 20s. A resposta do biossensor foi linear para concentrações de ureia presentes no vinho na gama de 4-10 μM de ureia.

Study of the Saldanha Massif (MAR, 36 degrees 34 ' N): Constrains from rock magnetic and geophysical data

We present a study of the magnetic properties of a group of basalt samples from the Saldanha Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge - MAR - 36degrees 33' 54" N, 33degrees 26' W), and we set out to interpret these properties in the tectono-magmatic framework of this sector of the MAR. Most samples have low magnetic anisotropy and magnetic minerals of single domain grain size, typical of rapid cooling. The thermomagnetic study mostly shows two different susceptibility peaks. The high temperature peak is related to mineralogical alteration due to heating. The low temperature peak shows a distinction between three different stages of low temperature oxidation: the presence of titanomagnetite, titanomagnetite and titanomaghemite, and exclusively of titanomaghemite. Based on established empirical relationships between Curie temperature and degree of oxidation, the latter is tentatively deduced for all samples. Finally, swath bathymetry and sidescan sonar data combined with dive observations show that the Saldanha Massif is located over an exposed section of upper mantle rocks interpreted to be the result of detachment tectonics. Basalt samples inside the detachment zone often have higher than expected oxidation rates; this effect can be explained by the higher permeability caused by the detachment fault activity.

Opresión internalizada y prácticas sexuales de riesgo en varones homo-y bi-sexuales de México

OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre prácticas sexuales de riesgo para infección por VIH y la opresión que éstos han internalizado debido al prejuicio y discriminación que se enfrentan varones bisexuales y homosexuales. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal, y analítico. Entre septiembre y noviembre del 2001 se aplicó un cuestionario a 318 hombres que acudieron a organizaciones e instituciones ubicadas en la Ciudad de México. Las variables indagadas fueron: homofobia internalizada, percepción del estigma, ocultamiento y prácticas sexuales en los seis meses previos a la encuesta. Mediante modelos de regresión logistica se estimó la relación (odds ratios) de las formas de opresión internalizada con las prácticas sexuales de riesgo, ajustando por variables confusoras. RESULTADOS: De los entrevistados, 256 habían tenido por lo menos una relación sexual en los últimos seis meses, 50 respondieron no haberlas tenido y 12 no contestaron esta pregunta. Más del 30% de los varones no había utilizado preservativo cuando habían tenido sexo insertivo o receptivo. La homofobia internalizada se asoció con mayor riesgo de consumo de drogas antes o durante las relaciones sexuales, sexo insertivo sin condón, sexo receptivo sin condón y el tragar semen de otros hombres. CONCLUSIONES: Sigue siendo frecuente la adopción de prácticas sexuales de riesgo entre los varones bi y homosexuales. De las tres formas de opresión internalizada que se investigaron, la que se asoció con mayor probabilidad de prácticas sexuales de riesgo fue la homofobia internalizada. Esta información puede ser incorporada en el diseño de programas de promoción de uso de condón entre varones bi y homosexuales.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwaveassisted extraction and liquid chromatography

A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and LC with fluorescence detection (FLD) was investigated for the efficient determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene in atmospheric particulate samples. PAHs were successfully extracted from real outdoor particulate matter (PM) samples with recoveries ranging from 81.4±8.8 to 112.0±1.1%, for all the compounds except for naphthalene (62.3±18.0%) and anthracene (67.3±5.7%), under the optimum MAE conditions (30.0 mL of ACN for 20 min at 110ºC). No clean-up steps were necessary prior to LC analysis. LOQs ranging from 0.0054 ng/m3 for benzo( a)anthracene to 0.089 ng/m3 for naphthalene were reached. The validated MAE methodology was applied to the determination of PAHs from a set of real world PM samples collected in Oporto (north of Portugal). The sum of particulate-bound PAHs in outdoor PM ranged from 2.5 and 28 ng/m3.

A study of ternary Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 thin films prepared by sulfurizing stacked metal precursors

Thin films of Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 were grown by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered Sn–Cu metallic precursors in a S2 atmosphere. Different maximum sulfurization temperatures were tested which allowed the study of the Cu2SnS3 phase changes. For a temperature of 350 ◦C the films were composed of tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3. The films sulfurized at a maximum temperature of 400 ◦C presented a cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 phase. On increasing the temperature up to 520 ◦C, the Sn content of the layer decreased and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 was formed. The phase identification and structural analysis were performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Raman scattering analysis was also performed and a comparison with XRD and EBSD data allowed the assignment of peaks at 336 and 351 cm−1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, 303 and 355 cm−1 for cubic Cu2SnS3, and 318, 348 and 295 cm−1 for the Cu3SnS4 phase. Compositional analysis was done using energy dispersive spectroscopy and induced coupled plasma analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the layers. Transmittance and reflectance measurements permitted the estimation of absorbance and band gap. These ternary compounds present a high absorbance value close to 104 cm−1. The estimated band gap energy was 1.35 eV for tetragonal (I -42m) Cu2SnS3, 0.96 eV for cubic (F-43m) Cu2SnS3 and 1.60 eV for orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. A hot point probe was used for the determination of semiconductor conductivity type. The results show that all the samples are p-type semiconductors. A four-point probe was used to obtain the resistivity of these samples. The resistivities for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4 are 4.59 × 10−2 cm, 1.26 × 10−2 cm, 7.40 × 10−4 cm, respectively.

CuxSnSx+1 (x = 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering

We report the results of the growth of Cu-Sn-S ternary chalcogenide compounds by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered metallic precursors. Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 forms for a maximum sulfurization temperature of 350 ºC. Cubic Cu2SnS3 is obtained at sulfurization temperatures above 400 ºC. These results are supported by XRD analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The latter analysis shows peaks at 336 cm-1, 351 cm-1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, and 303 cm-1, 355 cm-1 for cubic Cu2SnS3. Optical analysis shows that this phase change lowers the band gap from 1.35 eV to 0.98 eV. At higher sulfurization temperatures increased loss of Sn is expected in the sulphide form. As a consequence, higher Cu content ternary compounds like Cu3SnS4 grow. In these conditions, XRD and Raman analysis only detected orthorhombic (Pmn21) phase (petrukite). This compound has Raman peaks at 318 cm-1, 348 cm-1 and 295 cm-1. For a sulfurization temperature of 450 ºC the samples present a multi-phase structure mainly composed by cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. For higher temperatures, the samples are single phase and constituted by orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. Transmittance and reflectance measurements were used to estimate a band gap of 1.60 eV. For comparison we also include the results for Cu2ZnSnS4 obtained using similar growth conditions.

Educação/formação, transformação de si e impacto na comunidade: contributo da passagem por um curso sócio-educativo numa história de vida

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação

Isolation and characterisation of metallothionein from the clam Ruditapes decussatus

Aquatic Toxicology 63 (2003) 307-318

Schistosomose urinária e helmintoses intestinais: contribuição para o estudo clínico-epidemiológico e da resposta imune humoral na comunidade angolana Província do Bengo (Ibéndua, Sungue e Úlua)

Ciências biomédicas