Bloqueio meiótico como alternativa para aumentar a produção de embriões clone por transferência nuclear

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.

The effect of chaperone compounds on glucocerebrosidase stability and activity in fibroblasts from Gaucher Disease patients with different genotypes

Dissertação de mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Valeur diagnostique des micro-éveils autonomiques comme substitut aux éveils cérébraux dans l'apnée du sommeil

Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil ont une prévalence élevée dans la population générale, l’apnée obstructive du sommeil étant le plus important de ces troubles. Malgré tout, une grande proportion des patients avec apnée ne sont pas diagnostiqués. La méthode la plus complète pour diagnostiquer l’apnée est l’enregistrement d’une nuit de sommeil par polysomnographie, aussi appelée enregistrement de type 1, qui est un processus long et coûteux. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, des appareils d’enregistrements portables (ou de type 3) ont été développés. Toutefois, ces enregistrements de type 3 ne capturent pas l’activité cérébrale, mesurée avec l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). Le présent mémoire décrit une étude comparative entre les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3. Tous les événements respiratoires d’apnée, d’hypopnée et d’éveils liés à un effort respiratoire (RERA, en anglais) seront analysés ainsi que les éveils cérébraux (ou éveils EEG) et les éveils autonomiques. Ces éveils autonomiques se définissent par une hausse de la fréquence cardiaque suite à un événement respiratoire. Pour enrichir les analyses, les variables respiratoires suivantes ont été étudiées : une chute de la saturation en oxygène de 4 % (ODI), l’index d’apnée-hypopnée (IAH), l’indice de perturbations respiratoires avec apnées + hypopnées + RERAs et les éveils EEG (RDIe, en anglais) et le RDI incluant les éveils autonomiques définis par une augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque de 5 bpm (RDIa5). L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer la proportion d’événements respiratoires avec éveils autonomiques ainsi que leur impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 1 et 3. L’hypothèse suggère que les événements avec éveils autonomiques auraient un plus grand impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 contrairement au type 1. Cette étude inclut 72 sujets ayant suivi un enregistrement de polysomnographie complète de type 1 ainsi que 79 sujets différents ayant suivi un enregistrement ambulatoire de type 3. Les analyses suivantes ont été effectuées : 1) les pourcentages d’événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques dans les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3 ; 2) les fréquences de migration entre les catégories basses et élevées de sévérité de l’AHI en prenant en compte les événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques ; 3) les Bland-Altman (B-A) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3) et ; 4) les corrélations de Pearson et les coefficients de corrélation intraclasse (ICC) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3). L’utilisation du critère de RDIa5 permet d’ajouter 49 % d’événements comptés avec l’AHI pour les enregistrements de type 1, et 51 % d’événements pour ceux de type 3. La présente étude montre que les éveils autonomiques ont un impact similaire autant pour le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 que de type 1. En conclusion, on peut affirmer que le RDIa5 est acceptable et fiable pour les enregistrements de type 3.

FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT UNDER HISTORICAL AND PREDICTED LAND USE CHANGE USING CONTINUOUS HYDROLOGIC MODELING

