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This caring science study explores ‘Will’ as an ontological concept. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the essence of Will, and to highlight the manifestations of Will and how Will becomes evident in clinical caring. Will is ontological and universal. Will is connected with the essence of the human being, and manifests in the human being as will. The approach is inspired by Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. The study’s horizon of understanding consists of Eriksson’s caritative theory and the caring science-tradition. The study’s research questions are as follows: What is the essence of Will? What are its manifestations? How does Will become evident in clinical caring? The hermeneutic interpretative movement is initiated by the material, which consists of the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s texts, letters from experts and dictionaries. Meaning-bearing substance fragments in the material are intertwined with the original horizon of understanding through hermeneutical reading, hermeneutical interpretation and concept analysis in an oscillating interpretive movement. An abstraction occurs when the new substance is illuminated by the caring science ontology. The oscillating interpretive movement results in a reinterpreted horizon of understanding, which in turn provides the findings of the study. The reinterpreted horizon of understanding is presented in the form of a theoretical model and abductive theses. The essence of Will is represented in the theoretical model as the lifeaffirming and the loving force. Life and love are Will’s origin and destination. Will’s manifestations (its diversity) hold conditions and chance occurrences that obstruct Will. Hence the will of the human being does not necessarily appear in a way that is in tune with ontological Will. Will represents the lifeblood of ethos, and in this lifeblood love flows. Will acts by virtue of itself, and gives ethos its force. Will manifests in a way that ethos can affirm. When Will is affected by caring its force is active in the service of life and love. Being a caregiver entails acting as a world-eye, which means recognizing Will in diversity. For caregivers, being a world-eye means observing fragments of Will as it manifests in its original form in the real reality, and acting as the mirror of life. The human being who is able to perceive the fundamental values of life and to live according to these has understood the laws of life and entered upon the human calling. The human being then lives according to the fundamental order and has found a home in life.

Intégration économique des migrants intraprovinciaux au Canada entre 1996 et 2007

Les études effectuées sur l’intégration économique des migrants au Canada ont jusqu’ici été réservées aux migrants internationaux. Le présent document fait état des résultats et des caractéristiques des migrants ayant effectué une migration à l’intérieur de leur propre province entre 1996 et 2007. En opposition aux difficultés d’intégration économique des migrants internationaux, notre recherche démontre que les migrants intraprovinciaux s’intègrent dans leur nouvel environnement à un niveau économique légèrement supérieur à la population d’accueil. Les résultats obtenus à l’aide du volet longitudinal de l’Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu (EDTR) dévoilent que les migrants intraprovinciaux ont un revenu annuel médian de 38 017$, soit un revenu légèrement supérieur à celui des non-migrants. Notre étude permet toutefois de constater que les caractéristiques personnelles des migrants sont des déterminants bien plus importants du revenu. Les hommes gagnent en moyenne un peu plus de 10 000$ de plus par année que les femmes, et ce, autant chez les migrants que chez les non-migrants. Le niveau d’éducation est aussi une variable significative du revenu. L’écart entre le revenu médian des migrants ayant complété le secondaire et ceux ayant un niveau universitaire est de près de 12 000$. Finalement, on remarque que le groupe d’âge des 46-55 ans est celui qui affiche les plus hauts revenus alors que le groupe de 16-25 ans est celui qui présente les plus bas revenus. Cette recherche démontre que l'expérience de la migration peut être très différente selon les points d'origine et de destination. Toutefois, les caractéristiques personnelles telles que le sexe, l’âge et le niveau d’éducation ont un impact significatif sur le revenu.

Droit du transport intermodal international de marchandises : une perspective « supply chain management ».

