999 resultados para arranjos de semeadura
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Rapid and uniform germination of seeds followed by prompt emergence are highly desirable characteristics for the production of seedlings. The aim of this study was to identify sowing positions and types of substrate most likely to the seed germination process and growth of seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake. To germinate the seeds, they were placed in the following positions in relation to the bottom of the furrow in the substrate: hilum uppermost, hilum at the bottom, supported on one side, seed on edge with its sides parallel to the walls of the bag. Three substrates were used: commercial plantmax substrate (control), pine sawdust and sand. The substrates were fully randomized in a 4 x 3 factorial design (four seed positions and three substrates), with four replications of 20 seeds. The parameters evaluated were: the percentage of emergence, the after emergence seedling deaths, the first-count test, the emergence speed index, and the seedling aerial part length. It was concluded that all the seed positions in pine sawdust sowing offer the more favorable conditions for the germination process and seedling growth of Schizolobium parahyba.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Em sistema de semeadura direta, os resíduos das culturas de entressafra são utilizados com as finalidades de proteger a superfície do solo dos agentes erosivos e de promover a ciclagem de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos resíduos vegetais provenientes de diferentes sequências de culturas em semeadura direta. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal-SP (48° 18' W e 21° 15' S), em um Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em faixas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de três sequências de culturas de verão (rotação soja-milho e monoculturas de milho e de soja) com sete culturas de entressafra (milho, sorgo, girassol, crotalária, guandu, nabo forrageiro e milheto). O experimento iniciou-se em 2002, e o presente estudo refere-se aos anos agrícolas 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. Avaliaram-se as quantidades de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes pelas culturas. As culturas com colheita de grãos na entressafra (milho, sorgo e girassol) produziram resíduos com menor quantidade de nutrientes acumulados e em menor quantidade de matéria seca, quando comparadas às culturas com trituração no florescimento (crotalária, guandu, nabo forrageiro e milheto). Milheto e crotalária apresentaram as maiores produções de matéria seca e os maiores acúmulos de nutrientes. O milheto mostrou os maiores acúmulos de K e Mg, e a crotalária, maiores acúmulos de N e P. As gramíneas cultivadas na entressafra apresentaram maior desenvolvimento quando em sucessão ao cultivo de soja no verão anterior, com maior produção de matéria seca de milheto e, também, maior produtividade de grãos de milho e sorgo.
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Para o conhecimento do comportamento físico-hídrico do solo, é fundamental a determinação da curva de retenção de água (CRA). A aquisição de dados para obtenção da CRA envolve processos demorados e custos elevados. A hipótese deste estudo foi a de que é possível determinar a CRA com menor número de tensões, reduzindo seu tempo de obtenção, sem, contudo, comprometer a acurácia dos resultados. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar quais tensões podem ser utilizadas para determinação da CRA de Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico de maneira acurada e em menor tempo. Foram determinados os conteúdos de água retidos em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico sob sistema de semeadura direta (SSD). As tensões utilizadas na determinação dos conteúdos de água foram: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1.000, 3.000, 5.000 e 15.000 hPa. Os dados foram combinados e determinaram-se 450 CRAs ajustadas pelo modelo de van Genuchten. Os parâmetros α, m, n e Ug res, gerados pelo modelo, foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p = 0,05). A hipótese deste estudo foi confirmada, ou seja, é possível determinar a CRA com menor número de tensões, reduzindo seu tempo de obtenção em até cinco vezes, sem, contudo, comprometer a acurácia dos resultados. A tensão de 15.000 hPa deve estar contida na combinação de tensões a serem utilizadas para determinação da curva característica de retenção de água, quando se emprega o modelo matemático de van Genuchten para ajuste dos dados. As curvas características de retenção de água do solo, definidas com as combinações de tensões (0, 60, 700 e 15.000 hPa), (0, 80, 700 e 15.000 hPa), (0, 100, 1.000 e 15.000 hPa), (0, 20, 60, 100, 700 e 15.000 hPa), (0, 80, 300, 700 e 15.000 hPa) e (0, 100, 300, 1.000 e 15.000 hPa), sendo os dados ajustados ao modelo de van Genuchten, proporcionaram estimativas dos conteúdos de água, retidos no Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico sob sistema de semeadura direta, com a mesma acurácia, quando comparada à curva de referência partindo-se de um conjunto de 15 valores de tensões.
