Comparison of the efficacy of two commercially available media for culturing one-cell embryos in the in vitro fertilization mouse model

Objective: To examine the effects of two commercial media on the development of mouse ova fertilized in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Design: Animal model. Setting: Academic institution. Animal(s): Eight-week old, superovulated mice. Intervention(s): One-cell embryos cultured in vitro up to the blastocyst stage in potassium-enriched simplex optimized medium (KSOM) or G1/G2 medium. Main Outcome Measure(s): Blastocyst and hatching rates, total cell number count, and proportion of allocation of cells to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Result(s): The percentage of zygotes that developed to the blastocyst stage 96 and 120 hours after insemination was statistically significantly higher in the KSOM group. The percentage of blastocysts that partially or completely hatched by day 5 of culture was 84% and 71% for the KSOM and G1/G2 groups, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference between the groups. The mean number of ICM cells was 11.7 +/- 4.0 and 9.2 +/- 5.2 for the zygotes cultured in KSOM and G1/G2 media, respectively, revealing a statistically significantly higher cell number in the ICM of blastocysts derived from culture in KSOM medium. The ICM/TE ratio in the blastocysts cultured in KSOM or G1/G2 media was similar in both groups. Conclusion(s): Commercially available KSOM medium is superior to sequential G1/G2 media for culturing one-cell embryos up to the blastocyst stage in the mouse IVF model.

Chronic exposure to ambient levels of urban particles affects mouse lung development

Rationale- Chronic exposure to air pollution has been associated with adverse effects on children`s lung growth. Objectives: We analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to urban levels of particulate matter (PM) on selected phases of mouse lung development. Methods: The exposure occurred in two open-top chambers (filtered and nonfiltered) placed 20 m from a street with heavy traffic in Sao Paulo, 24 hours/day for 8 months. There was a significant reduction of the levels of PM(2.5) inside the filtered chamber (filtered = 2.9 +/- 3.0 mu g/m(3), nonfiltered = 16.8 +/- 8.3 mu g/m(3); P = 0.001). At this exposure site, vehicular sources are the major components of PM(2.5) (PM <= 2.5 mu m). Exposure of the parental generation in the two chambers occurred from the 10th to the 120th days of life. After mating and birth of offspring, a crossover of mothers and pups occurred within the chambers, resulting in four groups of pups: nonexposed, prenatal, postnatal, and pre+postnatal. Offspring were killed at the age of 15 (n = 42) and 90 (n = 35) days; lungs were analyzed by morphometry for surface to volume ratio (as an estimator of alveolization). Pressure-volume curves were performed in the older groups, using a 20-ml plethysmograph. Measurements and Main Results: Mice exposed to PM(2.5) pre+postnatally presented a smaller surface to volume ratio when compared with nonexposed animals (P = 0.036). The pre+postnatal group presented reduced inspiratory and expiratory volumes at higher levels of transpulmonary pressure (P = 0.001). There were no differences among prenatal and postnatal exposure and nonexposed animals. Conclusions: Our data provide anatomical and functional support to the concept that chronic exposure to urban PM affects lung growth.

Clinico-pathological discrepancies in the diagnoses of solid malignancies

Autopsy is a valuable tool in evaluating diagnostic accuracy. Solid malignancies may have a protracted presentation, and diagnosis frequently requires imaging and deep-sited biopsies; clinical and postmortem diagnosis discrepancies may occur in a high rate in these diseases. Here, we analyzed the occurrence of clinico-pathological discrepancies in the diagnoses of solid malignancies in a Brazilian academic hospital. We reviewed charts and autopsy reports of the patients that died from 2001 to 2003 with at least one solid neoplasm. Patients were classified in concordant and discordant cases regarding cancer diagnosis. Discordant cases were categorized in undiagnosed cases (no suspicion of cancer) and in misdiagnosed cases (clinical suspicion of cancer but incompletely diagnosed). Among the 264 patients with a single non-incidental solid neoplasm, the clinico-pathological discrepancy rate was 37.1%. Liver (22.5%), lung (19.4%), and pancreatic cancer (15.3%) were the most frequent malignancies in the discordant group. Misdiagnosis category comprised 68% of the discordant cases, i.e., there was no correct knowledge about the tumor primary site and/or the histological type during life. Our data show that a high rate of discrepancies occurs in solid malignancies. Autopsies may provide the basis for a better understanding of diagnostic deficiencies in different circumstances. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Neoskin development in the fetus with the use of a three-layer graft: an animal model for in utero closure of large skin defects

