327 resultados para Aussie Optimism
Resumo:
Os principais objetivos do presente estudo são analisar a prevalência da sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) em estudantes do Ensino Superior (ES), bem como os seus níveis de otimismo. Participaram no presente estudo 162 estudantes universitários de várias faculdades de ES privado, de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 17 e os 46 anos (M=20,49; DP=5,153) e que frequentavam diferentes cursos (Psicologia, Ciências da Comunicação, Análises Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas e Fisioterapia). O protocolo de recolha de dados foi constituído por um questionário sociodemográfico, dois itens do Questionário do Estado de Saúde (SF-36), a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e a Escala de Orientação para a Vida (LOT-R). A ESE apresentou um valor de alfa de Cronbach de α=0,68 e o LOT-R um valor de alfa de Cronbach de α=0,84. Os principais resultados descritivos mostram uma pontuação média na ESE de 8,98 (DP=3,85), que corresponde a uma prevalência de 32,1% (n=52) de SDE. A pontuação média obtida com a LOT-R foi de 14,3 (DP=4,77), que corresponde a 65,4% (n=106) de estudantes otimistas. Foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre a idade e a SDE, mas não entre a SDE e as variáveis de perceção de saúde. Os resultados diferenciais não apresentaram significância estatística na SDE, quando o sexo, o curso e a situação de residência foram tidos em consideração. A idade foi assumida, nas análises de regressão linear, como variável preditora explicativa de 3% da variância dos resultados da ESE. Relativamente ao otimismo, este mostrou-se correlacionado com a perceção do estado de saúde no momento, mas não com a SDE, idade e transição de saúde. Não foi encontrada significância estatística no otimismo quando o sexo, o curso e a situação de residência foram considerados. As análises de regressão linear identificaram como modelo preditor explicativo de cerca de 12% da variação total do LOT-R o modelo que integra a idade e a perceção do estado de saúde no momento. Estudos posteriores devem ser realizados para se aferir a prevalência de SDE e caraterizar o otimismo em estudantes universitários, bem como a relação entre ambos e com outras variáveis relevantes, de foma a apoiar, adequadamente a intervenção.
Resumo:
The concept of equal opportunity for all students is deeply embedded in the Serbian constitution and in education laws. On that level, there is no doubt that everyone is ensured an opportunity to receive quality education. Many measures in education policy have been created specifically to achieve this objective and make the system fair and inclusive. The Coleman Report was linked to a wave of optimism that certain educational measures would help in achieving these noble goals. This aim is a high priority in education in a democratic country, and due to its importance needs to be re-examined. Thus, the present research examines the equity of students in the Serbian education system, detecting areas on all educational levels that could be (or already are) systemic sources of inequity (e.g., criteria for preschool institution enrolment, the system of student awards, rationalisation of the school network, the concept of entrance exams to secondary school or university, etc.). A number of measures have already been taken in the system specifically to deal with inequity (e.g., the Preschool Preparatory Programme, dropout measures, inclusion, scholarships, etc.). The effects of these measures in particular are analysed in the present work. In addition to an analysis of the systemic sources of inequity in the Serbian education system, the article also makes recommendations for their overcoming. (DIPF/Orig.)
Resumo:
En este artículo de reflexión, se analiza el diseño actual de las políticas ambientales en Colombia, las cuales se han centrado principalmente en el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales como fuentes de materiales y energía para generar crecimiento económico. En este sentido, es evidente que la preocupación colectiva por el manejo de la oferta ambiental, como base para el desarrollo sostenible establecido en la Constitución, no ha logrado implementarse de forma efectiva, principalmente por el enfoque reactivo y coercitivo de las políticas y normativas vigentes, aunadas a un escaso fomento para la transformación del estilo de vida consumista nacional, situación que ha generado un efecto rebote incrementando los niveles de uso y consumo de los recursos naturales (especialmente de los denominados no renovables) y limitado la eficiencia energética; por ejemplo, esto puede observarse en el sector minero-energético nacional. Considerando que existe una preocupación global por la sostenibilidad, es necesario que el diseño de las políticas ambientales nacionales se aleje del optimismo económico y tecnológico del modelo económico vigente e incorpore, de forma cierta en sus políticas, estrategias que permitan equilibrar las relaciones de oferta y demanda de los servicios ambientales que sustentan el desarrollo nacional, alentando, al tiempo, el consumo responsable de la población colombiana, además de atender las iniciativas comunitarias de regulación e inclusión social en el manejo de los bienes y servicios ambientales para generar procesos de sostenibilidad fuerte.
