Sensory and Non-sensory Factors Behind the Liking and Choice of Healthy Food Products

A healthy and balanced diet can reduce health problems, such as overweight and metabolic syndrome. In general, people have a considerably good knowledge of what constitutes a healthy diet and how they could achieve it with their food choices. Besides, people argue that health is among their top five food choice motives. Nevertheless, the prevalence of overweight is increasing and other food choice motives, such as taste, seem to conflict with the health. Liking for food does not necessarily determine acceptance alone, thus several non-sensory factors, such as brand, country of origin and nutrition claim, can also influence. Moreover, consumers are individuals in how they prioritize sensory and nonsensory factors of foods, but e.g. increasing age, female gender and health concern have been connected to a more health-oriented dietary behaviour. To sum up, identifying different factors that can increase the liking and consumption of healthy food is essential in order to develop more attractive healthful food products. Adding vitamins, minerals, fibre or other ingredients to a food product can be used to enrich the nutritional quality of the products. However, this may be difficult in practice as regards the sensory quality and pleasantness of the foods. Generally, consumers are not willing to compromise on taste in food. On the other hand, consumers are very heterogeneous in their likings, and their personal values and attitudes may interact with preferences for specific sensory characteristics. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of intrinsic product characteristics on sensory properties and hedonic responses; to determine the impact of few non-sensory factors; and to examine the interaction between sensory and non-sensory factors with consumers’ demographics, values and attitudes in liking of healthy model foods. The results showed that product composition influenced sensory quality and had an effect on hedonic responses. Adding flaxseed to bakery products showed a significant improvement in the nutritional quality without negative effects on sensory properties. On the other hand, the fortification of wellness beverages with vitamins and minerals may impart off-flavours. In general, sweetness of yoghurts, freshness of wellness beverages and low intensity of rye bread flavour appealed to consumers. Information about the domestic origin of yoghurts and claiming a specific function for wellness beverages enhanced liking. However, consumers who were more concerned about their health and considered natural content as an important food choice motive, rated sourer and less sweet yoghurts and wellness beverages as more pleasant. In addition, interest in health increased the consumption of rye breads and other whole grain breads among adolescents. The results showed that the optimal product quality in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic factors differs between individual consumers, and personal values and food choice motives can be connected to preferences for specific sensory characteristics of foods. This indicates that each food product needs to be considered in relation to its specific market niche, and to which segment of consumer will respond most positively to its characteristics.

Utilization of retention chemicals in non-wood containing furnishes

The usage of the non-wood pulps in furnishes for various paper grades is the real alternative for substitution of wood fibres in the papermaking. This is especially important now, when the prices for wood are increasing and forest resources are depleting in many regions of our planet. However, there are several problems associated with utilization of such pulps. In terms of the papermaking process one of the main problems is the poor dewatering of the non-wood pulps. This problem can be partially solved by means of retention aids. In the literature part were described technological features of the non-wood pulps as the raw materials for paper production. Moreover, overviews of the retention chemicals and methods for retention measurement were done; special attention was paid to the mechanisms of retention and drainage. Finally, factors affecting on the drainage and retention of non-wood pulps were considered holistically. Particular emphasis was put on the possibility of enzyme treatment for drainage improvement. It was stated that retention aids can significantly improve dewatering of non-wood pulps. In the experimental part the goal was to investigate influence of various microparticle retention aids on the drainage, retention and formation of furnish containing wheat straw pulp, obtained by novel pulping process (Formico™Fib). The parallel test were performed with reference furnish containing only wood pulps. It was found that Bentonite-CPAM retention aid can significantly improve drainage and retention; however formation seems be suffer from such additives. It was stated that performance of the Silica-Starch retention aid significantly depends on the starch dosing sequence and wet-end conditions; this system have shown better formation than other tested retention aids. Silica-CPAM retention aid have provided comparable results in retention and drainage with Bentonite-CPAM, while Silica-starch did not improve dewatering and yielded in lowest filler retention among other aids. Ultimately, optimal dosages for the tested retention chemicals have been suggested.