Objective: To assess the ability of a three-layer graft in the closuse of large fetal skin defects. Methods: Ovine fetuses underwent a large (4 x 3 cm) full-thickness skin defect over the lumbar region at 105 days` gestation (term = 140 days). A bilaminar artificial skin was placed over a cellulose interface to cover the defect (3-layer graft). The skin was partially reapproximated with a continuous nylon suture. Pregnancy was allowed to continue and the surgical site was submitted to histopathological analysis at different post-operative intervals. Results: Seven fetuses underwent surgery. One maternal/fetal death occurred, and the remaining 6 fetuses were analyzed. Artificial skin adherence to the wound edges was observed in cases that remained in utero for at least 15 days. Neoskin was present beneath the silicone layer of the bilaminar artificial skin. Conclusions: Our study shows that neoskin can develop in the fetus using a 3-layer graft, including epidermal growth beneath the silicone layer of the bilaminar skin graft. These findings suggest that the fetus is able to reepithelialise even large skin defects. Further experience is necessary to assess the quality of this repair.

An anatomical study on the lingual-facial trunk

Purpose We quantified variations of the lingual artery origin, measured the lingual artery origin distance from clinical relevant landmarks and compared the lingual artery diameters with normal and variable origin. Methods Forty-two formalin fixed male cadavers were bilaterally evaluated. Measurements were performed with the aid of an electronic digital caliper. Results The origin distances from the common carotid artery bifurcation was 1.05 +/- 0.11 and 1.02 +/- 0.11 cm for the right and left lingual arteries respectively with no differences compared to the lingual-facial trunks. The diameters of the lingual arteries were 0.25 +/- 0.01 and 0.26 +/- 0.01 cm for the right and left sides, respectively, while the lingual facial trunks showed diameters of 0.21 +/- 0.02 and 0.24 +/- 0.02 cm for the right and left sides, respectively. Conclusions The present study adds information on the lingual artery diameter and its anatomical relation to clinically useful landmarks.

The Provisional Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism disease activity core set for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis: A prospective validation study

Objective. To validate a core set of outcome measures for the evaluation of response to treatment in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM). Methods. In 2001, a preliminary consensus-derived core set for evaluating response to therapy in juvenile DM was established. In the present study, the core set was validated through an evidence-based, large-scale data collection that led to the enrollment of 294 patients from 36 countries. Consecutive patients with active disease were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. The validation procedures included assessment of feasibility, responsiveness, discriminant and construct ability, concordce in the evaluation of response to therapy between physicians and parents, redundancy, internal consistency, and ability to predict a therapeutic response. Results. The following clinical measures were found to be feasible, and to have good construct validity, discriminative ability, and internal consistency; furthermore, they were not redundant, proved responsive to clinically important changes in disease activity, and were associated strongly with treatment outcome and thus were included in the final core set: 1) physician`s global assessment of disease activity, 2) muscle strength, 3) global disease activity measure, 4) parent`s global assessment of patient`s well-being, 5) functional ability, and 6) health-related quality of life. Conclusion. The members of the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation, with the endorsement of the American College of Rheumatology and the European Leauge Against Rheumatism, propose a core set of criteria for the evaluation of response of therapy that is scientifically and clinically relevant and statistically validated. The core set will help standardize the conduct and reporting of clinical trials and assist practitioners in deciding whether a child with juvenile DM has responded adequately to therapy.

