825 resultados para Social Welfare Problems
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[ES] Desde que el 24 de abril de 1966 Madrid perdiera frente a Munich la votación para ser elegida como ciudad organizadora de los Juegos Olímpicos de 1972, la ciudad nunca había estado tan cerca de la organización de unas Olimpiadas.
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[ES] El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel que desempeñan las innovaciones en la actividad económica. En este sentido, se muestra la relación que existe entre innovaciones y crecimiento económico, como objetivo esencial actual de la política económica para reducir el desempleo y aumentar el bienestar social.
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Most of the patent licensing agreements that are observed include royalties, in particular per-unit or ad valorem royalties. This paper shows that in a differ entiated duopoly that competes á la Cournot the optimal contract for an internal patentee always includes a positive royalty. Moreover, we show that the patentee would prefer to use ad valorem royalties rather than per-unit royalties when goods are complements or when they are substitutes and the degree of differentiation is suffciently low. The reason is that by including an ad valorem royalty in the licensing contract the patentee can commit strategically to be more (less) aggressive when goods are complements (substitutes) since his licensing revenues become increasing with the price of output of his rival. As a result, licensing may hurt consumers although it always increases social welfare.
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This paper presents new results on the welfare e¤ects of third-degree price discrimination under constant elasticity demand. We show that when both the share of the strong market under uniform pricing and the elasticity di¤erence between markets are high enough,then price discrimination not only can increase social welfare but also consumer surplus.
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We examine voting situations in which individuals have incomplete information over each others' true preferences. In many respects, this work is motivated by a desire to provide a more complete understanding of so-called probabilistic voting.
Chapter 2 examines the similarities and differences between the incentives faced by politicians who seek to maximize expected vote share, expected plurality, or probability of victory in single member: single vote, simple plurality electoral systems. We find that, in general, the candidates' optimal policies in such an electoral system vary greatly depending on their objective function. We provide several examples, as well as a genericity result which states that almost all such electoral systems (with respect to the distributions of voter behavior) will exhibit different incentives for candidates who seek to maximize expected vote share and those who seek to maximize probability of victory.
In Chapter 3, we adopt a random utility maximizing framework in which individuals' preferences are subject to action-specific exogenous shocks. We show that Nash equilibria exist in voting games possessing such an information structure and in which voters and candidates are each aware that every voter's preferences are subject to such shocks. A special case of our framework is that in which voters are playing a Quantal Response Equilibrium (McKelvey and Palfrey (1995), (1998)). We then examine candidate competition in such games and show that, for sufficiently large electorates, regardless of the dimensionality of the policy space or the number of candidates, there exists a strict equilibrium at the social welfare optimum (i.e., the point which maximizes the sum of voters' utility functions). In two candidate contests we find that this equilibrium is unique.
Finally, in Chapter 4, we attempt the first steps towards a theory of equilibrium in games possessing both continuous action spaces and action-specific preference shocks. Our notion of equilibrium, Variational Response Equilibrium, is shown to exist in all games with continuous payoff functions. We discuss the similarities and differences between this notion of equilibrium and the notion of Quantal Response Equilibrium and offer possible extensions of our framework.
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Energy and sustainability have become one of the most critical issues of our generation. While the abundant potential of renewable energy such as solar and wind provides a real opportunity for sustainability, their intermittency and uncertainty present a daunting operating challenge. This thesis aims to develop analytical models, deployable algorithms, and real systems to enable efficient integration of renewable energy into complex distributed systems with limited information.
The first thrust of the thesis is to make IT systems more sustainable by facilitating the integration of renewable energy into these systems. IT represents the fastest growing sectors in energy usage and greenhouse gas pollution. Over the last decade there are dramatic improvements in the energy efficiency of IT systems, but the efficiency improvements do not necessarily lead to reduction in energy consumption because more servers are demanded. Further, little effort has been put in making IT more sustainable, and most of the improvements are from improved "engineering" rather than improved "algorithms". In contrast, my work focuses on developing algorithms with rigorous theoretical analysis that improve the sustainability of IT. In particular, this thesis seeks to exploit the flexibilities of cloud workloads both (i) in time by scheduling delay-tolerant workloads and (ii) in space by routing requests to geographically diverse data centers. These opportunities allow data centers to adaptively respond to renewable availability, varying cooling efficiency, and fluctuating energy prices, while still meeting performance requirements. The design of the enabling algorithms is however very challenging because of limited information, non-smooth objective functions and the need for distributed control. Novel distributed algorithms are developed with theoretically provable guarantees to enable the "follow the renewables" routing. Moving from theory to practice, I helped HP design and implement industry's first Net-zero Energy Data Center.
The second thrust of this thesis is to use IT systems to improve the sustainability and efficiency of our energy infrastructure through data center demand response. The main challenges as we integrate more renewable sources to the existing power grid come from the fluctuation and unpredictability of renewable generation. Although energy storage and reserves can potentially solve the issues, they are very costly. One promising alternative is to make the cloud data centers demand responsive. The potential of such an approach is huge.
