Conhecimento e uso do dialeto/falar madeirense dos jovens em escolarização da Região Autónoma da Madeira : análise de enunciados dialetais : léxico

Este trabalho de investigação insere-se no âmbito da sociolinguística e debruça-se sobre a perceção quanto à variação dialetal do Arquipélago da Madeira, que os jovens em escolarização da Região Autónoma da Madeira detêm face a alguns traços particulares do léxico. Neste sentido, o corpus de trabalho baseou-se nos dados recolhidos em inquéritos por questionário sobre o léxico, realizados a uma amostra de 40 alunos naturais do arquipélago, a frequentarem o 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e distribuídos por dez alunos em quatros escolas localizadas: a norte (Santana-São Jorge) e a sul (Funchal e Câmara de Lobos) da ilha da Madeira e na ilha do Porto Santo. Para podermos, efetivamente, determinar quais as influências extralinguísticas ou quais as variáveis socioculturais responsáveis pelo conhecimento e uso dos dialetos, foi também importante analisar alguns fatores de ordem social, tais como, o meio familiar, a idade, o nível de escolaridade dos alunos, a naturalidade e o contacto destes com os meios urbano vs rural. Com efeito, e com base nos instrumentos de análise recolhidos, este estudo mostra-nos que os jovens madeirenses em escolarização ainda evidenciam um interesse em usar e manter a sua identidade dialetal, numa dinâmica intergeracional, dado que os mesmos consideram importante não deixar desaparecer um legado linguístico que tem sido herdado pelos seus antepassados. Contudo, constatamos que o domínio dos dialetos madeirenses juntos destes jovens começa a estar um pouco ausente nas suas conversas do quotidiano, principalmente quanto contactam com falantes fora do arquipélago, moldando os seus discursos em norma/padrão, por assim entenderem tratar-se de uma forma comunicacional, dotada de mais prestígio social. Em contrapartida, verificámos que o meio familiar e o meio rural contribuem, portanto, para um uso mais frequente da variação dialetal, provando-se esta realidade, sobretudo, nos jovens em escolarização residentes nos concelhos a norte da ilha da Madeira e na ilha do Porto Santo. Por considerarmos importante novas investigações, sobretudo pela temática que aqui foi abordada, consideramos que seria deveras pertinente surgirem futuros estudos. Assim, estes poderão explicar a origem do extenso léxico dos dialetos madeirenses e no caso particular da variação dialetal na pequena ilha do Porto Santo, considerando-se, para o efeito, também a vertente sociolinguística.

Evaluación cuali-cuantitativa de espermatozoides de la cola del epedídimo de cuyes cavia porcellus criollos y mejorados en dos edades reproductivas

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características cuali-cuantitativas de espermatozoides de cuyes extraídos de la cola del epidídimo según su fenotipo y edad reproductiva. Se realizó en la granja Irquis de la U. de Cuenca en 20 reproductores identificados por sus características fenotípicas y dispuestos en cuatro grupos: 5 criollos jóvenes (CJ), 5 criollos adultos (CA), 5 mejorados jóvenes (MJ), y 5 mejorados adultos (MA). Los cuyes fueron hemicastrados y de los epidídimos fueron disectados la cola sobre una caja petri. Se recuperó los espermatozoides por Swim up, diluidos en 1ml de medio (18% rafinosa y 3% leche descremada), procesados con Triladyl®, refrigerados a 5oC/1 hora, y equilibrados por 0, 2, 24, 48, 96, 192, y 360 horass para su análisis de viabilidad espermática. Se congelaron únicamente los espermatozoides de 2 hs de equilibrio en vapores de nitrógeno. Se usó un DCA de 2x2: fenotipo y edad, y se usó un ANOVA para comprobar significancia. Se obtuvo interacción (P<0,05) entre factores con eficiencia atribuida a MJ a las 0 hs: en Concentración (C) y Anormalidades de cola (AC), a las 24 hs: en motilidad individual (MIP) y 48 hs: en Vitalidad (VE). En MIP no se encontró diferencias (P>0,05) en ningún tiempo de medición. En VE sólo encontró diferencias (P<0,05) a las 96 hs (CJ:18,0;MJ:10,2;MA:8,6;CA:6,0%). En anormalidades totales (AT) sólo se encontró diferencias (P<0,05) a las 0 hs (MJ:26,3;CJ:32,6;MA:36,2;CA:38,5%); y en AC se encontró diferencias (P<0,05) a las 0 hs (MJ:4,6; CJ:9,5; CA:11,5; MA:16,4%), y a las 48 hs (CA:5,7;CJ:7,3;MJ:16,0;MA:18,1%). En Integridad de la membrana (HOS-Test) se obtuvo (P<0,05) diferencias a las 2 hs (MJ:20,0; MA:13,1;CA:10,7;CJ:9,0%) y a las 96 hs (CA:25,4;CJ:15,3;MJ:9,7; MA:8,8%). A la congelabilidad no se obtuvo sobrevivencia de espermatozoides en ninguno de los tratamientos. En conclusión, la cantidad y calidad de espermatozoides epididimarios de cuyes identificados fenotípicamente varía según su edad; sin embargo, no se pudo comprobar su variación en la congelabilidad mostrándose absolutamente inviables a la crío conservación