Nasal mucus transportability in children with cleft palate

Objectives: Children with cleft palate (CP) have a high prevalence of sinusitis. Considering that nasal mucus properties play a pivotal role in the upper airway defense mechanism, the aim of the study was to evaluate nasal mucus transportability and physical properties from children with CP. Setting: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil and Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Methods: Nasal mucus samples were collected by nasal aspiration from children with CP and without CP (non-CP). Sneeze clearance (SC) was evaluated by the simulated sneeze machine. In vitro mucus transportability (MCT) by cilia was evaluated by the frog palate preparation. Mucus physical surface properties were assessed by measuring the contact angle (CA). Mucus rheology was determined by means of a magnetic rheometer, and the results were expressed as log G* (vectorial sum of viscosity and elasticity) and tan delta (relationship between viscosity and elasticity) measured at 1 and 100 rad/s. Results: Mucus samples from children with CP had a higher SC than non-CP children (67 +/- 30 and 41 +/- 24 mm, respectively, p < 0.05). Mucus samples from children with CP had a lower CA (24 +/- 16 degrees and 35 +/- 11 degrees, p < 0.05) and a higher tan delta 100 (0.79 +/- 0.24 and 0.51 +/- 0.12, p < 0.05) than non-CP children. There were no significant differences in mucus MCT, log G* 1, tan delta 1 and log G* 100 obtained for CP and non-CP children. Conclusions: Nasal mucus physical properties from children with CP are associated with higher sneeze transportability. The high prevalence of sinusitis in children with CP cannot be explained by changes in mucus physical properties and transportability. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Escuelas de gobierno como centros de excelencia em gesti??n p??blica: la perspectiva de la ENAP-Brasil

El papel de las escuelas de gobierno ha evolucionado, en el contexto de las reformas gerenciales del sector p??blico. Si su origen fue en l??neas generales caracterizado por el prop??sito de formar la futura elite burocr??tica, teniendo como referencia a los modelos franc??s y alem??n, su desaf??o actual es capacitar a los cuadros existentes, sobre todo gerenciales y directivos, y formar nuevos profesionales para el sector p??blico que se comprometan en la superaci??n de la cultura burocr??tica y en el ejercicio de los valores republicanos. El presente texto discute las implicaciones derivadas del desaf??o actual de las escuelas de gobierno, en la b??squeda por convertirse en centros de excelencia en gesti??n p??blica, a partir de la perspectiva de la ENAP-Brasil y de su inserci??n en el contexto de la reforma gerencial del Estado, en proceso en Brasil desde 1995.

Burocracia profissional e a livre nomea????o para cargos de confian??a no Brasil e nos EUA

A problem??tica do emprego de cargos de livre nomea????o e exonera????o para assegurar o comando pol??tico e administrativo na m??quina p??blica tem sido objeto, tanto no Brasil quanto nos EUA, de diversos questionamentos. Este artigo debate a situa????o em ambos os pa??ses, com base em alguns dados esclarecedores obtidos pela compara????o entre as estruturas de cargos comissionados e suas quantidades e formas de provimento existentes, no n??vel do governo federal, relativos ?? quantidade, tipos e emprego dos cargos em comiss??o, destacando-se a diferencia????o no que se refere ao uso desses cargos, assim como promove, a partir da literatura da ??rea, um exame da influ??ncia da utiliza????o dos cargos de livre provimento sob o aspecto do conflito entre compet??ncia ???neutra??? e ???compet??ncia responsiva???. A partir dos avan??os alcan??ados desde 1998 no Brasil, conclui-se pela necessidade do aprofundamento da profissionaliza????o das estruturas de comissionamento, tendo em vista a possibilidade de que uma estrutura menos vulner??vel ??s injun????es da pol??tica clientelista possa melhor atender aos princ??pios da efici??ncia e da transpar??ncia.

