Upregulation of gp91(phox) Subunit of NAD(P)H Oxidase Contributes to Erectile Dysfunction Caused by Long-term Nitric Oxide Inhibition in Rats: Reversion by Regular Physical Training

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that glyco protein 91phox (gp91(phox)) subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P) H] oxidase is a fundamental target for physical activity to ameliorate erectile dysfunction (ED). Vascular risk factors are reported to contribute to ED. Regular physical exercise prevents cardiovascular diseases by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production and/or decreasing NO inactivation. METHODS Male Wistar rats received the NO synthesis inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 4 weeks, after which animals were submitted to a run training program for another 4 weeks. Erectile functions were evaluated by in vitro cavernosal relaxations and intracavernous pressure measurements. Expressions of gp91(phox) subunit and neuronal nitric oxidase synthase in erectile tissue, as well as superoxide dismutase activity and nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) levels were determined. RESULTS The in vitro acetylcholine-and electrical field stimulation-induced cavernosal relaxations, as well as the increases in intracavernous pressure were markedly reduced in sedentary rats treated with L-NAME. Run training significantly restored the impaired cavernosal relaxations. No alterations in the neuronal nitric oxidase synthase protein expression (and its variant penile neuronal nitric oxidase synthase) were detected. A reduction of NO(x) levels and superoxide dismutase activity was observed in L-NAME-treated animals, which was significantly reversed by physical training. Gene expression of subunit gp91(phox) was enhanced by approximately 2-fold in erectile tissue of L-NAME-treated rats, and that was restored to basal levels by run training. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that ED seen after long-term L-NAME treatment is associated with gp91(phox) subunit upregulation and decreased NO bioavailability. Exercise training reverses the increased oxidative stress in NO-deficient rats, ameliorating the ED. UROLOGY 75: 961-967, 2010. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc.

On the variations of the Betti numbers of regular levels of Morse flows

We generalize results in Cruz and de Rezende (1999) [7] by completely describing how the Beth numbers of the boundary of an orientable manifold vary after attaching a handle, when the homology coefficients are in Z, Q, R or Z/pZ with p prime. First we apply this result to the Conley index theory of Lyapunov graphs. Next we consider the Ogasa invariant associated with handle decompositions of manifolds. We make use of the above results in order to obtain upper bounds for the Ogasa invariant of product manifolds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above 3 x 10(18) eV, for all zenith angles between 0 degrees and 60 degrees, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geodesics and Almost Geodesic Cycles in Random Regular Graphs

A geodesic in a graph G is a shortest path between two vertices of G. For a specific function e(n) of n, we define an almost geodesic cycle C in G to be a cycle in which for every two vertices u and v in C, the distance d(G)(u, v) is at least d(C)(u, v) - e(n). Let omega(n) be any function tending to infinity with n. We consider a random d-regular graph on n vertices. We show that almost all pairs of vertices belong to an almost geodesic cycle C with e(n)= log(d-1)log(d-1) n+omega(n) and vertical bar C vertical bar =2 log(d-1) n+O(omega(n)). Along the way, we obtain results on near-geodesic paths. We also give the limiting distribution of the number of geodesics between two random vertices in this random graph. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 66: 115-136, 2011

Dinuclear Azide-Bridged Copper(II) Complex as Building Block for the Assembly of a 2D-Supramolecular Array

A novel Schiff base-copper(II) complex [Cu(2)L(2)(N(3))(2)](ClO(4))(2) 1, where L = (4-imidazolyl)ethylene-2-amino-1-ethylpyridine (apyhist), containing azide-bridges between adjacent copper ions in a dinuclear arrangement was isolated and characterized both in the solid state and in solution by X-ray crystallography and different spectroscopic techniques. Azide binding constants were estimated from titrations of the precursor [CuL(H(2)O)(2)](2+) solutions with sodium azide, giving rise to the azido-bridged species, [Cu(2)L(2)(N(3))(2)](2+). Raman spectra showed asymmetric stretching band at 2060 cm(-1), indicating the presence of azido ligands with a symmetric mu(1,) (1) binding geometry. EPA spectra, in frozen methanol/water solutions at 77 K, exhibited characteristic features of copper centers in tetragonal pyramidal coordination geometry, exhibiting magnetic interactions between them. Further, in solid state, two different values for magnetic coupling in this species were obtained, J/k = -(5.14 +/- 0.02) cm(-1) attributed to the mu(1, 1) azide-bridge mode, and J`z`/k = -(2.94 +/- 0.11) cm(-1) for the interaction between dinuclear moieties via water/perchorate bridges. Finally, an attempt was made to correlate structure and magnetic data for this dinuclear asymmetric end-on azido bridged-copper(II) 1 complex with those of another correlated dinuclear system, complex [Cu(2)L(2)Cl(2)](ClO(4))(2) 2, containing the same tridentate diimine ligand, but with chloro-bridged groups between the copper centres.

