Computationally Efficient Bootstrap Prediction Intervals for Returns and Volatilities in ARCH and GARCH Processes

We propose a novel, simple, efficient and distribution-free re-sampling technique for developing prediction intervals for returns and volatilities following ARCH/GARCH models. In particular, our key idea is to employ a Box–Jenkins linear representation of an ARCH/GARCH equation and then to adapt a sieve bootstrap procedure to the nonlinear GARCH framework. Our simulation studies indicate that the new re-sampling method provides sharp and well calibrated prediction intervals for both returns and volatilities while reducing computational costs by up to 100 times, compared to other available re-sampling techniques for ARCH/GARCH models. The proposed procedure is illustrated by an application to Yen/U.S. dollar daily exchange rate data.

Studies on Spatial and Temporal solitons with varying dispersion,diffraction and nonlinearity

Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Linking sustainability indicators of Indian wild caught ornamental fish industry

The Indian ornamental fish industry is divided into two- the domestic market and the export market. 90% of the freshwater ornamental fish exported from India are wild caught indigenous species. The study formed the criteria and indicators assessing the sustainability of wild caught ornamental fish exported from India. These indicators were then analyzed for their interactions, connections, linkages and relationships using cognitive mapping. The work is first of its kind in the ornamental fisheries

Sustainability and Consumer Preference of Wild Caught Ornamental Fishes from Kerala: Scope of Certification

The Indian ornamental fish industry is divided into two-the domestic market and the export market. 90% of the freshwater ornamental fish exported from India are wild caught indigenous species. The study formed the criteria and indicators assessing the sustainability of wild caught ornamental fish exported from India. These indicators were then analyzed for their interactions, connections, linkages and relationships using cognitive mapping. The work is first of its kind in the ornamental fisheries

Wild food trees in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan: Use diversity and threatening factors

This study was conducted in 2010 in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan to investigate ethnobotanical food and non-food uses of 16 wild edible fruit producing trees. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected from 105 individuals distributed in 7 villages using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also gathering of data was done using a number of rapid rural appraisal techniques, including key informant interviews, group discussion, secondary data sources and direct observations. Data was analysed using fidelity level and informant consensus factor methods to reveal the cultural importance of species and use category. Utilizations for timber products were found of most community importance than food usages, especially during cultivated food abundance. Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarindus indica fruits were asserted as most preferable over the others and of high marketability in most of the study sites. Harvesting for timber-based utilizations in addition to agricultural expansion and overgrazing were the principal threats to wild edible food producing trees in the area. The on and off prevailing armed conflict in the area make it crucial to conserve wild food trees which usually play a more significant role in securing food supply during emergency times, especially in times of famine and wars. Increasing the awareness of population on importance of wild food trees and securing alternative income sources, other than wood products, is necessary in any rural development programme aiming at securing food and sustaining its resources in the area.

Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar

Short summary: This study was undertaken to assess the diversity of plant resources utilized by the local population in south-western Madagascar, the social, ecological and biophysical conditions that drive their uses and availability, and possible alternative strategies for their sustainable use in the region. The study region, ‘Mahafaly region’, located in south-western Madagascar, is one of the country’s most economically, educationally and climatically disadvantaged regions. With an arid steppe climate, the agricultural production is limited by low water availability and a low level of soil nutrients and soil organic carbon. The region comprises the recently extended Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, with numerous sacred and communities forests, which are threatened by slash and burn agriculture and overexploitation of forests resources. The present study analyzed the availability of wild yams and medicinal plants, and their importance for the livelihood of the local population in this region. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted recording the diversity, local knowledge and use of wild yams and medicinal plants utilized by the local communities in five villages in the Mahafaly region. 250 households were randomly selected followed by semi-structured interviews on the socio-economic characteristics of the households. Data allowed us to characterize sociocultural and socioeconomic factors that determine the local use of wild yams and medicinal plants, and to identify their role in the livelihoods of local people. Species-environment relationships and the current spatial distribution of the wild yams were investigated and predicted using ordination methods and a niche based habitat modelling approach. Species response curves along edaphic gradients allowed us to understand the species requirements on habitat conditions. We thus investigated various alternative methods to enhance the wild yam regeneration for their local conservation and their sustainable use in the Mahafaly region. Altogether, six species of wild yams and a total of 214 medicinal plants species from 68 families and 163 genera were identified in the study region. Results of the cluster and discriminant analysis indicated a clear pattern on resource, resulted in two groups of household and characterized by differences in livestock numbers, off-farm activities, agricultural land and harvests. A generalized linear model highlighted that economic factors significantly affect the collection intensity of wild yams, while the use of medicinal plants depends to a higher degree on socio-cultural factors. The gradient analysis on the distribution of the wild yam species revealed a clear pattern for species habitats. Species models based on NPMR (Nonparametric Multiplicative Regression analysis) indicated the importance of vegetation structure, human interventions, and soil characteristics to determine wild yam species distribution. The prediction of the current availability of wild yam resources showed that abundant wild yam resources are scarce and face high harvest intensity. Experiments on yams cultivation revealed that germination of seeds was enhanced by using pre-germination treatments before planting, vegetative regeneration performed better with the upper part of the tubers (corms) rather than the sets of tubers. In-situ regeneration was possible for the upper parts of the wild tubers but the success depended significantly on the type of soil. The use of manure (10-20 t ha¹) increased the yield of the D. alata and D. alatipes by 40%. We thus suggest the promotion of other cultivated varieties of D. alata found regions neighbouring as the Mahafaly Plateau.