Uusperheen voimavarat ja lasten hyvinvointi

The resources of the step family and the children’s well-being The present study investigates children's well-being in stepfamilies and fac¬tors, both external and internal, that are related to the children's well-being. Of the external factors, the study focuses on factors related to the structure of the stepfamily, parents' education, socio-economic status and factors related to work, livelihood and living conditions. The internal resources include the general functioning of the family, parenthood and parenting, family support networks and issues that the stepfamilies themselves consider important. Another important resource in a stepfamily is a functioning network of human relationships, which in the present study is approached from the maternal viewpoint. Changing family relations are considered a potential threat to the children's well-being. Therefore, in addition to looking into the stepfamily's resources, the other important goal of the study is to explore other factors potentially related to the well-being of children living in stepfamilies. In view of the stepfamily's resources, it is important to explore how the functioning of the relationships network is linked with the child's well-being. The study employs survey and interview data. The survey data (n=2236) are part of national survey data on the well-being of families and children and factors impacting them which were gathered as part of ”Origins of Exclusion in Early Childhood”, a research project carried out in 2002. The data consists of 667 stepfamilies. The interview data consists of interviews with 24 parents in stepfamilies. In the study, the analyses of survey and interview data are combined. Both descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate methods are employed. Content analysis is employed in the analysis of the interview data. The results indicate that the stepfamilies’ resources in general but their external resources in particular differed from those of the nuclear and single-parent families. The level of education and the socio-economic status of the stepfamily parents were somewhat lower than those of the nuclear family parents. The differences in relation to single-parent families were primarily related to the better economic status of the stepfamilies. The analysis of internal resources showed relatively minor differences: the stepfamilies assessed themselves a somewhat better general functioning of the family than did the nuclear families. Parenting issues caused more disagreement in stepfamilies than in nuclear families. The analysis of the functioning of the human relations in stepfamilies showed that the stepfamily mothers experienced the external relationships of the family (e.g., between the child and the absent father) as significantly more problematic than the relationships within the stepfamily. Living in a stepfamily thus challenges the functioning of the relationship between the child and the absent father. As a result of the analysis of the relationships networks in the stepfamilies, three groups were formed. One group had the nuclear family as an ideal goal, another valued an extended family composed of a variety of relationships, and the third one appreciated a strong intimate relationship between the parents. In the present study, the most common group was the multi-relationship, extended type of stepfamily. In conclusion, living in a stepfamily does not seem to pose a risk to the child’s well-being, but it may influence the family’s resources and thus have an indirect effect on the child’s well-being. In view of the resources of the stepfamily, the child’s well-being was best supported by a functioning network of human relationships in the stepfamily: there was a distinct connection with the children’s problems and the non-functioning of the relationships network. According to the mothers, the internal relationships in the stepfamily seemed to be more important than the external relationships of the family. A child’s functioning relationship with the absent father can be viewed as a positive resource, supporting the child’s well-being in the stepfamily.

