Differentiation in the Content-Area Classroom for English Language Learners

This paper explores the idea of using differentiation strategies in the content-area classroom to improve reading skills and comprehension. In particular, this thesis explores methods and strategies that can be used in the classroom to help address the individual needs of English language learners (ELLs). A broad range of experts in curriculum, differentiation, and English language acquisition were consulted in the development of this review, which synthesizes the research on ELLs’ needs, differentiation, and differentiation strategies for ELL readers. The models for best teaching practices are then placed within a ninth grade language arts unit.

Integrating Visual and Verbal Literacies in the Early Childhood Classroom

Young children have the strong desire to use all of the communicative tools their cultures and families offer them. They want to be able to do all of the things that the powerful people they admire can do, including talking, writing, drawing, using the computer, and otherwise creating and sharing ideas, memories, solutions, even jokes and feelings. Today, we live in a time when the communicative tools are changing rapidly, practically exploding before our eyes in terms of the formats and media available to us in complex combinations not seen before. What do these technological changes mean for how we can support children's development toward literacy? An integrated arts curriculum has long been favored by many educators, but today there are more reasons than ever to implement such a philosophy. From communications theory comes a new understanding of how modern technologies demand that children learn to "read" and "write" messages involving complex combinations and integrations of visual and verbal formats. From psychology come insights about intelligence being multiple not unitary, as well as ecological perception theory offering a well-accepted framework for analyzing the affordances and expressive possibilities of different media. From education come fresh approaches to integrated curriculum, including a philosophy and pedagogy from Reggio Emilia, Italy, that combines well with current thinking by North Americans. Altogether, we have many rationales and exciting strategies at hand for launching young children toward an integrated visual and verbal literacy that involves substance, challenge, and discipline, as well as innovation, creativity, and freedom.

Literacy Research: Issues of Authority, Ownership, and Representation

With the “social turn” of language in the past decade within English studies, ethnographic and teacher research methods increasingly have acquired legitimacy as a means of studying student literacy. And with this legitimacy, graduate students specializing in literacy and composition studies increasingly are being encouraged to use ethnographic and teacher research methods to study student literacy within classrooms. Yet few of the narratives produced from these studies discuss the problems that frequently arise when participant observers enter the classroom. Recently, some researchers have begun to interrogate the extent to which ethnographic and teacher research methods are able to construct and disseminate knowledge in empowering ways (Anderson & Irvine, 1993; Bishop, 1993; Fine, 1994; Fleischer. 1994; McLaren, 1992). While ethnographic and teacher research methods have oftentimes been touted as being more democratic and nonhierarchical than quantitative methods—-which oftentimes erase individuals lived experiences with numbers and statistical formulas—-researchers are just beginning to probe the ways that ethnographic and teacher research models can also be silencing, unreflective, and oppressive. Those who have begun to question the ethics of conducting, writing about, and disseminating knowledge in education have coined the term “critical” research, a rather vague and loose term that proposes a position of reflexivity and self-critique for all research methods, not just ethnography or teacher research. Drawing upon theories of feminist consciousness-raising, liberatory praxis, and community-action research, theories of critical research aim to involve researchers and participants in a highly participatory framework for constructing knowledge, an inquiry that seeks to question, disrupt, or intervene in the conditions under study for some socially transformative end. While critical research methods are always contingent upon the context being studied, in general they are undergirded by principles of non-hierarchical relations, participatory collaboration, problem-posing, dialogic inquiry, and multiple and multi-voiced interpretations. In distinguishing between critical and traditional ethnographic processes, for instance, Peter McLaren says that critical ethnography asks questions such as “[u]nder what conditions and to what ends do we. as educational researchers, enter into relations of cooperation. mutuality, and reciprocity with those who we research?” (p. 78) and “what social effects do you want your evaluations and understandings to have?” (p. 83). In»the same vein, Michelle Fine suggests that critical researchers must move beyond notions of the etic/emic dichotomy of researcher positionality in order to “probe how we are in relation with the contexts we study and with our informants, understanding that we are all multiple in those relations” (p. 72). Researchers in composition and literacy stud¬ies who endorse critical research methods, then, aim to enact some sort of positive transformative change in keeping with the needs and interests of the participants with whom they work.

"AFRICAN AMERICAN IDENTITY ISSUES AND ACADEMIC CLASSROOM PRACTICE"

"What my research revealed was that African American students who do not identify with the academic community do not see it as real; rather, they view their academic education as only a means to an end."

