859 resultados para pharmaceuticals in wastewater


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Flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection was employed for the quantification of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in pharmaceutical formulations, utilizing an ordinary pyrolytic graphite (OPG) electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). Cyclic voltammetry was used in preliminary studies to establish the best conditions for NAC analysis. In FIA-amperometric experiments the OPG-CoPc electrode exhibited sharp and reproducible current peaks over a wide linear working range (5.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-3) mol L(-1)) in 0.1 mol L(-1) NaOH solution. High sensitivity (130 mA mol(-1) cm(2)) and a low detection limit (9.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1)) were achieved using the sensor. The repeatability (R.S.D.%) for 13 successive flow injections of a solution containing 5.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) NAC was 1.1%. The new procedure was applied in analyses of commercial pharmaceutical products and the results were in excellent agreement with those obtained using the official titrimetric method. The proposed amperometric method is highly suitable for quality control analyses of NAC in pharmaceuticals since it is rapid, precise and requires much less work than the recommended titrimetric method. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Pooled procurement has an important role in reducing acquisition prices of goods. A pool of buyers, which aggregates demand for its members, increases bargaining power and allows suppliers to achieve economies of scale and scope in the production. Such aggregation demand e ect lowers prices paid for buyers. However, when a buyer with a good reputation for paying suppliers in a timely manner is joined in the pool by a buyer with bad reputation may have its price paid increased due to the credit risk e ect on prices. This will happen because prices paid in a pooled procurement should refect the (higher) average buyers' credit risk. Using a data set on Brazilian public purchases of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, we nd evidence supporting both e ects. We show that the prices paid by public bodies in Brazil are lower when they buy through pooled procurement than individually. On the other hand, federal agencies (i.e. good buyers) pay higher prices for products when they are joined by state agencies (i.e. bad buyers) in a pool. Such evidence suggests that pooled procurement should be carefully designed to avoid that prices paid increase for its members.

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Os preços altos de produtos farmacêuticos patenteados sempre têm sido uma polêmica na América Latina. Considerando as disparidades económicas na região e a falta histórica do desenvolvimento, muitas vezes os preços altos servem como barreiras contra o acesso aos medicamentos essenciais. Por um lado, as companhias farmacêuticas dizem que os preços elevados são necessários para financiar os processos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e para gerar um retorno do investimento lucrativo. Por outro lado, os consumidores, tanto privados como públicos, dizem que os preços altos têm resultado em uma falta histórica de medicamentos baratos. Neste debate, ambos lados têm realizado uma série de manobras e contramanobras que têm exposto algumas das vulnerabilidades do setor. Utilizando vários métodos de análise e entrevistas com profissionais no setor, este projeto analisa as vulnerabilidades do setor para determinar o risco, ao mesmo tempo tentando a responder à pergunta: Quais são as ameaças principais na segurança da indústria farmacêutica na América Latina? Justificação deste projeto é o aumento dos crimes relacionados aos produtos farmacêuticos na última década, que têm exposto os pacientes a um número de riscos mais alto. Uma compreensão das ameaças principais é necessária para melhor mitigar o risco, garantir a integridade de produtos e preservar a saúde pública.