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Estudou-se, através do presente trabalho, o efeito de épocas de semeadura sobre o comportamento de diversas leguminosas, comumente utilizadas na prática da adubação verde. O delineamento experimental usado no campo foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com 40 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de 10 leguminosas com 4 épocas de semeadura. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que para todas as leguminosas avaliadas, as épocas de semeadura influenciaram a produção de matéria seca total, sobressaindo a mucuna preta (Stizolobiun aterrimum) na semeadura de janeiro e o guandu (Cajanus cajan) cv. FAJ e cv. Paraíba na semeadura de outubro. A mucuna preta constituiu-se na melhor opção para rotação com culturas de verão de ciclo curto.
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This master thesis has the objective of investigating the strategic decision criteria of participants of Local Production Arrangements (LPA) in Brazil. The LPA s are an initiative of support agents to enterprises with the purpose of organizing joint actions for the development of groups (clusters) of enterprises. The choice of the actions is a decision of the participating enterprises and this paper aims at applying a Multi-criteria Analysis Method to analyze the criteria of entrepreneurs that are participating of a LPA. The used method is the Process of Analytical Hierarchy (PAH) and an application is presented along with questionnaires to participants of a ceramic LPA in the northeast of Brazil. The main results show that, in first place, from the implicit strategy of each enterprise there is only one objective for the LPA group and so, at the beginning, an action decided by all of them tends to favor some more than others. In second place, it was observed that there are general inconsistencies between the strategic objectives and the importance as to criteria, even though there have been cases of coherency. As the main conclusion it is pointed that the use of Methods of MCDA is useful to improve the decision making process and to bring more transparency to the logic of the found results
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The commitment assumed by Brazil to ILO in order to pursue actions toward the ILO/OSH-2001 adoption in the country poses the issue of modeling the institutional arrangement the set roles and relationship between government, standards organizations, health and safety organizations, professionals and other institutions to deploy the ILO/OSH-2001. This Thesis develop institutional arrangement models based on the current model and also in the ISO 9000 scheme and others. It is studied the US case with OSHA and VPP, the OHSAS 18001 and ANSI/AIHA Z-10, in addition to actual context of the regulating norms NR s. The scenarios developed are put to evaluation on feasibility, potential changes and effects on current MTE auditors work scheme. The main results are five scenarios developed and that the MTE auditors tend to be reactive to the change toward the ILO/OSH-2001.
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The present study aims to analyse, in different levels of demand, what is the best layout strategy to adopt for the small metallic shipbuilding. To achieve this purpose, three simulation models are developed for analyze these production strategies under the positional, cellular and linear layouts. By the use of a simulation tool for compare the scenarios, Chwif and Medina (2010) and Law (2009)´s methodologies were adapted that includes three phases: conception, implementation and analysis. In conception real systems were represented by process mapping according to time, material resources and human resources variables required for each step of the production process. All of this information has been transformed in the cost variable. Data were collected from three different production systems, two located in Natal RN with cellular and positional layouts and one located in Belém-PA with linear layout. In the implementation phase, the conceptual models were converted in computacional models through the tool Rockwell Software Arena ® 13.5 and then validated. In the analysis stage the production of 960 ships in a year vessels were simulated for each layout noting that, for a production of until 80 units positional layout is the most recommended, between 81 and 288 units the cellular layout and more than 289 units the linear layout
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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This work aims to show how the application of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) in planar antenna arrays become an alternative to obtain desired radiation characteristics from changes in radiation parameters of the arrays, such as bandwidth, gain and directivity. In addition to analyzing these parameters is also made a study of the mutual coupling between the elements of the array. To accomplish this study, were designed a microstrip antenna array with two patch elements, fed by a network feed. Another change made in the array was the use of the truncated ground plane, with the objective of increasing the bandwidth and miniaturize the elements of the array. In order to study the behavior of frequency selective surfaces applied in antenna arrays, three different layouts were proposed. The first layout uses the FSS as a superstrate (above the array). The second layout uses the FSS as reflector element (below the array). The third layout is placed between two FSS. Numerical and experimental results for each of the proposed configurations are presented in order to validate the research