Current procedures for flood risk estimation assume flood distributions are stationary over time, meaning annual maximum flood (AMF) series are not affected by climatic variation, land use/land cover (LULC) change, or management practices. Thus, changes in LULC and climate are generally not accounted for in policy and design related to flood risk/control, and historical flood events are deemed representative of future flood risk. These assumptions need to be re-evaluated, however, as climate change and anthropogenic activities have been observed to have large impacts on flood risk in many areas. In particular, understanding the effects of LULC change is essential to the study and understanding of global environmental change and the consequent hydrologic responses. The research presented herein provides possible causation for observed nonstationarity in AMF series with respect to changes in LULC, as well as a means to assess the degree to which future LULC change will impact flood risk. Four watersheds in the Midwest, Northeastern, and Central United States were studied to determine flood risk associated with historical and future projected LULC change. Historical single framed aerial images dating back to the mid-1950s were used along with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing models (SPRING and ERDAS) to create historical land use maps. The Forecasting Scenarios of Future Land Use Change (FORE-SCE) model was applied to generate future LULC maps annually from 2006 to 2100 for the conterminous U.S. based on the four IPCC-SRES future emission scenario conditions. These land use maps were input into previously calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models for two case study watersheds. In order to isolate effects of LULC change, the only variable parameter was the Runoff Curve Number associated with the land use layer. All simulations were run with daily climate data from 1978-1999, consistent with the 'base' model which employed the 1992 NLCD to represent 'current' conditions. Output daily maximum flows were converted to instantaneous AMF series and were subsequently modeled using a Log-Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distribution to evaluate flood risk. Analysis of the progression of LULC change over the historic period and associated SWAT outputs revealed that AMF magnitudes tend to increase over time in response to increasing degrees of urbanization. This is consistent with positive trends in the AMF series identified in previous studies, although there are difficulties identifying correlations between LULC change and identified change points due to large time gaps in the generated historical LULC maps, mainly caused by unavailability of sufficient quality historic aerial imagery. Similarly, increases in the mean and median AMF magnitude were observed in response to future LULC change projections, with the tails of the distributions remaining reasonably constant. FORE-SCE scenario A2 was found to have the most dramatic impact on AMF series, consistent with more extreme projections of population growth, demands for growing energy sources, agricultural land, and urban expansion, while AMF outputs based on scenario B2 showed little changes for the future as the focus is on environmental conservation and regional solutions to environmental issues.

Valeur diagnostique des micro-éveils autonomiques comme substitut aux éveils cérébraux dans l'apnée du sommeil

Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil ont une prévalence élevée dans la population générale, l’apnée obstructive du sommeil étant le plus important de ces troubles. Malgré tout, une grande proportion des patients avec apnée ne sont pas diagnostiqués. La méthode la plus complète pour diagnostiquer l’apnée est l’enregistrement d’une nuit de sommeil par polysomnographie, aussi appelée enregistrement de type 1, qui est un processus long et coûteux. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, des appareils d’enregistrements portables (ou de type 3) ont été développés. Toutefois, ces enregistrements de type 3 ne capturent pas l’activité cérébrale, mesurée avec l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). Le présent mémoire décrit une étude comparative entre les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3. Tous les événements respiratoires d’apnée, d’hypopnée et d’éveils liés à un effort respiratoire (RERA, en anglais) seront analysés ainsi que les éveils cérébraux (ou éveils EEG) et les éveils autonomiques. Ces éveils autonomiques se définissent par une hausse de la fréquence cardiaque suite à un événement respiratoire. Pour enrichir les analyses, les variables respiratoires suivantes ont été étudiées : une chute de la saturation en oxygène de 4 % (ODI), l’index d’apnée-hypopnée (IAH), l’indice de perturbations respiratoires avec apnées + hypopnées + RERAs et les éveils EEG (RDIe, en anglais) et le RDI incluant les éveils autonomiques définis par une augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque de 5 bpm (RDIa5). L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer la proportion d’événements respiratoires avec éveils autonomiques ainsi que leur impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 1 et 3. L’hypothèse suggère que les événements avec éveils autonomiques auraient un plus grand impact sur le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 contrairement au type 1. Cette étude inclut 72 sujets ayant suivi un enregistrement de polysomnographie complète de type 1 ainsi que 79 sujets différents ayant suivi un enregistrement ambulatoire de type 3. Les analyses suivantes ont été effectuées : 1) les pourcentages d’événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques dans les enregistrements de type 1 et de type 3 ; 2) les fréquences de migration entre les catégories basses et élevées de sévérité de l’AHI en prenant en compte les événements associés avec seulement des éveils autonomiques ; 3) les Bland-Altman (B-A) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3) et ; 4) les corrélations de Pearson et les coefficients de corrélation intraclasse (ICC) pour mesurer l’accord entre l’AHI, le RDIe et le RDIa5 (type 1), et entre l’AHI et le RDIa5 (type 3). L’utilisation du critère de RDIa5 permet d’ajouter 49 % d’événements comptés avec l’AHI pour les enregistrements de type 1, et 51 % d’événements pour ceux de type 3. La présente étude montre que les éveils autonomiques ont un impact similaire autant pour le RDI des enregistrements de type 3 que de type 1. En conclusion, on peut affirmer que le RDIa5 est acceptable et fiable pour les enregistrements de type 3.