Keskusteluja vuokratyöstä. Vuokratyön diskursiivinen rakentuminen Suomessa

1990-luvun alussa lainsäädäntö ja työmarkkinajärjestöt määrittelivät Suomessa, että vuokratyötä tuli käyttää vain tilapäiseen työvoimatarpeeseen, esimerkiksi sijaisuuksiin ja ruuhkahuippuihin. Joillakin aloilla vuokratyö oli työnantajien ja työntekijöiden yhteissopimuksella kielletty. Vaikka vuokratyösuhteet saivat jo 1980-luvulla niin Suomessa kuin kansainvälisestikin maineen työsuhdekeinotteluna, alkoi vuokratyön määrä Suomessa kasvaa 1990-luvun puolivälissä ja erityisesti tultaessa 2000-luvulle. Suomalaiset akateemiset tutkijat eivät ole juuri vuokratyöstä kiinnostuneet. Aiemmat, harvalukuiset tutkimukset ovat keskittyneet lähinnä työyhteisöjen ja työntekijöiden kokemuksiin sekä vuokratyön työehtoihin. Vuokratyö ymmärretäänkin edelleen lähinnä työntekijän subjektiivisena kokemuksena. Vuokratyössä on kuitenkin kysymys paitsi kokemuksista, myös yhteiskunnallisesta valtakamppailusta, jossa diskursiivisin keinoin pyritään vaikuttamaan ilmiöön nimeltä vuokratyö, laajemmin ilmiöön nimeltä työmarkkinat, sekä toisaalta kansalaisten käsityksiin työelämän ”normaalista”. Käsillä oleva tutkimus laajentaa ymmärrystä vuokratyöstä tarkastelemalla ilmiötä lainsäädännön, uutisoinnin ja markkinoinnin rakentamien julkisten käsitysten ja merkityksenantojen kautta. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä käytän hallinnan ja työprosessin säätelyn teoriaperinteitä. Se, miten työmarkkinoiden muutosta ja uusia työsuhdemuotoja politiikassa, mediassa, lainsäädännössä, tai työpaikan kahvipöytäkeskusteluissa perustellaan ja tehdään ymmärrettäväksi, on samalla työelämään kiinnitettävien arvojen, merkitysten ja toimijuuksien luomista, rajaamista ja kuvailua. Työelämäpuheessa ei siis ole kyse vain talouden lainalaisuuksista, kansantalouden toimivuudesta, tai yritysten kilpailukyvystä, vaan myös ja erityisesti niiden toimijoiden luomisesta, määrittelemisestä ja legitimoimisesta, jotka työelämän kentällä saavat toimia ja tulevat palkituiksi. Säätelyn ja hallinnan näkökulmasta on relevanttia tarkastella millaisilla käsitteillä ja merkityksillä vuokratyötä ilmiönä rakennetaan . Tutkimuskysymyksinä esitän: 1) Miten ja millä perusteilla vuokratyöstä rakennettiin Suomessa legitiimi tapa työllistää ja työllistyä? 2) Millaisia työntekijäideaaleja vuokratyöhön liittyvissä keskusteluissa rakennetaan? Tutkimusaineistona tarkastelen lainsäädäntöön liittyviä dokumentteja, Helsingin Sanomien uutisointia, vuokratyöyritysten markkinointimateriaaleja, sekä vuokratyöyritysten edustajien haastatteluita. Analyysimenetelmänä käytän kriittistä diskurssianalyysia. Tämä menetelmä mahdollistaa puheen ja dokumenttien tarkastelun sosiaalisena toimintana, jolla eri toimijat pyrkivät osallistumaan yhteiskunnassa hyväksyttyjen ja tunnustettujen käsitysten ja toimintavaihtoehtojen rakentamis-, tulkinta- ja määrittelyprosesseihin. Tutkimukseni