The value of ethnoecological knowledge of the Minahasans: repositioning traditional biocultural knowledge in Indonesian environmental planning

Indonesian strategic and statutory environmental regimes have drawn directly from conventional Western models of environmental planning and natural resource management. These models are often at odds with, do not connect with, nor appreciate generational traditional biocultural knowledge and information from regionally-specific Indigenous communities in Indonesia. This knowledge, and the voice of the custodians of this knowledge, has been overlooked and circumvented in the name of broadscale nationalistic co-ordinated strategic planning. The problem is that nationalist planning, in a multicultural archipelago full of a diverse set of communities often with their own languages, dialects, cultural relationships to landscape, and mixed connectivity to different cohorts of colonial (European and Asian) and religious affiliations means that a deep understanding of environmental information at local and regional level is negated and denied legitimacy. This paper offers a platform to discuss this issue, the difficulty of nationalistic planning and its failings at the Minahasan regional level in Indonesia, and the wealth of cultural and environmental answers the Minahasan culture can bring to the table to better management its landscape sustainably and culturally. This paper’s purpose is to question conventional and generic environmental planning systems in Indonesia and charts an alternate culturally-attuned agenda that can offer to inform and better manage landscapes sustainably and culturally. The tipping points are deep questions about how to regionally manage landscapes sustainably and culturally in deference to a nationalistic agenda before the latter dooms the former producing a 'one-fits all' or generic Indonesian biogeographical landscape devoid of cultural nuances.

The Anagó Language of Cuba

This thesis investigates the socio-linguistic factors that led to the emergence of a new language in Cuba known as Anagó. This language emerged from contact between multiple dialects of the West African Yoruba language and Spanish. Language contact between the Yoruba language and Spanish took place in Cuba beginning in the nineteenth century after the introduction of large numbers of Yoruba speakers into Cuba during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This thesis argues against the opinion that Anagó is simply a corrupted and imperfect form of Yoruba. Instead, it maintains that Anagó is a new language that emerged in Cuba and became a functional vehicle for the transmission of ideas and culture. Additionally, this study will present evidence that the Anagó speaking community was a constituent part of Cuban society since the nineteenth century, and is therefore an inextricable part of Cuban cultural patrimony. Twentieth century examples of Anagó language are examined as evidence of a vital Anagó speaking transnational community.

Représentation linguistique chez les étudiants universitaires dans le Trentin-Haut-Adige

Notre étude s’intéresse à la représentation que des étudiants universitaires provenant du nord de l’Italie se font des formes dialectales et des langues minoritaires parlées dans leur région. Notre objectif premier étant de fait, à ce stade de nos recherches, de dégager les représentations que des jeunes citadins instruits se font d’objets linguistiques qui constituent, si nous nous plaçons dans une optique diglossique, la variante basse. Nous pourrions en d’autres termes parler d’une concurrence inégale dans laquelle se trouvent deux langues où nous admettons que l’italien constitue la variété haute et où les dialectes ou langues minoritaires auraient en commun d’être associés à la variété basse.

Regional variation and change in the history of English strong verbs

This thesis investigates how the strong verb system inherited from Old English evolved in the regional dialects of Middle English (ca. 1100-1500). Old English texts preserve a relatively complex system of strong verbs, in which traditionally seven different ablaut classes are distinguished. This system becomes seriously disrupted from the Late Old English and Early Middle English periods onwards. As a result, many strong verbs die out, or have their ablaut patterns affected by sound change and morphological analogy, or transfer to the weak conjugation. In my thesis, I study the beginnings of two of these developments in two strong verb classes to find out what the evidence from Middle English regional dialects can tell us about their origins and diffusion. Chapter 2 concentrates on the strong-to-weak shift in Class III verbs, and investigates to what extent strong, mixed and weak past tense and participle forms vary in Middle English dialects, and whether the variation is more pronounced in the paradigms of specific verbs or sub-classes. Chapter 3 analyses the regional distribution of ablaut levelling in strong Class IV verbs throughout the Middle English period. The Class III and IV data for the Early Middle English period are drawn from A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, and the data for the Late Middle English period from a sub-corpus of files from The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English and The Middle English Grammar Corpus. Furthermore, The English Dialect Dictionary and Grammar are consulted as an additional reference point to find out to what extent the Middle English developments are reflected in Late Modern English dialects. Finally, referring to modern insights into language variation and change and linguistic interference, Chapter 4 discusses to what extent intra- and extra-linguistc factors, such as token and type frequency, stem structure and language contact, might correlate with the strong-to-weak shift and ablaut levelling in Class III and IV verbs in the Middle English period. The thesis is accompanied by six appendices that contain further information about my distinction of Middle English dialect areas (Appendix A), historical Class III and IV verbs (B and C) and the text samples and linguistic data from the Middle English text corpora (D, E and F).