Emprendimiento, instituciones y construcción de paz – Análisis de Influencia de Stakeholders en los departamentos de Nariño y Cauca

Nariño y Cauca son dos de los departamentos de Colombia más afectados por la violencia. La reciente firma de un acuerdo de un cese bilateral de hostilidades con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) y los diálogos de La Habana son apenas el comienzo de la Construcción de Paz (CP) que implica el esfuerzo continuo de diferentes actores (gubernamentales, sector privado, sociedad civil y organismos multilaterales) para lograr no solo una paz negativa sino una paz positiva. El apoyo al emprendimiento es una estrategia implementada por el Gobierno y por los stakeholders que participan en el proceso del posconflicto, que tiene como finalidad respaldar el proceso de integración económica de las víctimas y desmovilizados. El presente documento es un estudio exploratorio elaborado por medio de una investigación cualitativa en la temática de emprendimiento, instituciones y CP en los departamentos de Nariño y Cauca. Se utilizó una estrategia metodológica denominada Matrices de Stakeholders para representar gráficamente la influencia institucional sobre la toma decisiones e implementación de los stakeholders sobre las reformas o políticas de emprendimiento y CP en estos dos departamentos. En esta investigación se encontró que i) en general, las instituciones del gobierno de los de Nariño y Cauca son extractivas y limitan la participación de la sociedad; ii) los stakeholders de la sociedad civil a pesar de tener cierta organización y voz no están en capacidad de generar influencia más que a nivel local o comunitario; iii) los vacíos dejados por las instituciones extractivas del gobierno tienden a ser llenados por instituciones inclusivas de stakeholders del sector privado y de organismos multilaterales.

Estudio molecular en dos hermanas afectadas por ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva : descripción de una nueva mutación causal en TGM1

Se describe la variante homocigota c.320-2A>G de TGM1 en dos hermanas con ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva. El clonaje de los transcritos generados por esta variante permitió identificar tres mecanismos moleculares de splicing alternativos.

Stress Concentration Factor and Fatigue Life Evaluation in offshore tubular KT-Joints

In the last few decades, offshore field has grown fast especially after the notable development of technologies, explorations of oil and gas in deep water and the high concern of offshore companies in renewable energy mainly Wind Energy. Fatigue damage was noticed as one of the main problems causing failure of offshore structures. The purpose of this research is to focus on the evaluation of Stress Concentration Factor and its influence on Fatigue Life for 2 tubular KT-Joints in offshore Jacket structure using different calculation methods. The work is done by using analytical calculations, mainly Efthymiou’s formulations, and numerical solutions, FEM analysis, using ABAQUS software. As for the analytical formulations, the calculations were done according to the geometrical parameters of each method using excel sheets. As for the numerical model, 2 different types of tubular KT-Joints are present where for each model 5 shell element type, 3 solid element type and 3 solid-with-weld element type models were built on ABAQUS. Meshing was assigned according to International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations, 5 types of mesh element, to evaluate the Hot-spot stresses. 23 different types of unitary loading conditions were assigned, 9 axial, 7 in-plane bending moment and 7 out-plane bending moment loads. The extraction of Hot-spot stresses and the evaluation of the Stress Concentration Factor were done using PYTHON scripting and MATLAB. Then, the fatigue damage evaluation for a critical KT tubular joint based on Simplified Fatigue Damage Rule and Local Approaches (Strain Damage Parameter and Stress Damage Parameter) methods were calculated according to the maximum Stress Concentration Factor conducted from DNV and FEA methods. In conclusion, this research helped us to compare different results of Stress Concentration Factor and Fatigue Life using different methods and provided us with a general overview about what to study next in the future.

Live Attenuated Chimeric Yellow Fever Dengue Type 2 (Chimeri Vax -DEN2) Vaccine: Phase 1 clinical trial for safety and immunogenicity