päätuloksena esitän, että vuokratyöstä muodostui legitiimi tapa työllistää Suomessa 1990-luvulla, koska vuokratyö käsitteellistettiin sekä lainsäädännön että median diskursseissa ennen kaikkea ratkaisuksi työttömyyteen. Toisaalta vuokratyö käsitteellistettiin vain marginaalisten työntekijäryhmien (naiset ja opiskelijat) rooliksi, jolloin se ei liittynyt miesvaltaisten työpaikkojen arkeen. Ratkaisuna työttömyyteen vuokratyö myös samalla luonnollistettiin osaksi yleisempää työmarkkinakehitystä, jolle ”kukaan ei voi mitään”. 2000-luvulla vuokratyö jatkoi voittokulkuaan ja rakentui pysyväksi ilmiöksi, koska työlainsäädännön uudistus institutionalisoi vuokratyön työehtosopimusmenettelyyn, jolloin sen ”salonkikelpoisuus” ja normaalius vahvistettiin. Vaikka työehtosopimusasia oli ratkaisuna merkittävä, nousi vuokratyön osalta itse työehtosopimus tärkeämmäksi kuin sen sisältö. Työehtosopimuksilla ei kuitenkaan pystytty vaikuttamaan esimerkiksi vuokratyöntekijän olemattomaan työsuhdeturvaan. Lisäksi työnantajapuhe käsitteellistää vuokratyön 2000-luvulla ennen kaikkea työmarkkinavaihtoehdoksi, vapautta ja monipuolisia työkokemuksia tarjoavaksi työmarkkinoiden katalysaattoriksi. Vuokratyö on tässä merkitysavaruudessa työntekijöille ”vain” yksi tapa työllistyä ja löytää oma tiensä työmarkkinoille, ei suinkaan työnantajien sanelema pakko. Työntekijöihin kohdistuva hallintapuhe niin mediassa kuin työnantajien haastatteluissakin pyrkii puolestaan rakentamaan ideaalityöntekijäkuvaksi yrittäjämäisen oman elämänsä toimitusjohtajan. Työnantajien diskursseissa kaikuvatkin työntekijään kohdistuva vaatimus itse itsensä ohjaamisesta sekä työntekijäidentiteetin muotoilemisesta joustavuutta, sopeutuvuutta, vaihtelua ja jatkuvaa muutosta vähintäänkin sietäväksi, mutta mieluiten näitä ominaisuuksia jopa aktiivisesti hakevaksi ja arvostavaksi. Työmarkkinoiden toimijana on nimenomaisesti yksilö, jonka mahdollisuudet menestyä ovat vain ja ainoastaan hänen omissa käsissään. Työntekijän roolin korostaminen aktiivisena toimijana ja vuokratyöstä ”oikeita”, norminmukaisia sisältöjä löytävänä pärjääjänä on diskursiivisesti hallittua yritystä ohjata työntekijöitä näkemään sekä itsensä tietynlaisina toimijoina että työmarkkinat tietyllä tavalla toimivina. Vuokratyössä ei ole kyse vain työntekijöiden yksilöllisistä tai yksittäisistä kokemuksista. Vuokratyö on yhteiskunnallisen merkityskamppailun tulos, jossa käyttövoimana ovat toimineet hallinnalliset ja säätelyyn pyrkivät käsitteellistykset työllisyydestä, yksilön valinnasta ja koko yhteiskunnan edusta. Hallinnan ja säätelyn näkökulmasta katsottuna vuokratyö on myös merkinnyt säätelyn liukumista tasa-arvoa, yhdenmukaista kohtelua ja työntekijän suojelua korostavasta viranomaisten ja poliittisten toimijoiden suorittamasta työmarkkinoiden kollektiivisesta säätelystä työnantajien ylläpitämään työntekijän persoonan ja käyttäytymisen hegemoniseen, yksilölliseen säätelyyn.