La thèse propose d’introduire une perspective globale dans le traitement juridique du transport intermodal international qui prendrait racine dans la stratégie logistique des entreprises. La conception juridique se heurte, en effet, aux évolutions opérationnelles et organisationnelles des transports et aboutit à une incertitude juridique. Les transporteurs ont dû s’adapter aux exigences d’optimisation des flux des chargeurs dont les modes de production et de distribution reposent sur le supply chain management (SCM). Ce concept est le fruit de la mondialisation et des technologies de l’information. La concurrence induite par la mondialisation et le pilotage optimal des flux ont impulsé de nouvelles stratégies de la part des entreprises qui tentent d’avoir un avantage concurrentiel sur le marché. Ces stratégies reposent sur l’intégration interfonctionnelle et interoganisationnelle. Dans cette chaîne logistique globale (ou SCM) l’intermodal est crucial. Il lie et coordonne les réseaux de production et de distribution spatialement désagrégés des entreprises et, répond aux exigences de maîtrise de l’espace et du temps, à moindre coût. Ainsi, le transporteur doit d’une part, intégrer les opérations de transport en optimisant les déplacements et, d’autre part, s’intégrer à la chaîne logistique du client en proposant des services de valeur ajoutée pour renforcer la compétitivité de la chaîne de valeur. Il en découle une unité technique et économique de la chaîne intermodale qui est pourtant, juridiquement fragmentée. Les Conventions internationales en vigueur ont été élaborées pour chaque mode de transport en faisant fi de l’interaction entre les modes et entre les opérateurs. L’intermodal est considéré comme une juxtaposition des modes et des régimes juridiques. Ce dépeçage juridique contraste avec la gestion de la chaîne intermodale dont les composantes individuelles s’effacent au profit de l’objectif global à atteindre. L’on expose d’abord l’ampleur de l’incertitude juridique due aux difficultés de circonscrire le champ d’opérations couvert par les Conventions en vigueur. Une attention est portée aux divergences d’interprétations qui débouchent sur la « désunification » du droit du transport. On s’intéresse ensuite aux interactions entre le transport et la chaîne logistique des chargeurs. Pour cela, on retrace l’évolution des modes de production et de distribution de ces derniers. C’est effectivement de la stratégie logistique que découle la conception de la chaîne intermodale. Partant de ce système, on identifie les caractéristiques fondamentales de l’intermodal. La thèse aboutit à dissiper les confusions liées à la qualification de l’intermodal et qui sont à la base des divergences d’interprétations et de l’incertitude juridique. De plus, elle met en exergue l’unité économique du contrat de transport intermodal qui devrait guider la fixation d’un régime de responsabilité dédié à ce système intégré de transport. Enfin, elle initie une approche ignorée des débats juridiques.

Repercusión de la migración Centroamericana hacia Estados Unidos y de las políticas de deportación en el fortalecimiento regional de organizaciones criminales durante el periodo 1985-2000. Estudio de caso: Las Maras en El Salvador y Guatemala

El aumento de los flujos migratorios en los últimos años, ha generado que hoy en día se presencie dentro del escenario internacional nuevas dinámicas sociales, con efectos positivos y negativos tanto para los países de origen como para los de destino. Dentro de estos procesos se originan nuevos espacios sociales transnacionales debido a la trasmisión de identidades culturales; es así como nacen las Maras en Estados Unidos y se extienden posteriormente por la región Centroamericana, expansión influida en parte por las políticas de deportación implementadas por el gobierno norteamericano.

Incidencia del Tratado de Asunción (1991) en las dinámicas migratorias del Cono Sur. Un análisis de las migraciones laborales a Argentina. Periodo (1992-1997)

El Tratado de Asunción influye sobre las dinámicas migratorias del Cono Sur, y en especial de Argentina. Pues genera unas condiciones económicas especiales en el Cono Sur, que sumadas a los instrumentos institucionales, influyen a su vez jurídicamente, lo que refuerza la migración interregional al País Austral.

Crise de confiança e liquidez bancária: evidências empíricas no mercado bancário brasileiro