Resumo:
When we study optimism in children, we note the temporary emergence of a bias that leads them to make optimistic predictions. In this study we intend to learn more about changes that can be observed in the optimistic bias of 6- to 12-year old schoolchildren when they predict future events, and in the way they justify those predictions. A total of 77 pupils participated in this study; we evaluated each one of them individually with a Piagetian interview, asking them to formulate predictions about a series of hypothetical situations. After analyzing whether a child's prediction implied that the situation would maintain itself or would change for better or for worse, we classified the justifications they provided for their predictions. Results show that these subjects regarded positive change as more likely in the case of psychological or hybrid events than for purely biological ones, and that younger children tended to display a greater bias in favor of the likelihood of positive change. These younger children justified their predictions stating that nature or the passing of time could be responsible for the changes, without needing further intervention on the part of other agents. Older children, on the other hand, tended to provide similar kinds of explanations to justify their expectation of stasis.
Resumo:
Wheat occupies a principal place in the diet of humans globally, contributing more to our daily calorie and protein intake than any other crop. For this reason, preventing weed induced yield losses in wheat has high significance for world food sustainability. Herbicides and tillage play an important role in weed control, but their use has often unacceptable consequences for humans and the wider environment. Additionally, the range of herbicides effective on key weeds is dwindling due to the evolution of herbicide resistance. Elevating crop competitiveness against weeds, through a combination of wheat breeding and innovative planting design (planting density, row spacing and orientation), has strong potential to reduce weed-induced yield losses in wheat. The last decade of research has provided a solid foundation for the breeding of weed suppressive wheat cultivars, and continued research in this area should be a focus for the future. In the interim, there is cause for optimism that weeds can be effectively suppressed using existing wheat varieties, through careful cultivar selection and choice of planting design. Further research is required to define the nature of relationships between cultivar traits and competitive planting strategies, across diverse weed flora in multiple countries, sites and seasons. Investment in such innovation promises to produce benefits, not only in terms of sustained wheat yields, but also in terms of human and ecosystem health, through ameliorating chemical and sediment contamination, soil degradation, and CO2 pollution.
Resumo:
Locus of control (LOC) has a long tradition in Psychology, and various instruments have been designed for its measurement. However, the dimensionality of the construct is unclear, and still gives rise to considerable controversy. The aim of the present work is to present new evidence of validity in relation to the dimensionality of LOC. To this end, we developed a new measurement instrument with 23 items. The sample was made up of 697 Spanish participants, of whom 57.5% were women (M=22.43; SD= 9.19). The results support the bi-dimensionality of LOC: internal (α=.87) and external (α=.85). Furthermore, both subscales have shown adequate validity evidence in relation to self-efficacy, achievement motivation and optimism (r xy> .21). Statistically significant differences were found by sex (p < .05): men scored higher in external LOC and women in internal LOC. The validity evidence supports a two-dimensional structure for the LOC, and the measurement instrument developed showed adequate psychometric properties.
Resumo:
O Capital psicológico positivo (CPP) são capacidades psicológicas que definem um estado de desenvolvimento psicológico positivo em que a pessoa se caracteriza por: a) apresentar uma elevada confiança para despender o esforço necessário para ser bem sucedida em tarefas desafiantes; b) fazer atribuições positivas acerca dos acontecimentos que vão suceder no presente e no futuro; c) manifestar perseverança em relação aos objectivos definidos, e, quando necessário mostrar-se capaz de redireccionar os meios para atingir os fins; d) revelar capacidade para recuperar de adversidades. As capacidades psicológicas positivas que melhor definem os critérios anteriormente definidos são: auto-confiança, optimismo, esperança e resiliência. Neste estudo foram recolhidos dados do nível Psycap de 100 vendedores e avaliações de CCO em cinco facetas (harmonia interpessoal, espírito de iniciativa, conscienciosidade, identificação com a organização e orientação para os clientes) e o Output individual numa dada tarefa, tendo-se obtido 100 díades. Explorou-se neste estudo a relação existente entre o PsyCap e dois tipos de desempenho (intra e extra papel) e a relação entre o desempenho contextual e de tarefa. Os resultados indicam que o PsyCap se relaciona com os dois tipos de desempenho, bem como a existência de uma relação entre desempenho contextual e tarefa. Considerações e implicações dos resultados são discutidas ao longo do trabalho.