Condiciones de salud y de trabajo informal en recuperadores ambientales del área rural de Medellín, Colombia, 2008

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las condiciones de trabajo, salud y riesgos ocupacionales de recuperadores ambientales del área rural de Medellín. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con cien recuperadores ambientales informales en cinco corregimientos de Medellín en 2008. La fuente de información fue primaria: una encuesta estructurada sobre condiciones de trabajo, salud, riesgos ocupacionales y morbilidad sentida, que permitió caracterizar los riesgos de la población mediante estadística descriptiva y un acercamiento a las relaciones y asociaciones de los riesgos con la morbilidad en la población. RESULTADOS: Ciento cuatro personas ejercían el reciclaje, y 100 de estos se incluyeron en el estudio: 34 personas agremiadas en organizaciones de base comunitaria y 66 personas que ejercían la labor independientemente. La afiliación a seguridad social, suplencia de necesidades básicas, satisfacción en la labor, recibir capacitaciones y suministro periódico de elementos para su trabajo presentaron diferencias según grupo (p < 0,05). Los riesgos biológicos, relacionados con postura corporal inadecuada, riesgos físicos y químicos, tuvieran frecuencia particular de exposición según grupo. El conocimiento y uso de las medidas de protección para los riesgos de la labor difirieron estadísticamente entre los grupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Los recuperadores son potencial apoyo para la gestión integral de residuos en áreas rurales de Medellín, aunque su carácter informal los expone a condiciones de trabajo que repercuten directamente en su salud y la de sus familias. El reconocimiento social del reciclaje va de la mano con la mejora de las condiciones laborales de las personas dedicadas a esta actividad. Los recuperadores ambientales, aun agremiados, tienen condiciones laborales y de salud precarias. La trasformación de estas condiciones debería ser una de las prioridades del Estado.

YELLOW FEVER PREVENTION STRATEGIES AWARENESS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Introduction: Vaccination is the main preventive strategy against Yellow Fever (YF), which is a public health concern in Brazil. However, HIV-infected patients might have insufficient knowledge regarding YF, YF prevention, and vaccines in general. Methods: In this questionnaire-based study, data from 158 HIV-infected individuals were addressed in three distinct outpatient clinics in São Paulo. Information was collected on demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as patients' knowledge of vaccines, YF and YF preventive strategies. In addition, individual YF vaccine recommendations and vaccine status were investigated. Results: Although most participants adequately ascertain the vaccine as the main prevention strategy against YF, few participants were aware of the severity and lack of specific treatment for YF. Discrepancy in YF vaccine (patients who should have taken the vaccine, but did not) was observed in 18.8% of participants. Conclusion: YF is an important and preventable public health concern, and these results demonstrate that more information is necessary for the HIV-infected population.

Tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis, observaciones en 112 pacientes

En los últimos 5 anos hemos tratado 112 casos de toxoplasmosis. La mayor parte presentaba abortos o coriorretinitis; algunos presentaban meningo-encefalitis, miocarditis y otras formas. Ocho por ciento de los pacientes presentaban dos cuadros anatomoclínicos de toxoplasmosis. Se administro en forma alterna pirimetamina, sulfametopirazina o espiramicina durante períodos prolongados, practicando reacción de Sabin y Feldman cada tres meses. La meta es negativizar la prueba serológica, la cual generalmente logramos. Clinicamente se aprecia curación al observar la desaparición de los fenômenos inflamatorios en el fondo del ojo, la desaparición de adenopatías u otros signos clínicos, ó el desarrollo de embarazos normales con productos normales en mujeres abortadoras. Considerando los graves problemas que hemos visto en hijos de madres con toxoplasmosis, preferimos tratar a éstas antes de nuevos embarazos.