A reação da autoridade bancária frente a uma crise é de fundamental importância para a sua contenção. No Brasil, durante a crise do subprime, em 2008, observou-se a ocorrência de uma crise de liquidez em alguns bancos que levou o Banco Central a autorizar uma linha especial de captação de depósitos com limite muito superior ao habitual, denominado Depósito a Prazo com Garantia Especial (DPGE). Estes fatos propiciaram uma oportunidade de observar a reação dos depositantes frente a um choque exógeno ao sistema financeiro nacional para, em seguida, explorar a captação exógena de recursos devido à ampliação nos limites dos depósitos assegurados, com cobertura do Fundo Garantidor de Crédito (FGC). Além disso, analisou-se o efeito do DPGE sobre o crédito, considerando que depósitos assegurados e não-assegurados não são substitutos perfeitos e um aumento na oferta de depósitos assegurados deveria aumentar a oferta de crédito do mercado, como um todo. A estratégia empírica utilizada permitiu reconhecer os bancos emissores de DPGE, separando-os por outros fatores relacionados aos fundamentos bancários (tamanho, liquidez, qualidade dos ativos e retorno) e analisar os efeitos do DPGE nas taxas de juros praticadas na captação de depósitos a prazo, em geral. A base de dados utilizada também permitiu observar o comportamento desses bancos e a estratégia por eles utilizada na origem e destinação de tais recursos. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados encontrados são consistentes com a ideia de que depositantes migram seus recursos para a segurança durante a crise, na chamada “fuga para a qualidade” e retornam quando lhes dão a garantia necessária. Também é coerente com a teoria que diz que a substituição imperfeita entre depósitos assegurados e depósitos não-assegurados afeta a restrição de financiamentos dos bancos. O resultado deste estudo revela a importância da atuação da autoridade reguladora frente a situações críticas, bem como os efeitos no mercado causados pela permanência de um produto desenhado para uma situação específica.

Migración internacional = International migration

Incluye CD-ROM

Logística e transporte na hidrovia Tietê-Paraná: custos e análise ambiental

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Avaliação de desempenho de algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda em redes ópticas WDM

Neste trabalho estudamos alguns algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda em redes ópticas WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing). O objetivo para estudar os algoritmos de alocação first-fit, least-used e most-used está baseado na estratégia adotada para estudar o Problema RWA. A estratégia toma como base a visão geral do problema que envolve os algoritmos de roteamento e os algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda, e tendo como métrica principal para seus resultados a probabilidade de bloqueio. Este trabalho apresenta uma visão diferenciada para o problema e considera-se que a alocação de comprimentos de onda se sobrepõe, em importância, à ação de roteamento em redes ópticas. Essa percepção ocorre quando se analisa o problema RWA a partir do critério clássico usado no estabelecimento de uma rota: a escolha do caminho mais curto entre a origem e o destino. Apesar da identificação de um caminho mais curto, isso não garante, em redes ópticas, que ele será o utilizado, pois é necessário que haja para aquele caminho, um comprimento de onda adequado. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de simulação para redes WDM denominada OWNS para realizar uma análise do problema RWA. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados graficamente e em uma das simulações observou-se uma forte tendência de queda na probabilidade de bloqueio e uma boa vazão no trafego da rede com isso possibilitando um aumento na capacidade de transmissão da rede. Por fim, este texto apresenta uma discussão sobre os diferenciais e limitações deste trabalho, e apresenta direcionamentos para investigações futuras neste campo de estudo.

Tributação do comércio eletrônico e integração regional

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Análisis del comportamiento de los viajeros del transporte interurbano en la isla de Gran Canaria

Máster Universitario en Sistemas Inteligentes y Aplicaciones Numéricas en Ingeniería (SIANI)

Classification algorithms for Intelligent Transport Systems

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) consists in the application of ICT to transport to offer new and improved services to the mobility of people and freights. While using ITS, travellers produce large quantities of data that can be collected and analysed to study their behaviour and to provide information to decision makers and planners. The thesis proposes innovative deployments of classification algorithms for Intelligent Transport System with the aim to support the decisions on traffic rerouting, bus transport demand and behaviour of two wheelers vehicles. The first part of this work provides an overview and a classification of a selection of clustering algorithms that can be implemented for the analysis of ITS data. The first contribution of this thesis is an innovative use of the agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm to classify similar travels in terms of their origin and destination, together with the proposal for a methodology to analyse drivers’ route choice behaviour using GPS coordinates and optimal alternatives. The clusters of repetitive travels made by a sample of drivers are then analysed to compare observed route choices to the modelled alternatives. The results of the analysis show that drivers select routes that are more reliable but that are more expensive in terms of travel time. Successively, different types of users of a service that provides information on the real time arrivals of bus at stop are classified using Support Vector Machines. The results shows that the results of the classification of different types of bus transport users can be used to update or complement the census on bus transport flows. Finally, the problem of the classification of accidents made by two wheelers vehicles is presented together with possible future application of clustering methodologies aimed at identifying and classifying the different types of accidents.