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Resumo:
How can we understand the gender logic underpinning the welfare states/systems of East Asia? Does the comparative literature, which has largely been concerned with western Welfare states, whether in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Esping-Andersen 1990), or in gender-based analysis of the male breadwinner model (Lewis 1992, 2001, 2006), have anything to offer in understanding the gender assumptions underpinning East Asian welfare states? Are the welfare systems of East Asian countries distinctive, with Confucian assumptions hidden beneath the surface commitment to gender equality? We will use the (mainly western) comparative literature, but argue that Confucian influences remain important, with strong assumptions of family, market and voluntary sector responsibility rather than state responsibility, strong expectations of women’s obligations, without compensating rights, a hierarchy of gender and age, and a highly distinctive, vertical family structure, in which women are subject to parents-in-law. In rapidly changing economies, these social characteristics are changing too. But they still put powerful pressures on women to conform to expectations about care, while weakening their rights to security and support. Nowhere do welfare states’ promises bring gender equality in practice. Even in Scandinavian countries women earn less, care more, and have less power than men. We shall compare East Asian countries (Japan, Korea, Taiwan where possible) with some Western ones, to argue that some major comparative data (e.g. OECD) show the extreme situation of women in these countries. Some fine new qualitative studies give us a close insight into the experience of mothers, including lone and married mothers, which help us to understand how far the gender assumptions of welfare states are from Scandinavia’s dual earner model. There are signs of change in society as well as in economy, and room for optimism that women’s involvement in social movements and academic enquiry may be challenging Confucian gender hierarchies.
Resumo:
The present study aims to investigate the constructs of Technological Readiness Index (TRI) and the Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) as determinants of satisfaction and continuance intention use in e-learning services. Is proposed a theoretical model that seeks to measure the phenomenon suited to the needs of public organizations that offer distance learning course with the use of virtual platforms for employees. The research was conducted from a quantitative analytical approach, via online survey in a sample of 343 employees of 2 public organizations in RN who have had e-learning experience. The strategy of data analysis used multivariate analysis techniques, including structural equation modeling (SEM), operationalized by AMOS© software. The results showed that quality, quality disconfirmation, value and value disconfirmation positively impact on satisfaction, as well as disconfirmation usability, innovativeness and optimism. Likewise, satisfaction proved to be decisive for the purpose of continuance intention use. In addition, technological readiness and performance are strongly related. Based on the structural model found by the study, public organizations can implement e-learning services for employees focusing on improving learning and improving skills practiced in the organizational environment
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015
Resumo:
O trabalho apresentado nesta tese, tem como objetivo responder à questão de perceber se existe relação entre o capital psicológico positivo e a procura de emprego. Realizamos um estudo longitudinal que decorreu ao longo de cinco meses para encontrarmos possíveis respostas à questão levantada, em que aplicamos um questionário onde analisámos as diversas características psicológicas positivas que compõem o Capital Psicológico Positivo (auto-eficácia; otimismo; esperança e resiliência), o questionário foi aplicado a 82 indivíduos à procura de emprego, dos quais 20 foram admitidos. O que o nosso estudo concluiu foi que a auto-eficácia mediada pelo fator resiliência tem uma importância vital no processo de seleção, ou seja, os candidatos com maior perceção de auto-eficácia foram aqueles que foram admitidos. Estes resultados mostram que as organizações valorizam candidatos confiantes em si e nas suas capacidades, naquilo que sabem fazer. No final do estudo apresentamos algumas investigações futuras sobre este tema. ABSTRACT: The work reported in this thesis addresses the research question of how positive psychological capital related with job search. We developed a longitudinal study for five months to find possible answers to this question, we use a questionnaire in which we analyze the positive psychological components of positive psychological capital (selfefficacy, optimism, hope and resilience), this questionnaire was applied to 82 persons looking for a job, of this 20 were admitted. Our work shows that self-efficacy mediated by resilience has a vital importance in the selection process, this fact point that the candidates with a better perceived self-efficacy were the chosen. This results also points for the fact the organizations prefer candidates confidantes on themselves and on their capabilities, in what they know to do. At the end we present future investigations about this theme.
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
Resumo:
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-Institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2016.