History and Epistemology of Science in the Classroom: The Synthesis of Quinine as a Proposal

The history of the quinine synthesis can be used as a case study to emphasize that science is influenced by social and historical processes. The first efforts toward the synthesis of this substance, which until recently was the only treatment for malaria, were by Perkin in 1856 when, trying to obtain quinine,,. he synthesized mauveine. Since then, the quest for the total synthesis of quinine involved several characters in a web of controversies. A major step in this process was made in 1918 by Rabe and Kindler, who proposed the synthesis of quinine from quinotoxine. Twenty-six years later, after obtaining the total synthesis of quinotoxine, Woodward and Doering announced the total synthesis of quinine. However, the lack of experimental details about Rabe and Kindler's process, associated with Woodward and Doering's failure to reproduce it, raised a series of doubts about the synthesis. Stork and colleagues questioned the veracity of the experimental data and even the scientific reputation of the involved researchers. Doubts remained alive until 2008, when Williams and Smith reported, not without reservations, the reproducibility of Rabe and Kindler's protocol. The scientific knowledge as a social and historical development, its legitimating process, and the absence of neutrality in science constitute aspects that can be discussed from this case study, providing significant contributions to science education, in particular, to the initial or continued training of chemistry teachers.

Competencias digitales docentes para el desarrollo de la intercreatividad de las redes y flipped classroom con tecnologías móviles

[ES]A pesar del crecimiento constante y el asentamiento del e-learning como alternativa a algunas formas de educación presencial, existen aún áreas de investigación que pueden suponer avances importantes, según el informe horizon de 2015, entre ellas destacamos el BYOD y la Flipped clasroom la cual la hemos implementado a través del uso de las redes sociales y otros elementos del ecosistema digital, entre los que destacamos el protagonismo de las tecnologías móviles. En nuestro trabajo analizamos la combinación de estrategias y de metodologías activas e inductivas que permiten el desarrollo de habilidades y competencias digitales en donde las redes mediadas en entornos de ubicuidad, pueden convertirse en parte de la transformación educativa, ya que suponen un espacio colaborativo además de poder optimizar la dinámica de clase en la universidad.

Flipped classroom. Illustrazione del modello di insegnamento e resoconto di un'esperienza didattica

Questa tesi illustra approfonditamente il modello Flipped Classroom esponendo i nuovi ruoli rivestiti da insegnante e studente durante la prima inversione didattica, oltre che le numerose strategie attuabili nel corso del secondo momento pratico in aula, e le trasformazioni apportate dal metodo nell'ambito della valutazione scolastica. Infine, è presente un resoconto dettagliato della sperimentazione del modello Flipped Classroom che ho attuato personalmente presso una scuola secondaria di secondo grado, riportando inoltre le opinioni degli studenti delle due classi che ne hanno preso parte.

Flipped classroom ed apprendimento: un'esperienza di attività propedeutica nella scuola secondaria di primo grado

La Flipped Classroom è una metodologia didattica innovativa che prevede una inversione dei momenti classici delle didattica: la lezione frontale a scuola e lo studio individuale a casa. L’idea alla base della Flipped Classroom è utilizzare la tecnologia moderna per diffondere i contenuti fuori dall’orario scolastico così da concentrare poi le ore di lezione sull’elaborazione dei contenuti stessi. In questo modo si riporta l’attenzione didattica sull’elaborazione dei contenuti piuttosto che sul loro ascolto passivo. A seguito dello studio teorico del metodo Flipped ho fatto una esperienza di tirocinio presso una classe terza della Scuola secondaria di primo grado "`Il Guercino"' dell'IC9, in collaborazione con la professoressa Leone, per applicare questa metodologia didattica. Una volta in classe, io e la professoressa, abbiamo considerato più efficace e utile, per gli studenti con cui lavoravamo, fare propedeutica piuttosto che Flipped Classroom. L’esperienza di tirocinio è stata conclusa con un questionario per valutare l’utilizzo, da parte dei nostri studenti, della piattaforma didattica Moodle, in uso nella scuola. I risultati dell’analisi delle risposte è stato conforme a quanto da noi atteso: data l’età i nostri studenti non avevano il giusto grado di autonomia per lavorare con la metodologia della Flipped Classroom.