Rapid thermal annealing effects on step-graded InAlAs buffer layer and In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As metamorphic high electron mobility transistor structures on GaAs substrates

A step-graded InAlAs buffer layer and an In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (MM-HEMT) structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates, and rapid thermal annealing was performed on them in the temperature range 500-800 degreesC for 30 s. The as-grown and annealed samples were investigated with Hall measurements, and 77 K photoluminescence. After rapid thermal annealing, the resistivities of step-graded InAlAs buffer layer structures became high. This can avoid leaky characteristics and parasitic capacitance for MM-HEMT devices. The highest sheet carrier density n(s) and mobility mu for MM-HEMT structures were achieved by annealing at 600 and 650degreesC, respectively. The relative intensities of the transitions between the second electron subband to the first heavy-hole subband and the first electron subband to the first heavy-hole subband in the MM-HEMT InGaAs well layer were compared under different annealing temperatures. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

InxGa1-xAs/AlyGa1-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs asymmetric step quantum-well middle wavelength infrared detectors

InxGa1-xAs/AlyGa1-yAs/AlzGa1-zAs asymmetric step quantum-well middle wavelength (3-5 mum) infrared detectors are fabricated. The components display photovoltaic-type photocurrent response as well as the bias-controlled modulation of the peak wavelength of the main response, which is ascribed to the Stark shifts of the intersubband transitions from the local ground states to the extended first excited states in the quantum wells, at the 3-5.3 mum infrared atmospheric transmission window. The blackbody detectivity (D-bb*) of the detectors reaches to about 1.0x10(10) cm Hz(1/2)/W at 77 K under bias of +/-7 V. By expanding the electron wave function in terms of normalized plane wave basis within the framework of the effective-mass envelope-function theory, the linear Stark effects of the intersubband transitions between the ground and first excited states in the asymmetric step well are calculated. The obtained results agree well with the corresponding experimental measurements. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Photoluminescence study of InxGa1-xAs/InyAl1-yAs one-side-modulation-doped asymmetric step quantum wells

Fourier transform photoluminescence measurements were carried out to investigate the optical transitions in InxGa1-xAs/InyAl1-yAs one-side-modulation-doped asymmetric step quantum wells. Samples with electron density n(s) between 0.8 and 5.3 x 10(12) cm(-2) rue studied. Strong recombination involving one to three populated electron subbands with the first heavy-hole subband is observed. Fermi edge singularity (FES) clearly can be observed for some samples. The electron subband energies in the InGaAs/InAlAs step quantum wells were calculated by a self-consistent method, taking into account strain and nonparabolicity effects and the comparison with the experimental data shows a good agreement. Our results can help improve understanding for the application of InGaAs/InAlAs step quantum wells in microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two-dimensional network of dislocations and nanocavities in hydrogen-implanted and two-step annealed silicon

Conventional transmission electron microscopy and energy-filtering were used to study the dislocations and nanocavities in proton-implanted [001] silicon. A two-dimensional network of dislocations and nanocavities was found after a two-step annealing, while only isolated cavities were present in single-step annealed Si. In addition, two-step annealing increased materially the size and density of the nanocavities. The Burgers vector of the dislocations was mainly the 1/2[110] type. The gettering of oxygen at the nanocavities was demonstrated. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)00620-2].

Linear and nonlinear intersubband optical properties in a step quantum well with an applied electric field

Within the framework of the effective-mass envelope-function theory, the field-dependent intersubband optical properties of a Al0.4Ga0.6As/Al0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs step quantum well are investigated theoretically based on the periodic boundary condition. A very large Stark shift occurs when the lowest subband electron remains confined to the small well while the higher subband electron confined to the big well. The optical nonlinearity in a step well due to resonant intersubband transition (ISBT) is analyzed using a density-matrix approach. The second-harmonic generation coefficient chi(2 omega)((2)) and nonlinear optical rectification chi(0)((2)) have also been investigated theoretically. The results show that the ISBT in a step well can generate very large second order optical nonlinearities, chi(0)((2)) and chi(2 omega)((2)) can be tuned by the electric field over a wide range.