The subjunctive mood in Late Middle English adverbial clauses: the interaction of form and function

This thesis focuses on the history of the inflexional subjunctive and its functional substitutes in Late Middle English. To explore why and how the inflexional subjunctive declined in the history of English language, I analysed 2653 examples of three adverbial clauses introduced by if (1882 examples), though (305 examples) and lest (466 examples). Using a corpus-based approach, this thesis argues that linguistic change in subjunctive constructions did not happen suddenly but rather gradually, and the way it changed was varied , and that different constructions changed at different speeds in different environments. It is well known that the inflexional subjunctive declined in the history of English, mainly because of inflexional loss. Strangely however this topic has been comparatively neglected in the scholarly literature, especially with regard to the Middle English period, probably due to the limitations of data and also because study of this development requires very cumbersome textual research. This thesis has derived and analysed the data from three large corpora in the public domain: the Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C for short), the Innsbruck Computer Archive of Machine-Readable English Texts (ICAMET for short), and some selected texts from The Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, part of the Middle English Compendium that also includes the Middle English Dictionary. The data were analysed from three perspectives: 1) clausal type, 2) dialect, and 3) textual genre. The basic methodology for the research was to analyse the examples one by one, with special attention being paid to the peculiarities of each text. In addition, this thesis draw on some complementary – indeed overlapping -- linguistic theories for further discussion: 1) Biber’s multi-dimensional theory, 2) Ogura and Wang’s (1994) S-curve or ‘diffusion’ theory, 3) Kretzchmar’s (2009) linguistics of speech, and 4) Halliday’s (1987) notion of language as a dynamic open system. To summarise the outcomes of this thesis: 1) On variation between clausal types, it was shown that the distributional tendencies of verb types (sub, ind, mod) are different between the three adverbial clauses under consideration. 2) On variation between dialects, it has been shown that the northern area, i.e. the so-called Great Scandinavian Belt, displays an especially high comparative ratio of the inflexional subjunctive construction compared to the other areas. This thesis suggests that this result was caused by the influence of Norse, relating the finding to the argument of Samuels (1989) that the present tense -es ending in the northern dialect was introduced by the influence of the Scandinavians. 3) On variation between genres, those labelled Science, Documents and Religion display relatively high ratio of the inflexional subjunctive, while Letter, Romance and History show relatively low ratio of the inflexional subjunctive. This results are explained by Biber’s multi-dimensional theory, which shows that the inflexional subjunctive can be related to the factors ‘informational’, ‘non-narrative’, ‘persuasive’ and ‘abstract’. 4) Lastly, on the inflexional subjunctive in Late Middle English, this thesis concludes that 1) the change did not happen suddenly but gradually, and 2) the way language changes varies. Thus the inflexional subjunctive did not disappear suddenly from England, and there was a time lag among the clausal types, dialects and genres, which can be related to Ogura and Wang’s S-curve (“diffusion”) theory and Kretzchmars’s view of “linguistic continuum”. This thesis has shown that the issues with regard to the inflexional subjunctive are quite complex, so that research in this area requires not only textual analysis but also theoretical analysis, considering both intra- and extra- linguistic factors.

O falar de Marvão

Nesta dissertação, é estudado o Falar de Marvão, um concelho de raia, do Alto Alentejo, com baixa densidade demográfica, população muito envelhecida e uma taxa de analfabetismo acima da média nacional e regional. O presente estudo é composto por cinco capítulos. Nos dois primeiros, são apresentados os estudos dialectológicos realizados no distrito de Portalegre e é caracterizado o concelho de Marvão. O estudo do falar desenrola-se ao longo dos três capítulos principais, dedicados aos aspectos fonético-fonológicos e morfo-sintácticos, bem como ao léxico relacionado com o Homem. O Falar de Marvão está integrado nos dialectos portugueses centro-meridionais, mais especificamente na variedade da Beira Baixa e Alto Alentejo. Assim, apresenta a maior parte das características identificadas pelos linguistas do século XX sobre esta região dialectal, demarcando-se, contudo, por algumas particularidades que o distinguem dos falares dos concelhos circundantes, essencialmente ao nível de alguns aspectos fonético-fonológicos e do léxico. /ABSTRACT: ln this dissertation is presented a study on The Marvão 's Dialect, a bordering district from Alto Alentejo, with a low demographic density, very old population and a rate of illiteracy above the national and regional average. This study is composed by five chapters. ln the two first chapters, are presented the dialectological studies, which took place in the district of Portalegre, and there is also characterized the district of Marvão. The study of the dialect is developed along the three main chapters, which are dedicated to the phonetic, phonologic, morphologic and syntactic aspects, as well as the lexicon related to the human being. The Marvão 's dialect is integrated in the centre-meridional portuguese dialects, specifically in the Beira Baixa and Alto Alentejo’s diversity, presenting the main characteristics identified in this dialectical region by the linguists of the XX century. However, it distinguishes itself by some particularities, which differentiate it from the dialects spoken in the surrounding districts, mainly on the level of some phonetic and phonologic aspects and the lexicon.