A pilot investigation of the relationship between climate variability and milk compounds under the bootstrap technique

This study analyzes the linear relationship between climate variables and milk components in Iran by applying bootstrapping to include and assess the uncertainty. The climate parameters, Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) are computed from the NASA-Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (NASA-MERRA) reanalysis (2002–2010). Milk data for fat, protein (measured on fresh matter bases), and milk yield are taken from 936,227 milk records for the same period, using cows fed by natural pasture from April to September. Confidence intervals for the regression model are calculated using the bootstrap technique. This method is applied to the original times series, generating statistically equivalent surrogate samples. As a result, despite the short time data and the related uncertainties, an interesting behavior of the relationships between milk compound and the climate parameters is visible. During spring only, a weak dependency of milk yield and climate variations is obvious, while fat and protein concentrations show reasonable correlations. In summer, milk yield shows a similar level of relationship with ETI, but not with temperature and THI. We suggest this methodology for studies in the field of the impacts of climate change and agriculture, also environment and food with short-term data.

Estudio de la robustez del análisis discriminante multivariado : propuesta de un ajuste bootstrap para la significación estadística de los coeficientes de la técnica.

1. Realizar un estudio exhaustivo del Análisis Discriminante para evaluar su robustez con el fin de hacer las pertinentes recomendaciones al psicólogo aplicado; 2. Determinar criterios estadísticos que ayuden a las interpretaciones heurísticas de los coeficientes más relevantes, para la evaluación de las contribuciones de las variables a las funciones discriminantes. Primera investigación: Se trabajó con un diseño factorial 4x2x3x2x2 lo que supone 96 condiciones experimentales. Las cinco variables eran: a. Normalidad de las variables, b. Varianza de los grupos, c. Número de variables, d. Número de grupos, 5. Número de sujetos en cada grupo. Variable Dependiente: Para cada una de las 200 replicaciones Monte Carlo se obtuvieron las lambdas de Wilks, las V de Bartlett y su probabilidad asociada, como índice de la significación de criterio discriminante. Segunda investigación: Para esta investigación se replicó el diseño de la primera investigación, es decir, las 96 condiciones experimentales con todos los factores, otorgando ahora el perfil de diferencias grupales siguiente para las condiciones con tres grupos y para las condiciones con seis grupos. Se mantuvieron constantes las correlaciones entre las variables e iguales a las de la primera investigación, 0,70. El valor de los parámetros fue obtenido mediante el programa DISCRIMINANT del SPSS/PC+. Hardware: El trabajo de simulación se llevó a cabo con ocho ordenadores personales clónicos PC:PENTIUM/100 Mhz., con 16 MB de RAM. Software: Los procedimientos necesarios para la investigación fueron realizados en el lenguaje de programación GAUSS 386i, versión 3.1 (Aptech Systems, 1994). 1. Los métodos de simulación y concretamente, el método de muestreo bootstrap, son de gran utilidad para los estudios de robustez de las técnicas estadísticas, así como en los de inferencia estadística: cálculo de intervalos de confianza; 2. El Análisis Discriminante es una técnica robusta, siempre y cuando se cumpla la condición de homogeneidad de las varianzas; 3. El Análisis Discriminante no es robusto ante problemas de heterogeneidad en las siguientes condiciones: Con seis o menos variables,cuando los tamaños grupales son diferentes. Para tamaños iguales, si además se presenta una alteración conjunta de asimetría y apuntamiento; 4. Cuando la violación del supuesto de homogeneidad viene provocada porque la varianza mayor la presenta el grupo con menos sujetos la técnica se vuelve demasiado liberal, es decir, se produce un alto grado de error tipo I; 5. Los coeficientes de estructura son más estables e insesgados que los típicos; 6. Es posible determinar los intervalos confidenciales de los coeficientes de estructura mediante el procedimiento sugerido por Dalgleish (1994). 1. El Análisis Discriminante se puede utilizar siempre que se cumpla la condición de Homogeneidad de varianzas. Es por tanto, absolutamente necesario comprobar antes de realizar un Análisis Discriminante este principio, lo cual se puede llevar a cabo a través de cualquiera de los estadísticos pertinentes y, en especial, la prueba de Box; 2. Ante la heterogeneidad de varianzas si el número de variables independientes es seis o inferior, deberá tenerse en cuenta que el número de sujetos debe ser igual en todos los grupos y que las variables no presenten alteraciones conjuntas de asimetría y apuntamiento,por lo que, como paso previo deberá comprobarse la distribución de las variables y detectar si se presenta esta alteración. En cualquier otra condición, y ante la presencia de heterogeneidad de varianzas no se puede utilizar la técnica. Cuando el número de variables predictoras sea nueve o más, podrá utilizarse la técnica siempre, a excepción de diferentes tamaños grupales y no normalidad de las variables. El investigador aplicado deberá conocer la posibilidad que proponemos de apoyatura estadística para la toma de decisiones.

Aplicaci??n del m??todo Bootstrap al contraste de hip??tesis en la investigaci??n educativa

Resumen del autor. Resumen en castellano e ingl??s. Este art??culo se incluye en el monogr??fico 'Educaci??n social'

Multilevel bootstrap analysis with assumptions violated

Resumen tomado de la publicación

??Ha mejorado la productividad docente e investigadora de las universidades p??blicas espa??olas desde la aprobaci??n de la LOU? : evidencia a partir del bootstrap

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n