A randomized double-blind Phase I Trial was conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a yellow fever (YF)-dengue 2 (DEN2) chimera (ChimeriVax™-DEN2) in comparison to that of YF vaccine (YF-VAX®). Forty-two healthy YF naïve adults randomly received a single dose of either ChimeriVax™-DEN2 (high dose, 5 log plaque forming units [PFU] or low dose, 3 log PFU) or YF-VAXâ by the subcutaneous route (SC). To determine the effect of YF pre-immunity on the ChimeriVaxTM-DEN2 vaccine, 14 subjects previously vaccinated against YF received a high dose of ChimeriVax™-DEN2 as an open-label vaccine. Most adverse events were similar to YF-VAX® and of mild to moderate intensity, with no serious side-effects. One hundred percent and 92.3% of YF naïve subjects inoculated with 5.0 and 3.0 log10 PFU of ChimeriVaxTM-DEN2, respectively, seroconverted to wt DEN2 (strain 16681); 92% of subjects inoculated with YF-VAX® seroconverted to YF 17D virus but none of YF naïve subjects inoculated with ChimeriVax-DEN2 seroconverted to YF 17D virus. Low seroconversion rates to heterologous DEN serotypes 1, 3, and 4 were observed in YF naïve subjects inoculated with either ChimeriVax™-DEN2 or YF-VAX®. In contrast, 100% of YF immune subjects inoculated with ChimeriVax™-DEN2 seroconverted to all 4 DEN serotypes. Surprisingly, levels of neutralizing antibodies to DEN 1, 2, and 3 viruses in YF immune subjects persisted after 1 year. These data demonstrated that 1) the safety and immunogenicity profile of the ChimeriVax™-DEN2 vaccine is consistent with that of YF-VAX®, and 2) pre-immunity to YF virus does not interfere with ChimeriVaxTM-DEN2 immunization, but induces a long lasting and cross neutralizing antibody response to all 4 DEN serotypes. The latter observation can have practical implications toward development of a dengue vaccine.

Spatio-Temporal Tracking and Phylodynamics of an Urban Dengue 3 Outbreak in Sao Paulo, Brazil

The dengue virus has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of similar to 10.700 nucleotides with a single open reading frame that encodes three structural (C, prM, and E) and seven nonstructural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) proteins. It possesses four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV 1-4). Many phylogenetic studies address particularities of the different serotypes using convenience samples that are not conducive to a spatio-temporal analysis in a single urban setting. We describe the pattern of spread of distinct lineages of DENV-3 circulating in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, during 2006. Blood samples from patients presenting dengue-like symptoms were collected for DENV testing. We performed M-N-PCR using primers based on NS5 for virus detection and identification. The fragments were purified from PCR mixtures and sequenced. The positive dengue cases were geo-coded. To type the sequenced samples, 52 reference sequences were aligned. The dataset generated was used for iterative phylogenetic reconstruction with the maximum likelihood criterion. The best demographic model, the rate of growth, rate of evolutionary change, and Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) were estimated. The basic reproductive rate during the epidemics was estimated. We obtained sequences from 82 patients among 174 blood samples. We were able to geo-code 46 sequences. The alignment generated a 399-nucleotide-long dataset with 134 taxa. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all samples were of DENV-3 and related to strains circulating on the isle of Martinique in 2000-2001. Sixty DENV-3 from Sao Jose do Rio Preto formed a monophyletic group (lineage 1), closely related to the remaining 22 isolates (lineage 2). We assumed that these lineages appeared before 2006 in different occasions. By transforming the inferred exponential growth rates into the basic reproductive rate, we obtained values for lineage 1 of R(0) = 1.53 and values for lineage 2 of R(0) = 1.13. Under the exponential model, TMRCA of lineage 1 dated 1 year and lineage 2 dated 3.4 years before the last sampling. The possibility of inferring the spatio-temporal dynamics from genetic data has been generally little explored, and it may shed light on DENV circulation. The use of both geographic and temporally structured phylogenetic data provided a detailed view on the spread of at least two dengue viral strains in a populated urban area.

A DNA vaccine candidate expressing dengue-3 virus prM and E proteins elicits neutralizing antibodies and protects mice against lethal challenge

In an effort to develop a suitable DNA vaccine candidate for dengue, using dengue-3 virus (DENV-3) as a prototype, the genes coding for premembrane (prM) and envelope proteins (E) were inserted into an expression plasmid. After selecting recombinant clones containing prM/E genes, protein expression in the cell monolayer was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays. After selecting three vaccine candidates (pVAC1DEN3, pVAC2DEN3 and pVAC3DEN3), they were analyzed in vivo to determine their ability to induce a DENV-3-specific immune response. After three immunizations, the spleens of the immunized animals were isolated, and the cells were cultivated to measure cytokine levels by ELISA and used for lymphoproliferation assays. All of the animals inoculated with the recombinant clones induced neutralizing antibodies against DENV-3 and produced a T cell proliferation response after specific stimuli. Immunized and control mice were challenged with a lethal dose of DENV-3 and observed in order to assess their survival capability. The groups that presented the best survival rate after the challenge were the animals vaccinated with the pVAC3DEN3 clones, with an 80% survival rate. Thus, these data show that we have manufactured a vaccine candidate for DENV-3 that is able to induce a specific immune response and protects mice against a lethal challenge.