Conservation laws for non-potential operators

The aim of this work is to study the conservation laws of continuous means mechanics and also to extend the Hamiltonian method for these kind of systems in order to valid for non-potential operators through variational approach. Besides illustrating with various examples of mechanical applications we also introduce in this work the new technique in order to treat such problems as the non-potential problem.

Constitutive laws for strong geometric non-linearity

This paper is divided into two different parts. The first one provides a brief introduction to the fractal geometry with some simple illustrations in fluid mechanics. We thought it would be helpful to introduce the reader into this relatively new approach to mechanics that has not been sufficiently explored by engineers yet. Although in fluid mechanics, mainly in problems of percolation and binary flows, the use of fractals has gained some attention, the same is not true for solid mechanics, from the best of our knowledge. The second part deals with the mechanical behavior of thin wires subjected to very large deformations. It is shown that starting to a plausible conjecture it is possible to find global constitutive equations correlating geometrical end energy variables with the fractal dimension of the solid subjected to large deformations. It is pointed out the need to complement the present proposal with experimental work.

An alternative finite element formulation for determination of streamlines in two-dimensional problems

It is well known that the numerical solutions of incompressible viscous flows are of great importance in Fluid Dynamics. The graphics output capabilities of their computational codes have revolutionized the communication of ideas to the non-specialist public. In general those codes include, in their hydrodynamic features, the visualization of flow streamlines - essentially a form of contour plot showing the line patterns of the flow - and the magnitudes and orientations of their velocity vectors. However, the standard finite element formulation to compute streamlines suffers from the disadvantage of requiring the determination of boundary integrals, leading to cumbersome implementations at the construction of the finite element code. In this article, we introduce an efficient way - via an alternative variational formulation - to determine the streamlines for fluid flows, which does not need the computation of contour integrals. In order to illustrate the good performance of the alternative formulation proposed, we capture the streamlines of three viscous models: Stokes, Navier-Stokes and Viscoelastic flows.

Potential and Challenges of Analog Reconfigurable Computation in Modern and Future CMOS

In this work, the feasibility of the floating-gate technology in analog computing platforms in a scaled down general-purpose CMOS technology is considered. When the technology is scaled down the performance of analog circuits tends to get worse because the process parameters are optimized for digital transistors and the scaling involves the reduction of supply voltages. Generally, the challenge in analog circuit design is that all salient design metrics such as power, area, bandwidth and accuracy are interrelated. Furthermore, poor flexibility, i.e. lack of reconfigurability, the reuse of IP etc., can be considered the most severe weakness of analog hardware. On this account, digital calibration schemes are often required for improved performance or yield enhancement, whereas high flexibility/reconfigurability can not be easily achieved. Here, it is discussed whether it is possible to work around these obstacles by using floating-gate transistors (FGTs), and analyze problems associated with the practical implementation. FGT technology is attractive because it is electrically programmable and also features a charge-based built-in non-volatile memory. Apart from being ideal for canceling the circuit non-idealities due to process variations, the FGTs can also be used as computational or adaptive elements in analog circuits. The nominal gate oxide thickness in the deep sub-micron (DSM) processes is too thin to support robust charge retention and consequently the FGT becomes leaky. In principle, non-leaky FGTs can be implemented in a scaled down process without any special masks by using “double”-oxide transistors intended for providing devices that operate with higher supply voltages than general purpose devices. However, in practice the technology scaling poses several challenges which are addressed in this thesis. To provide a sufficiently wide-ranging survey, six prototype chips with varying complexity were implemented in four different DSM process nodes and investigated from this perspective. The focus is on non-leaky FGTs, but the presented autozeroing floating-gate amplifier (AFGA) demonstrates that leaky FGTs may also find a use. The simplest test structures contain only a few transistors, whereas the most complex experimental chip is an implementation of a spiking neural network (SNN) which comprises thousands of active and passive devices. More precisely, it is a fully connected (256 FGT synapses) two-layer spiking neural network (SNN), where the adaptive properties of FGT are taken advantage of. A compact realization of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) within the SNN is one of the key contributions of this thesis. Finally, the considerations in this thesis extend beyond CMOS to emerging nanodevices. To this end, one promising emerging nanoscale circuit element - memristor - is reviewed and its applicability for analog processing is considered. Furthermore, it is discussed how the FGT technology can be used to prototype computation paradigms compatible with these emerging two-terminal nanoscale devices in a mature and widely available CMOS technology.