Fast batch injection analysis of H(2)O(2) using an array of Pt-modified gold microelectrodes obtained from split electronic chips

A fast and robust analytical method for amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) based on batch injection analysis (BIA) on an array of gold microelectrodes modified with platinum is proposed. The gold microelectrode array (n = 14) was obtained from electronic chips developed for surface mounted device technology (SMD), whose size offers advantages to adapt them in batch cells. The effect of the dispensing rate, volume injected, distance between the platinum microelectrodes and the pipette tip, as well as the volume of solution in the cell on the analytical response were evaluated. The method allows the H(2)O(2) amperometric determination in the concentration range from 0.8 mu mol L(-1) to 100 mu mol L(-1). The analytical frequency can attain 300 determinations per hour and the detection limit was estimated in 0.34 mu mol L(-1) (3 sigma). The anodic current peaks obtained after a series of 23 successive injections of 50 mu L of 25 mu mol L(-1) H(2)O(2) showed an RSD < 0.9%. To ensure the good selectivity to detect H(2)O(2), its determination was performed in a differential mode, with selective destruction of the H(2)O(2) with catalase in 10 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer solution. Practical application of the analytical procedure involved H(2)O(2) determination in rainwater of Sao Paulo City. A comparison of the results obtained by the proposed ampermetric method with another one which combines flow injection analysis (FIA) with spectrophotometric detection showed good agreement. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

COMPARISON OF PARTIAL SHADING LOSSES IN FREE FIELD PV-PLANTS WITH DIFFERENT ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS

A common problem when planning large free field PV-plants is optimizing the ground occupation ratio while maintaining low shading losses. Due to the complexity of this task, several PV-plants have been built using various configurations. In order to compare the shading losses of different PV technologies and array designs, empirical performance data of five free field PV-plants operating in Germany was analyzed. The data collected comprised 140 winter days from October 2011 until March 2012. The relative shading losses were estimated by comparing the energy output of selected arrays in the front rows (shading-free) against that of shaded arrays in the back rows of the same plant. The results showed that landscape mounting with mc-Si PV-modules yielded significantly better results than portrait one. With CIGS modules, making cross-table strings using the lower modules was not beneficial as expected and had more losses than a one-string-per-table layout. Parallel substrings with CdTe showed relatively low losses. Among the two CdTe products analyzed, none showed a significantly better performance.

Regular Derivations in Basic Superposition-Based Calculi

We prove the completeness of the regular strategy of derivations for superposition-based calculi. The regular strategy was pioneered by Kanger in [Kan63], who proposed that all equality inferences take place before all other steps in the proof. We show that the strategy is complete with the elimination of tautologies. The implication of our result is the completeness of non-standard selection functions by which in non-relational clauses only equality literals (and all of them) are selected.

A formação contínua de professores para o ensino fundamental regular noturno de jovens e adultos na Escola GM : ações, tensões e contradições de uma política pública municipal

A presente Dissertação conta uma breve história acerca do cotidiano de um programa de formação contínua de professores municipais, na periferia da Grande Porto Alegre, que iniciaram a lecionar no SEJA –Serviço de Educação de Jovens e Adultos- proposta político-pedagógica de Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos. O pesquisador, aceito como partícipe reflexivo pelo grupo de professores de uma escola, desenvolveu uma modalidade de Pesquisa-Ação buscando contribuir na identificação e solução das situações-problemáticas que surgiram ao longo do referido programa de formação. A dissertação teoriza alguns saberes emergentes e vivenciados na pes-quisa-em-campo : concepção de currículo, prática docente e política de forma-ção contínua de professores para o Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos; bem como, concepção de pesquisa educacional na escola. Durante a pesquisa-em-campo, o pesquisador-em-ação assumiu um po-sicionamento político de “parceria crítica” com o grupo de professores frente aos conflitos políticos surgidos nas relações destes com a respectiva Secretaria de Educação, gerando , por sua vez, outros conflitos devidamente discutidos no texto. Em função desses conflitos e demais circunstâncias a pesquisa sofreu alterações no seu objeto inicial de estudo, bem como nos respectivos procedi-mentos específicos, seguindo, portanto, a flexibilidade metodológica inerente à Pesquisa-Ação. São propostos princípios político-pedagógicos para as políticas públicas de formação contínua de professores para o Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos. No relato reflexivo dessa caminhada o pesquisador encontrou seu pró-prio processo de aprendizagem, suas lacunas e limites de formação – vivência aproveitada em sua prática docente acadêmica.

O processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos que configuram o processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho é de natureza qualitativa. O estudo caracteriza-se, quanto aos fins, como descritivo/exploratório, realizado sob a forma de estudo de caso e, quanto aos meios, como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Quanto aos participantes, foram intencionalmente selecionados docentes de unidades escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Florianópolis. A coleta das informações foi realizada através de observação não-participante, de análise documental e de questionário. Para análise das informações utilizou-se as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e da triangulação. Deste modo, verificou-se que as ações voltadas ao processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis foram iniciadas em 1986 com a implantação das salas de recursos e oficializadas no ano seguinte através do Plano Estadual para Campanha de Matrícula Escolar (1987-1991). Os resultados da pesquisa também evidenciaram que os aspectos que configuram o processo integracional da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental na rede de ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis, de acordo com a percepção dos Professores de Educação Física, situam-se na falta de recursos materiais e pedagógicos adaptados; na falta de profissionais capacitados para o trabalho com alunos portadores de deficiência mental; na baixa interação do aluno portador de deficiência mental acentuada; no uso restrito do sistema de avaliação adotado; na postura favorável dos Professores de Educação Física quanto à política de integração e; no reconhecimento da importância que representa o papel docente para a efetivação do processo de integração.

Mixed-signal analog-digital circuits design on the pre-diffused digital array using trapezoidal association of transistors

The mixed-signal and analog design on a pre-diffused array is a challenging task, given that the digital array is a linear matrix arrangement of minimum-length transistors. To surmount this drawback a specific discipline for designing analog circuits over such array is required. An important novel technique proposed is the use of TAT (Trapezoidal Associations of Transistors) composite transistors on the semi-custom Sea-Of-Transistors (SOT) array. The analysis and advantages of TAT arrangement are extensively analyzed and demonstrated, with simulation and measurement comparisons to equivalent single transistors. Basic analog cells were also designed as well in full-custom and TAT versions in 1.0mm and 0.5mm digital CMOS technologies. Most of the circuits were prototyped in full-custom and TAT-based on pre-diffused SOT arrays. An innovative demonstration of the TAT technique is shown with the design and implementation of a mixed-signal analog system, i. e., a fully differential 2nd order Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital (A/D) modulator, fabricated in both full-custom and SOT array methodologies in 0.5mm CMOS technology from MOSIS foundry. Three test-chips were designed and fabricated in 0.5mm. Two of them are IC chips containing the full-custom and SOT array versions of a 2nd-Order Sigma-Delta A/D modulator. The third IC contains a transistors-structure (TAT and single) and analog cells placed side-by-side, block components (Comparator and Folded-cascode OTA) of the Sigma-Delta modulator.

Indicadores que promovem a aceitação do aluno com Síndrome de Down no ensino regular

Partindo do pressuposto que cada vez mais alunos com Síndrome de Down estão sendo incluídos nas classes regulares de ensino, procuramos através deste estudo apontar os indicadores que promovem a aceitação dos alunos com Síndrome de Down nas classes regulares de ensino. Esta investigação desenvolveu-se dentro de um modelo qualitativo de investigação, através do estudo de caso, com amostra constituída por três alunos (dois de terceira série e um de segunda série , do ensino fundamental), três professoras (duas de terceira e uma de segunda) e membros da equipe diretiva de uma escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de Porto Alegre. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram: a) entrevista semi-estruturada com a equipe diretiva e com as professoras envolvidas na investigação; b) observações em dois momentos distintos: em situação de sala de aula e em situações extraclasse; c) análise do conteúdo da Proposta Pedagógica da escola e dos relatos dos alunos a partir de uma atividade pedagógica. Constatou-se após a análise dos dados a relevância das ações, a seguir pontuadas, como promovedoras de aceitação: a metodologia utilizada pelos professores nas suas práticas pedagógicas; a filosofia inclusivista da escola; a promoção dos relacionamentos sociais e a forma como são construídas as redes de relações; a participação da família e, em especial, o reconhecimento das possibilidades individuais, respeitando as diferenças. As ações anteriormente citadas, acrescidas de outras peculiaridades da instituição investigada, bem como a promoção das interações sociais, sinalizam para os indicadores de aceitação do aluno incluído por seus pares nas classes regulares de ensino.