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This master dissertation introduces a study about some aspects that determine the aplication of adaptative arrays in DS-CDMA cellular systems. Some basics concepts and your evolution in the time about celular systems was detailed here, meanly the CDMA tecnique, specialy about spread-codes and funtionaly principies. Since this, the mobile radio enviroment, with your own caracteristcs, and the basics concepts about adaptive arrays, as powerfull spacial filter was aborded. Some adaptative algorithms was introduced too, these are integrants of the signals processing, and are answerable for weights update that influency directly in the radiation pattern of array. This study is based in a numerical analysis of adaptative array system behaviors related to the used antenna and array geometry types. All the simulations was done by Mathematica 4.0 software. The results for weights convergency, square mean error, gain, array pattern and supression capacity based the analisis made here, using RLS (supervisioned) and LSDRMTA (blind) algorithms
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This work aims to present how the application of fractal geometry to the elements of a log-periodic array can become a good alternative when one wants to reduce the size of the array. Two types of log-periodic arrays were proposed: one with fed by microstrip line and other fed by electromagnetic coupling. To the elements of these arrays were applied fractal Koch contours, at two levels. In order to validate the results obtained some prototypes were built, which were measured on a vector network analyzer and simulated in a software, for comparison. The results presented reductions of 60% in the total area of the arrays, for both types. By analyzing the graphs of return loss, it was observed that the application of fractal contours made different resonant frequencies appear in the arrays. Furthermore, a good agreement was observed between simulated and measured results. The array with feeding by electromagnetic coupling presented, after application of fractal contours, radiation pattern with more smooth forms than the array with feeding by microstrip line
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This work has as main objective the study of arrays of microstrip antennas with superconductor rectangular patch. The phases and the radiation patterns are analyzed. A study of the main theories is presented that explain the microscopic and macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity. The BCS, London equations and the Two Fluid Model, are theories used in the applications of superconductors, at the microstrip antennas and antennas arrays. Phase Arrangements will be analyzed in linear and planar configurations. The arrangement factors of these configurations are obtained, and the phase criteria and the spacing between the elements, are examined in order to minimize losses in the superconductor, compared with normal conductors. The new rectangular patch antenna, consist of a superconducting material, with the critical temperature of 233 K, whose formula is Tl5Ba4Ca2Cu9Oy, is analyzed by the method of the Transverse nTransmission Line (TTL), developed by H. C. C. Fernandes, applied in the Fourier Transform Domain (FTD). The TTL is a full-wave method, which has committed to obtaining the electromagnetic fields in terms of the transverse components of the structure. The inclusion of superconducting patch is made using the complex resistive boundary condition, using the impedance of the superconductor in the Dyadic Green function, in the structure. Results are obtained from the resonance frequency depending on the parameters of the antenna using superconducting material, radiation patterns in E-Plane and H -Plane, the phased antennas array in linear and planar configurations, for different values of phase angles and different spacing between the elements
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros operacionais de um conjunto mecanizado envolvendo trator e semeadora, assim como o rendimento da cultura do milho semeada nas diferentes configurações das máquinas e combinações com o ambiente de produção. Os tratamentos consistiram de tipos de sulcadores (discos duplos e hastes), os quais foram avaliados em experimentos em que a operação de semeadura direta do milho foi efetuada transversalmente ao declive (em nível) e em aclive e declive. A semeadura contra o declive e o uso de haste sulcadora implicaram maior demanda de esforço de tração, patinagem do trator e consumo de combustível por área trabalhada e não influenciaram o volume de solo mobilizado, a população de plantas e a produtividade de grãos do milho, em relação à operação realizada em declive e uso de sulcador de discos duplos, respectivamente. A utilização de sulcador do tipo haste resultou em menor número de plantas acamadas e quebradas, em relação ao uso de discos duplos, independentemente do sentido da operação. A principal diferença entre semear em nível ou em declive é a formação de sulcos orientados no sentido do terreno, pela ação de sulcadores do tipo haste e elevada patinagem dos rodados do trator, já que o consumo de combustível por área trabalhada e capacidade operacional não foram afetados por aquelas variáveis.
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Antenna arrays are able to provide high and controlled directivity, which are suitable for radiobase stations, radar systems, and point-to-point or satellite links. The optimization of an array design is usually a hard task because of the non-linear characteristic of multiobjective, requiring the application of numerical techniques, such as genetic algorithms. Therefore, in order to optimize the electronic control of the antenna array radiation pattem through genetic algorithms in real codification, it was developed a numerical tool which is able to positioning the array major lobe, reducing the side lobe levels, canceling interference signals in specific directions of arrival, and improving the antenna radiation performance. This was accomplished by using antenna theory concepts and optimization methods, mainly genetic algorithms ones, allowing to develop a numerical tool with creative genes codification and crossover rules, which is one of the most important contribution of this work. The efficiency of the developed genetic algorithm tool is tested and validated in several antenna and propagation applications. 11 was observed that the numerical results attend the specific requirements, showing the developed tool ability and capacity to handle the considered problems, as well as a great perspective for application in future works.