A new methodological approach for studying intergenerational mobility with an application to Swiss data

Despite the widespread interest in the topic and a vast international literature, very little is known about the development of intergenerational mobility in Switzerland. Based on a new harmonized database for Switzerland (comprising various surveys such as different waves of the ISSP, EVS, and the ESS), we provide a systematic account of changes in the link between social origin and destination over time (covering birth cohorts from around 1935 to 1980). We analyze effects of parental education and class on own educational achievement and social class for both men and women, using a refined variant of the methodological approach proposed by Jann and Combet (2012). The approach is based on the concept of proportional reduction of error (PRE) and features a number of advantages over more traditional approaches. For example, it provides smooth estimates of changes in social mobility that have a clear interpretation and it can easily incorporate control variables and multiple dimensions of parental characteristics. To evaluate the validity of our approach, we employ the oft-used log-multiplicative layer effect (a.k.a Unidiff) model (Xie 1992, Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992) as a benchmark. Results indicate that our approach performs well and produces qualitatively similar findings as Xie's model. For both men and women, effects of social origin initially decreased, but then, towards the end of the observation period, increased again. This u-shaped pattern, which can be observed with respect to both education and class, appears to be more pronounced for women than for men.

Intergenerational Mobility in Switzerland. A Comparison of Methodological Approaches

Despite the widespread interest in the topic and a vast international literature, only little is known about the development of intergenerational mobility in Switzerland. Based on a new harmonized database for Switzerland (comprising various surveys such as different waves of the ISSP, EVS, or the ESS), we provide a systematic account of changes in the link between social origin and destination over time (covering birth cohorts from 1940 through 1980). We analyze effects of parental education and class on own educational achievement and social class for both men and women, using a refined variant of the methodological approach proposed by Jann and Combet (2012). The approach is based on the concept of proportional reduction of error (PRE) and features a number of advantages over more traditional approaches. For example, it provides smooth estimates of changes in social mobility that have a clear interpretation and it can easily incorporate control variables and multiple dimensions of parental characteristics. To evaluate the validity of our approach, we employ the oft-used log-multiplicative layer effect model (Xie 1992) as a benchmark. Results indicate that our approach performs well and produces qualitatively similar findings as Xie’s model. For men, effects of social origin have been stable over the observed period. For women, however, social mobility significantly decreased among younger cohorts, mostly due to expanding female education and labor force participation. Jann, Ben, Benita Combet (2012). Zur Entwicklung der intergenerationalen Mobilität in der Schweiz (On the Development of Intergenerational Mobility in Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Sociology 38(2): 177-199. Xie, Yu (1992). The Log-Multiplicative Layer Effect Model for Comparing Mobility Tables. American Sociological Review 57(3): 380-395.

Rural to Urban Migration: A District Level Analysis for India

Based on the recent census data this paper analyses the district level rural to urban migration rates (both intra-state and the inter-state) among males and females separately. Both the rates are closely associated irrespective of whether the migrants originate from the rural areas within the state or outside the state. This would suggest that women usually migrate as accompanists of the males. Though many of the relatively poor and backward states actually show large population mobility, which is primarily in search of a livelihood, the mobility of male population is also seen to be prominent in the relatively advanced states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid migration of rural females within the boundaries of the states is, however, evident across most of the regions. The social networks, which play an important role in the context of migration are prevalent among the short distance migrants and tend to lose their significance with a rise in the distance between the place of origin and destination though there are some exceptions to this phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in the Indian context is indeed a significant phenomenon with a few exceptions of metropolitan cities. As regards the effect of factors at the place of destination, prospects for better job opportunities are a major determinant of male migration. Low castes and minority groups tend to pull migration through network effects. Among females also these effects are evident though with the inclusion of the male migration rate they become less significant. Finally the paper brings out the policy implications.