Experimental Studies on Non-Metallic Composite Bone Implants With a Special Reference to Staphylococcal Biofilm Infection

Non-metallic implants made of bioresorbable or biostable synthetic polymers are attractive options in many surgical procedures, ranging from bioresorbable suture anchors of arthroscopic surgery to reconstructive skull implants made of biostable fiber-reinforced composites. Among other benefits, non-metallic implants produce less interference in imaging. Bioresorbable polymer implants may be true multifunctional, serving as osteoconductive scaffolds and as matrices for simultaneous delivery of bone enhancement agents. As a major advantage for loading conditions, mechanical properties of biostable fiber-reinforced composites can be matched with those of the bone. Unsolved problems of these biomaterials are related to the risk of staphylococcal biofilm infections and to the low osteoconductivity of contemporary bioresorbable composite implants. This thesis was focused on the research and development of a multifunctional implant model with enhanced osteoconductivity and low susceptibility to infection. In addition, the experimental models for assessment, diagnostics and prophylaxis of biomaterial-related infections were established. The first experiment (Study I) established an in vitro method for simultaneous evaluation of calcium phosphate and biofilm formation on bisphenol-Aglycidyldimethacrylate and triethylenglycoldimethacrylate (BisGMA-TEGDMA) thermosets with different content of bioactive glass 45S5. The second experiment (Study II) showed no significant difference in osteointegration of nanostructured and microsized polylactide-co-glycolide/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA /β-TCP) composites in a minipig model. The third experiment (Study III) demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the novel 68Ga labelled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) CD33 related sialic-acid immunoglobulin like lectins (Siglec-9) tracer was able to detect inflammatory response to S. epidermidis and S. aureus peri-implant infections in an intraosseous polytetrafluoroethylene catheter model. In the fourth experiment (Study IV), BisGMATEGDMA thermosets coated with lactose-modified chitosan (Chitlac) and silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains in an in vitro biofilm model and showed in vivo biocompatibility in a minipig model. In the last experiment (Study V), a selective androgen modulator (SARM) released from a poly(lactide)-co-ε-caprolactone (PLCL) polymer matrix failed to produce a dose-dependent enhancement of peri-implant osteogenesis in a bone marrow ablation model.

Gender-related pathways for behavior problems in the offspring of alcoholic fathers

The objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the influence of paternal alcoholism on children's social-emotional development and to determine whether paternal alcoholism is associated with a greater number of externalizing symptoms in the male offspring. From the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of a high-risk population, the developmental data of 219 children [193 (95 boys and 98 girls) of non-alcoholic fathers, non-COAs, and 26 (14 boys, 12 girls) of alcoholic fathers, COAs] were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Paternal alcoholism was defined according to the ICD-10 categories of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Socio-demographic data, cognitive development, number and severity of behavior problems, and gender-related differences in the rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using standardized instruments (IQ tests, Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and diagnostic interviews). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant overall effect of paternal alcoholism on the number of child psychiatric problems (F = 21.872, d.f. = 1.217, P < 0.001). Beginning at age 2, significantly higher numbers of externalizing symptoms were observed among COAs. In female COAs, a pattern similar to that of the male COAs emerged, with the predominance of delinquent and aggressive behavior. Unlike male COAs, females showed an increase of internalizing symptoms up to age 11 years. Of these, somatic complaints revealed the strongest discriminating effect in 11-year-old females. Children of alcoholic fathers are at high risk for psychopathology. Gender-related differences seem to exist and may contribute to different phenotypes during development from early childhood to adolescence.

Measurement of social value creation with non-financial measures

This research examines the concept of social entrepreneurship which is a fairly new business model. In the field of business it has become increasingly popular in recent years. The growing awareness of the environment and concrete examples of impact created by social entrepreneurship have encouraged entrepreneurs to address social problems. Society’s failures are tried to redress as a result of business activities. The purpose of doing business is necessarily no longer generating just profits but business is run in order to make a social change with the profit gained from the operations. Successful social entrepreneurship requires a specific nature, constant creativity and strong desire to make a social change. It requires constant balancing between two major objectives: both financial and non-financial issues need to be considered, but not at the expense of another. While aiming at the social purpose, the business needs to be run in highly competitive markets. Therefore, both factors need equally be integrated into an organization as they are complementary, not exclusionary. Business does not exist without society and society cannot go forward without business. Social entrepreneurship, its value creation, measurement tools and reporting practices are under discussion in this research. An extensive theoretical basis is covered and used to support the findings coming out of the researched case enterprises. The most attention is focused on the concept of Social Return on Investment. The case enterprises are analyzed through the SROI process. Social enterprises are mostly small or medium sized. Naturally this sets some limitations in implementing measurement tools. The question of resources requires the most attention and therefore sets the biggest constraints. However, the size of the company does not determine all – the nature of business and the type of social purpose need to be considered always. The mission may be so concrete and transparent that in all cases any kind of measurement would be useless. Implementing measurement tools may be of great benefit – or a huge financial burden. Thus, the very first thing to carefully consider is the possible need of measuring value creation.