To realize this potential, we need adaptive and distributed control of cloud data centers and new electricity market designs for distributed electricity resources. My work is progressing in both directions. In particular, I have designed online algorithms with theoretically guaranteed performance for data center operators to deal with uncertainties under popular demand response programs. Based on local control rules of customers, I have further designed new pricing schemes for demand response to align the interests of customers, utility companies, and the society to improve social welfare.
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Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado estudia el uso del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) como medida de bienestar. Al tiempo que se realiza el análisis de la contabilidad nacional y, en mayor profundidad del PIB, se detallan algunas medidas alternativas. Éstas han surgido como consecuencia de la búsqueda de indicadores que incluyan en sus mediciones, no solo el crecimiento económico, sino también otra serie de variables que son relevantes y que el PIB no contempla (como los recursos naturales, la contaminación, la calidad de vida o la igualdad en la distribución de la renta de un país, por ejemplo). Así, surgen nuevos indicadores como el PIB ambientalmente ajustado, el Índice de Mejor Vida, el Índice de Progreso Genuino o la Huella Ecológica, entre otros. Como resultado de este análisis se concluye que la medida que mejor refleja el bienestar depende del objetivo específico que se busque investigar. En otras palabras, hoy en día ninguna medida es capaz de contestar todas las preguntas relacionadas con el bienestar de la población. Sin embargo, el PIB no está configurado –ni fue creado- como una medida de bienestar de un país. Por lo tanto, actualmente es preciso acompañar la información de este indicador con la de otros alternativos de tal manera que podamos tener una imagen más completa sobre el nivel de bienestar de un país.
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Documento de trabajo
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Este estudo investigou a implementação da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente da Saúde (PNEPS) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante o ano de 2006. A PNEPS, fundamentalmente, visa mudança das práticas de saúde por meio da educação permanente em serviço pela problematização do cotidiano do trabalho em saúde. No percurso da descentralização, preconizada tanto pelo Sistema Único de Saúde como pela PNEPS, o território de eleição para a investigação foi o do Município de Teresópolis, apresentado segundo os parâmetros utilizados para o cálculo do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. A pesquisa se concentrou na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e nas rodas de consenso do Pólo de Educação Permanente em Saúde da Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia utilizou a triangulação de dados procedentes das técnicas da observação participante, da consulta a fontes documentais pertinentes e de dez entrevistas semi-estruturadas feitas com gestores da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. O material narrativo, das entrevistas, foi transcrito e submetido à análise do discurso. O campo aportou dados inusitados para a análise da implementação da PNEPS. Tanto a prefeitura como a UNIFESO compartilham da mesma liderança política, com repercussões na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde e na educação formal em saúde. Embora o Programa de Saúde da Família gere demandas para a PNEPS, o cruzamento e a sobrecarga das ações assistenciais com as educativas, nesta instância, mediadas pelo mesmo profissional da saúde, também preceptor da UNIFESO, trazem repercussões para ambas as iniciativas. Principalmente, obstaculizam propostas educativas para as demandas de trabalhadores e de usuários. Finalmente, no que concerne às políticas públicas, o estudo demonstrou a presença do modelo centro-periferia em escala municipal, à semelhança daquele de dimensões mundial e federal, expresso pela descentralização de ações com centralização de recursos.
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A presente Tese busca refletir sobre as características e o significado do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) como componente da política de Assistência Social. Este benefício constitui o principal direito da Assistência Social, pois é o único garantido constitucionalmente e garante o pagamento de um salário mínimo mensal a idosos com 65 anos ou mais e pessoas com deficiência, cuja renda mensal familiar seja inferior a do salário mínimo por pessoa. A Tese procura analisar, portanto, as mudanças propostas, os resultados alcançados e os desafios que se colocam para o BPC no município do Rio de Janeiro, em face das novas perspectivas apresentadas para este benefício a partir de 2005 pelo Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) e, posteriormente, pelo Decreto 6.214/2007. Para a efetivação dessa proposta foi realizada uma pesquisa que procurou compreender a situação e as características atuais do desenvolvimento deste Benefício, no município em apreço, no âmbito da política de Assistência Social e do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social (INSS). O estudo desenvolvido pela Tese revelou, entre outros aspectos, que apesar do intenso movimento, em termos de proposições, que se processa na esfera federal da política de Assistência Social com vistas a encaminhar as mudanças previstas para o BPC, este esforço não tem o respaldo político necessário que dê impulso a essas propostas e crie condições efetivas para elas se materializarem, principalmente na esfera municipal, que é onde a política, de fato, se concretiza. Assim, no período analisado, o ano de 2010, mantinha-se a concepção do BPC como um fator externo à política municipal de Assistência Social do Rio de Janeiro. Na realidade, essa situação reflete o histórico distanciamento da Assistência Social em relação a este benefício, que apesar de ter sido fundamental para a institucionalização desta política como uma das áreas componentes da Seguridade Social, continua, na atualidade, a não ter uma real identidade com a Assistência Social.