First isolation of dengue 3 in Brazil from an imported case

The authors report the isolation of dengue 3 virus for the first time in Brazil. The patient, resident in Limeira-SP, traveled to Nicaragua on May 16th, 1998, where he stayed for two months. Starting on August 14th he had fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain and diarrhea. He returned to Brazil on August 16th and was hospitalized in the next day. The patient had full recovery and was discharged on August 20th. The virus was isolated in C6/36 cell culture inoculated with serum collected on the 6th day after the onset of the symptoms. The serotype 3 was identified by indirect immunofluorescence assays performed with type-specific monoclonal antibodies. This serotype was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The introduction of a new dengue serotype in a susceptible population is a real threat for the occurrence of severe forms of the disease. The isolation and identification of dengue virus are important in order to monitoring the serotypes circulating in Brazil and to take the measures necessary to prevent and control an epidemic.

A Simple Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Dengue Type 2 Virus Identification

We show here a simplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for identification of dengue type 2 virus. Three dengue type 2 virus strains, isolated from Brazilian patients, and yellow fever vaccine 17DD, as a negative control, were used in this study. C6/36 cells were infected with the virus, and tissue culture fluids were collected after 7 days of infection period. The RT-PCR, a combination of RT and PCR done after a single addition of reagents in a single reaction vessel was carried out following a digestion of virus with 1% Nonidet P-40. The 50ml assay reaction mixture included 50 pmol of a dengue type 2 specific primer pair amplifying a 210 base pair sequence of the envelope protein gene, 0.1 mM of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, 7.5U of reverse transcriptase, and 1U of thermostable Taq DNA polymerase. The reagent mixture was incubated for 15 min at 37oC for RT followed by a variable amount of cycles of two-step PCR amplification (92oC for 60 sec, 53oC for 60 sec) with slow temperature increment. The PCR products were subjected to 1.7% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized with UV light after gel incubation in ethidium bromide solution. DNA bands were observed after 25 and 30 cycles of PCR. Virus amount as low as 102.8 TCID50/ml was detected by RT-PCR. Specific DNA amplification was observed with the three dengue type 2 strains. This assay has advantages compared to other RT-PCRs: it avoids laborious extraction of virus RNA; the combination of RT and PCR reduces assay time, facilitates the performance and reduces risk of contamination; the two-step PCR cycle produces a clear DNA amplification, saves assay time and simplifies the technique

Attenuation and immunogenicity of recombinant yellow fever 17D-dengue type 2 virus for rhesus monkeys

A chimeric yellow fever (YF)-dengue serotype 2 (dengue 2) virus was constructed by replacing the premembrane and envelope genes of the YF 17D virus with those from dengue 2 virus strains of Southeast Asian genotype. The virus grew to high titers in Vero cells and, after passage 2, was used for immunogenicity and attenuation studies in rhesus monkeys. Subcutaneous immunization of naive rhesus monkeys with the 17D-D2 chimeric virus induced a neutralizing antibody response associated with the protection of 6 of 7 monkeys against viremia by wild-type dengue 2 virus. Neutralizing antibody titers to dengue 2 were significantly lower in YF-immune animals than in YF-naive monkeys and protection against challenge with wild-type dengue 2 virus was observed in only 2 of 11 YF-immune monkeys. An anamnestic response to dengue 2, indicated by a sharp increase of neutralizing antibody titers, was observed in the majority of the monkeys after challenge with wild-type virus. Virus attenuation was demonstrated using the standard monkey neurovirulence test. The 17D-D2 chimera caused significantly fewer histological lesions than the YF 17DD virus. The attenuated phenotype could also be inferred from the limited viremias compared to the YF 17DD vaccine. Overall, these results provide further support for the use of chimeric viruses for the development of a new live tetravalent dengue vaccine.