A two-step backoff scheme for improving the performance of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function

This paper describes the binary exponential backoff mechanism of 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), and introduces some methods of modifying the backoff scheme. Then a novel backoff scheme, called Two-step Backoff scheme, is presented and illustrated. The simulation process in OPNET environment has been described also. At last, the analysis and simulation results show that the Two-step backoff scheme can enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.11 DCF.

An automatic step adjustment method for average power analysis technique used in fiber amplifiers

An automatic step adjustment (ASA) method for average power analysis (APA) technique used in fiber amplifiers is proposed in this paper for the first time. In comparison with the traditional APA technique, the proposed method has suggested two unique merits such as a higher order accuracy and an ASA mechanism, so that it can significantly shorten the computing time and improve the solution accuracy. A test example demonstrates that, by comparing to the APA technique, the proposed method increases the computing speed by more than a hundredfold under the same errors. By computing the model equations of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, the numerical results show that our method can improve the solution accuracy by over two orders of magnitude at the same amplifying section number. The proposed method has the capacity to rapidly and effectively compute the model equations of fiber Raman amplifiers and semiconductor lasers. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America

Intersubband optical absorption in a step asymmetric semiconductor quantum well driven by a terahertz field

The nonlinear optical absorption in a three-subband step asymmetric semiconductor quantum well driven by a strong terahertz (THz) field is investigated theoretically by employing the intersubband semiconductor-Bloch equations. We show that the optical absorption spectrum strongly depends on the intensity, frequency, and phase of the pump THz wave. The strong THz field induces THz sidebands and Autler-Townes splitting in the probe absorption spectrum. Varying the pump frequency can bring not only the new absorption peaks but also the changing of the energy separation of the two higher-energy levels. The dependence of the absorption spectrum on the phase of the pump THz wave is also very remarkable.

PROTON-IMPLANTED NEW TYPE SILICON MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO 2-STEP FURNACE ANNEALING

A high-resistivity defect layer buried beneath the silicon surface layer by using proton implantation and two-step conventional furnace annealing is described. During the first annealing step (600-degrees-C), implanted hydrogen atoms move towards the damage region and then coalesce into hydrogen gas bubbles at the residual defect layer. During the second annealing step (1180-degrees-C) these bubbles do not move due to their large volume. Structural defects are formed around the bubbles at a depth of approximately 0.5-mu-m. The defect layer results in a high resistivity value. Experiments show that the quality of the surface layer has been improved because the surface Hall mobility increased by 20%. The sample was investigated by transmission electron microscopy.

Effect of a step quantum well structure and an electric-field on the Rashba spin splitting

Spin splitting of conduction subbands in Al_(0.3)Ga_(0.7)As/GaAs/Al_xGa_(1-x)As/Al_(0.3)Ga_(0.7)As step quantum wells induced by interface and electric field related Rashba effects is investigated theoretically by the method of finite difference. The dependence of the spin splitting on the electric field and the well structure, which is controlled by the well width and the step width, is investigated in detail. Without an external electric field, the spin splitting is induced by an in terface related Rashba term due to the built-in structure inversion asymmetry. Applying the external electric field to the step QW, the Rashba effect can be enhanced or weakened, depending on the well structure as well as the direction and the magnitude of the electric field. The spin splitting is mainly controlled by the interface related Rashba term under a negative and a stronger positive electric field, and the contribution of the electric field related Rashba term dominates in a small range of a weaker positive electric field.A method to determine the interface parameter is proposed.The results show that the step QWs might be used as spin switches.

Application of step-scan FTIR to the research of quantum cascade lasers

The principle of step-scan Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy is introduced. Double modulation step-scan FTIR technique is used to obtain the quantum cascade laser＇s stacked emission spectra in the time domain. Optical property and thermal accumulation of devices due to large drive current are analyzed.

The design of cascaded resistors in a new analog switch two-step ADC architecture

In this paper we introduce a new Half-flash analog switch ADC architecture. And we discuss two methods to design the values of the cascaded resistors which generate the reference voltages. Derailed analysis about the effect of analog switches and comparators on reference voltages, and the methods to set the resistor values and correspond;ng voltage errors are given.