Estado actual de nuestros conocimientos sobre la enfermedad de chagas en la Republica Mexicana

Se presentan los datos obtenidos de la revisión minuciosa en relación a enfermedad de Chagas de la literatura médica de la República Mexicana y extranjera desde el afio de 1939 en que por primeira vez se reporta a Trypanosoma cruzi en México, hasta el ano de 1976. Mediante mapas, tablas y cuadros se senalan las localidades en donde se han encontrado casos humanos, reservorios no humanos y transmisores. Se hacen comentários acerca de los resultados obtenidos y se seffala la importancia de incrementar los estúdios sobre enfermedades de Chagas en nuestro país.

Epidemiología de parasitosis intestinal y micosis superficiales en una comunidad de Córdoba

Desde hace varios años, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se ocupa de la lucha contra infecciones intestinales de diferente etiología, entre las que se incluye las producidas por parásitos. Generalmente la mayor incidencia, intensidad y prevalencia de las enteroparasitosis ocurre en los niños, posiblemente debido a la falta de resistencia natural o adquirida y a las diferencias de comportamiento y hábitos. Estos hábitos incluyen a la presencia de mascotas entre la población infantil, lo que hace probable el contagio de hongos causantes de micosis superficiales a pesar de que esos animales de acompañamiento pueden llegar a ser portadores sanos. En nuestro medio, existe poca información acerca de la infección intestinal en la población infantil y no existen datos sobre la caracterización del problema en ciudades medianas y pequeñas, en las que sus pobladores establecen una relación distinta con el medio urbano, a la establecida por los habitantes de los grandes conglomerados. El consenso general entre las autoridades sanitarias sostiene que las únicas medidas preventivas que se pueden adoptar son aquellas orientadas a interrumpir el ciclo epidemiológico de los parásitos y hongos. Como la mayoría de las especies parásitas intestinales utilizan la vía fecal como vehículo de dispersión por la naturaleza, su persistencia en la población humana demuestra una falla en la infraestructura sanitaria o en los hábitos de la población. El objetivo del presente proyecto de investigación es caracterizar las infecciones parasitarias intestinales y las micosis superficiales en niños de una comunidad con deficiencia de servicios básicos de salud y educación. Los resultados logrados permitirán obtener datos epidemiológicos que ayudarán al control de cuadros diarreicos, síndrome de mala absorción, anemia y bajo coeficiente intelectual. Además posibilitarán la promoción de la salud a través de un mejoramiento de hábitos individual y comunitario

Aplicación de técnicas psicodiagnósticas para la detección de rasgos predictores de demencia, a una muestra de adultos mayores de 50 años de la ciudad de Córdoba

La evaluación psico-diagnóstica con técnicas y escalas psicométricas de los diversos rasgos cognitivos y comportamentales, está teniendo una creciente utilidad clínica, muy particularmente para la detección temprana de trastornos que permiten predecir procesos demenciales. Esta detección, a su turno, facilita la puesta en práctica de abordajes terapéuticos preventivos que brindarán potencialmente un mejor estilo de vida al afectado y su familia. En este contexto, y a modo de actividad de extensión, el objetivo de este trabajo es el de detectar rasgos predictores de demencia, utilizando escalas e inventarios de medición psicodiagnóstica que valoren aspectos cognitivos y conductuales. Para ello, se aplicarán a los evaluados una batería diseñada con distintas pruebas y escalas que permiten la valoración general de los rasgos cognitivos y conductuales del sujeto. Los sujetos que integren la muestra serán los derivados por el Servicio de Psicopatología del Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, todos mayores de 50 años como único criterio de exclusión aplicado. Los datos obtenidos serán procesados para determinar la distribución de la población en los cuadros que eventualmente se presenten y que son reconocidos en la literatura como eventos pre-mórbidos de las demencias. Ante el eventual diagnóstico de “demencia probable” de algún sujeto evaluado, los médicos del Servicio mencionado se encargarán del tratamiento farmacológico. Este servicio de evaluación psico-diagnóstica incluye la formación práctica de alumnos de la Carrera de Psicología de la UCC en base a prácticas de investigación y permite volcar los conocimientos obtenidos en situaciones prácticas relacionadas con la docencia activa