Von Neumann-Morgenstern Stable Sets in Matching Problems

The following properties of the core of a one well-known: (i) the core is non-empty; (ii) the core is a lattice; and (iii) the set of unmatched agents is identical for any two matchings belonging to the core. The literature on two-sided matching focuses almost exclusively on the core and studies extensively its properties. Our main result is the following characterization of (von Neumann-Morgenstern) stable sets in one-to-one matching problem only if it is a maximal set satisfying the following properties : (a) the core is a subset of the set; (b) the set is a lattice; (c) the set of unmatched agents is identical for any two matchings belonging to the set. Furthermore, a set is a stable set if it is the unique maximal set satisfying properties (a), (b) and (c). We also show that our main result does not extend from one-to-one matching problems to many-to-one matching problems.

Le transfert de documents conformes et la résolution du contrat pour leur non-conformité selon la convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises

La présente étude examine une des difficultés que soulève l'exécution des contrats de vente mettant en relation des parties situées dans des pays différents. Ces contrats connaissent des problèmes bien particuliers. En effet, en donnant lieu à l'expédition des marchandises vendues, ces contrats obligent aussi le vendeur à transférer à l'acheteur les documents conformes représentatifs de celles-ci. La non-conformité des documents se distingue de la non-conformité des marchandises et constitue une source principale des litiges visant la résolution des contrats dans ce secteur commercial. La diversité des solutions susceptibles de s'y appliquer est devenue une réalité depuis que les droits internes doivent coexister avec les règles de la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises. En principe, aucune difficulté ne se pose lorsqu'un droit interne est désigné comme étant le droit compétent: il suffirait d'appliquer les solutions de ce droit. Ainsi, par exemple, l'acheteur peut résoudre le contrat si les documents ne sont pas conformes aux stipulations contractuelles sur la base du concept de fundamental breach (en cas de vente non documentaire) ou sur la base de la stricte conformité (en cas de vente documentaire) que retiennent les droits anglo-américain; en revanche dans les systèmes de droit civil (où la distinction entre vente documentaire et vente non documentaire n'existe pas), pareille résolution du contrat basée sur le défaut de conformité des documents n'est possible qu'en présence d'un préjudice important ou d'un défaut majeur. Plusieurs justifications fondamentales sous-tendent la raison d'être des solutions retenues par les droits nationaux: quête de sécurité juridique et recherche de solution conforme aux besoins des opérateurs du commerce international. Néanmoins, il appert que de telles justifications sont également présentes dans la Convention de Vienne. De plus, cette Convention oblige le vendeur à transférer à l'acheteur les documents conformes de la vente. Cependant, elle le fait de manière indirecte sans pour autant préciser quels types de documents doivent faire l'objet du transfert. L'opportunité d'un tel transfert dépendra donc, sous réserves des dispositions impératives, de l'accord des parties et des usages commerciaux qui ont préséance sur les règles unifiées. Ce qui en fait parfois une question d'interprétation du contrat ou une question de comblement des lacunes de ce droit uniforme de la vente internationale. En ce sens, ce dernier droit diffère des droits nationaux qui sont plus clairs à cet égard. Quant aux conditions de la résolution du contrat pour non-conformité des documents, quel que soit le système national considéré, la solution qu'il consacre contraste avec celle prévue par la Convention de Vienne qui n'admet une telle sanction qu'en présence d'une contravention essentielle. Cette dualité entre droits nationaux et droit matériel uniforme nous met en face d'un constat bien évident: l'avènement de la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises et la règle de la contravention essentielle qu'elle consacre, perturbent le paysage juridique jusqu'ici en vigueur dans chacun des États signataires. Ce qui justifie tout l'intérêt du sujet: la contravention essentielle par opposition à la règle de la stricte conformité et celle basée sur l'importance du préjudice prévues par les droits internes sont-elles des règles exclusives l'une de l'autre? La réponse est loin d'être certaine en dépit des convergences possibles dans le dénouement du contentieux de la résolution, même si par ailleurs il faut admettre qu'il s'agit de régimes juridiques bien différents. Tout en subordonnant la résolution du contrat à l'existence d'une contravention essentielle, lorsque la Convention de Vienne s'applique (DEUXIÈME PARTIE), la présente étude propose une interprétation de celle-ci en examinant son contenu ainsi que les différentes sources qui interfèrent dans sa mise en œuvre afin de démontrer que ce droit uniforme, malgré ses limites, régit les aspects documentaires de la vente internationale (PREMIÈRE PARTIE).