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O presente trabalho refere-se a uma pesquisa-intervenção realizada no Centro de Cidadania LGBT da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que é uma das principais ações do Programa Estadual Rio sem Homofobia executado pela Secretaria Estadual de Assistência Social e Direitos Humanos do Rio Janeiro. As práticas produzidas neste serviço se ancoram nos encontros da Psicologia com o Direito e o Serviço Social e nos encontros entre saber-técnico e saber-militante cujos diálogos produzidos têm causado alguns deslocamentos no campo de discussão acerca da diversidade sexual e de gênero, ao nos convocar à construção de práticas produtoras de novos territórios de existências. A partir de alguns instrumentos da Análise Institucional, em especial a cartografia, inicia-se esta viagem-pirataria que, conduzida pela possibilidade de Ser Afetado, aporta e aposta em práticas produtoras de subjetivações e potencializadoras da Vida a partir da Teoria da Afetividade Humana de Espinosa e do conceito de Ecosofia de Guattari
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This research addresses the problems of public policy-making procedures. In conducting our research, we considered public policy as the allocation or reallocation of interests or resources among different members of the public. Due to limited resources, administrations should trade off all interests among different segments of society when formulating a policy. Unfortunately, in recent years there have been several mass conflicts with administration of public policy. This infers that some people’s interests were ignored or harmed by certain policies. According to the theory of procedural justice, people may accept the unexpected result if they consider the procedure is just. This research hypothesizes that there are certain problems in current policy-making procedures and that improving these procedures may make policies more acceptable. A pilot study was conducted by interviewing ten scholars from a range of disciplines. The interview record transcripts were coded by three analysts. The results indicate that: 1) Most of the scholars criticized current public policies as lacking sensitivity to public issues; 2) Most of them considered that current public policies do not resolve problems effectively; and 3) They all considered that psychology research may enhance awareness of public issues and improve the effectiveness of policy. In study 2, the procedure of public policy was tracked and compared with a social survey. The Beijing government would like to increase the taxi fare rate to cope with the rising price of petroleum. Although the majority of delegates in a hearing of witnesses supported the policy consideration, the social survey of 186 residents and 63 taxi drivers indicated that both of them oppose the consideration. The findings indicate that the hearing of witnesses was not able to delegate the opinions of the public, resulting in the policy failing to resolve the problem. Study 3 was a nonequivalent control group quasi-experiment. Visitors of two Internet Website were chosen as subjects for original photo games. For the experiment group, visitors were invited to express their desires and suggestions on the game rules for one week, and then declare rules referencing the suggestions before starting the game. Meanwhile, the control group simply declared the rules at the beginning of the game. Compared with the two games during 23 days, the experiment group submitted more photos than the control group. The results of this research imply that, the good will of policy makers is not enough to make a policy effective. Surveys on public attitudes at the beginning of the policy-making process can allow policy makers to better determine public issues, assess the tradeoff of public interests, help ensure policies are more acceptable, and help foster a harmonious society. The authors of this research suggest that psychology research should take more social level problems into account in the policy-making process.
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Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych: Zakład Pedagogiki Specjalnej
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Rodzina to wspólnota osób i instytucja społeczna. Jej podstawą jest związek małżeński mężczyzny i kobiety oparty na ich wzajemnej miłości i wolnym wyborze. To instytucja prawa naturalnego, którego twórcą jest sam Bóg. Małżeństwo i rodzina to głęboka wspólnota życia i miłości oraz komunia osób. Ta specyficzna wspólnota odpowiada wzajemnie za siebie, rodzi i wychowuje następne pokolenie, humanizując społeczeństwo. Rodzina jest dobrem społecznym, którego potrzebuje społeczeństwo.
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The child is the most precious asset and the focal point of development for any country. However, unless children are brought up in a stimulating and conducive environment getting the best possible care and protection, their physical, mental, emotional and social development is susceptible to permanent damage. Ethiopia, being one of the least developed countries of the world due to interrelated and complex socio-economic factors including man-made and natural calamities, a large portion of our population - especially children - are victimized by social evils like famine, disease, poverty, mass displacement, lack of education and family instability. Owing to the fact that children are the most vulnerable group among the whole society and also because they constitute half of the population it is evident that a considerable number of Ethiopian children are living under difficult circumstances. Therefore, as in a number of other third world countries there are many poor, displaced, unaccompanied and orphaned children in our country. A considerable proportion of these children work on the street with some even totally living on the street without any adult care and protection. These children are forced to the streets in their tight for survival. They supplement their parents meagre income or support themselves with the small incomes they earn doing menial jobs. In doing this, street children face the danger of getting into accidents and violence, they get exploited and abused, many are forced to drop out of school or never get the chance to be enroled at all and some drift into begging or petty crime. This study is undertaken mainly for updating the findings of previous studies, monitoring changing trends, examining new facts of the problem and getting a better understanding of the phenomenon in the country by covering at least some of the major centres where the problem is acute. Thus, the outcome of this research can be useful in the formation of the social welfare programme of the country. Finally, in recognition of the urgency of the problem and the limited resources available, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs expresses appreciation to all agencies engaged in the rehabilitation of street children and prevention of the problem. The Ministry also calls for more co-operation and support between concerned governmental and non-governmental organizations in their efforts for improving the situation of street children and in curbing the overwhelming nature of the problem.