Annotation des ARN non codants du génome de Candida albicans par méthode bioinformatique

La bio-informatique est un champ pluridisciplinaire qui utilise la biologie, l’informatique, la physique et les mathématiques pour résoudre des problèmes posés par la biologie. L’une des thématiques de la bio-informatique est l’analyse des séquences génomiques et la prédiction de gènes d’ARN non codants. Les ARN non codants sont des molécules d’ARN qui sont transcrites mais pas traduites en protéine et qui ont une fonction dans la cellule. Trouver des gènes d’ARN non codants par des techniques de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire est assez difficile et relativement coûteux. Ainsi, la prédiction des gènes d’ARNnc par des méthodes bio-informatiques est un enjeu important. Cette recherche décrit un travail d’analyse informatique pour chercher des nouveaux ARNnc chez le pathogène Candida albicans et d’une validation expérimentale. Nous avons utilisé comme stratégie une analyse informatique combinant plusieurs logiciels d’identification d’ARNnc. Nous avons validé un sous-ensemble des prédictions informatiques avec une expérience de puces à ADN couvrant 1979 régions du génome. Grace à cette expérience nous avons identifié 62 nouveaux transcrits chez Candida albicans. Ce travail aussi permit le développement d’une méthode d’analyse pour des puces à ADN de type tiling array. Ce travail présente également une tentation d’améliorer de la prédiction d’ARNnc avec une méthode se basant sur la recherche de motifs d’ARN dans les séquences.

Multi-Prover and parallel repetition in non-classical interactive games

Depuis l’introduction de la mécanique quantique, plusieurs mystères de la nature ont trouvé leurs explications. De plus en plus, les concepts de la mécanique quantique se sont entremêlés avec d’autres de la théorie de la complexité du calcul. De nouvelles idées et solutions ont été découvertes et élaborées dans le but de résoudre ces problèmes informatiques. En particulier, la mécanique quantique a secoué plusieurs preuves de sécurité de protocoles classiques. Dans ce m´emoire, nous faisons un étalage de résultats récents de l’implication de la mécanique quantique sur la complexité du calcul, et cela plus précisément dans le cas de classes avec interaction. Nous présentons ces travaux de recherches avec la nomenclature des jeux à information imparfaite avec coopération. Nous exposons les différences entre les théories classiques, quantiques et non-signalantes et les démontrons par l’exemple du jeu à cycle impair. Nous centralisons notre attention autour de deux grands thèmes : l’effet sur un jeu de l’ajout de joueurs et de la répétition parallèle. Nous observons que l’effet de ces modifications a des conséquences très différentes en fonction de la théorie physique considérée.