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Rubrivivax gelatinosus was grown in Pfennig's synthetic medium (PM) and in treated wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse (TW) to assess growth profiles for biomass production. Cultures inoculated at 1% (v/v) were grown under anaerobiosis at 30 +/- 2 degrees C and 1400 200 lux for 12 days. Regular absorbance curves for R. gelatinosus were found both on PM and TW. on PM, the highest dry weight of biomass, 0.39 g L-1. was achieved in the 216-h culture and the highest specific growth rate of 0.2960 h(-1) occurred in the 24-h culture. on TW, the highest biomass of 0.57 g L-1 was also obtained in the 216-h culture and the highest specific growth rate, 0.1970 h(-1), was achieved in the 48-h culture. For productivity and chemical oxygen demand investigations, the cultivation was accomplished in the TW under anaerobiosis at 32 +/- 2 degrees C and 4000 +/- 500 lux, for 10 days. Productivity was 0.085 g biomass (d.w.) L-1 day(-1), with a COD decrease of 91%. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 foi cultivado fotoautotroficamente em águas residuais de abatedouro de aves dentro de colunas de vidro (90x670 mm) durante sete dias a 31 ± 4ºC, sob anaerobiose e intensidade luminosa fornecida pela luz do dia e por três lâmpadas incandescentes (100W) mais quatro lâmpadas fluorescentes (40W). O cultivo obtido foi centrifugado (4.500xg/20 min) e liofilizado, originando a biomassa bacteriana, que continha 7,1% de umidade. A determinação da composição centesimal indicou (base seca) 67,6% de proteína bruta, 27,6% de carboidratos totais, 0,6% de lipídeos e 4,2% de cinzas. A composição em aminoácidos da fração protéica da biomassa mostrou-se semelhante à relatada na literatura para Rhodocyclus gelatinosus e para outras bactérias fotossintetizantes. A redução na DQO do efluente após o cultivo e a retirada da biomassa foi da ordem de 90%. A valiosa composição química da biomassa de Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 e o alto conteúdo em aminoácidos essenciais indicam o uso potencial desse produto na suplementação de ração para aves.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The characteristics, performance, and application of a novel and simple electrode, namely Pt vertical bar Hg vertical bar Hg-2(MF)(2)vertical bar Graphite, where MF stands for mefenamate ion, are described. This electrode responds to MF with sensitivity of (58.9 +/- 0.7) mV decade(-1) over the range 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-2) mol L-1 at pH 6.0-9.0 and a detection limit of 6.2 x 10(-7) mol L-1. The electrode is easily constructed at a relatively low cost with fast response time (within 10-25 s) and can be used for a period of 4 months without significant change in its performance characteristics. The proposed sensor displayed good selectivity for mefenamate in the presence of several substances, especially concerning carboxylate and inorganic anions. The potentiometric sensor was successfully applied to the determination of mefenamic acid in pharmaceuticals and human serum samples. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The characteristics, performance, and application of an electrode, namely, Pt|Hg|Hg 2(NAP) 2| Graphite, where NAP stands for naproxenate ion, are described. This electrode responds to NAP with sensivity of (58.1± 0.9) mV decade -1 over the range 5.0 × 10 -5 - 1.0 × 10 -2 mol L -1 at pH 6.0-9.0 and a detection limit of 3.9 × 10 -5 mol L -1. The electrode is easily constructed at a relatively low cost with fast response time (within 10-35 s) and can be used for a period of 6 months without any considerable divergence in potentials. The proposed sensor displayed good selectivity for naproxen in the presence of several substances, especially concerning carboxylate and inorganic anions. It was used for the direct assay of naproxen in commercial tablets by means of the standard additions method. The analytical results obtained by using this electrode are in good agreement with those given by the United States Pharmacopeia procedure. ©2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.

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In this work, the efficiency of two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors was evaluated in bench scale, for treating a liquid effluent from coffee pulping. Hydraulic detention times (HDT) were 4.0; 5.2 and 6.2 days, resulting in organic loading rates (OLR) of 5.8; 3.6 and 3.0g total COD per (L-d) in the first reactor (Rl) and HDT of 2.0; 2.6 and 3.1 days with OLR of 5.8; 0.5 and 0.4 g total COD per (L-d) in the second reactor (R2). The medium values of total COD affluent varied from 15.440 to 23.040 mg O 2/L, and in the effluent to the reactors 1 and 2 were from l.lOO to 11.500 mg 0 2/L and 420 to 9.000 mg O 2/L, respectively. The medium values of removal efficiencies of total COD and TSS varied from 66 to 98% and 93 to 97%, respectively, in the system of treatment with the UASB reactors, in two stages. The content of methane in the biogas varied from 69 to 89% in the Rl and from 52 to 73% in the R2. The maximum volumetric methane production of 0.483 m 3 CH 4per (m 3 reactor d) was obtained with OLR of 3.6 g total COD per (L reactor d) and HDT of 6.2 days in the Rl. The volatile fatty acids concentration was kept below 100mg/L with HDT of 5.2 and 6.2 days in the Rl and HDT of 2.6 and 3.1 days in the R2.

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Different solid composites made by mechanical dispersions of graphite particles into heated paraffin (from 65 to 80% graphite, in mass) were prepared and assessed in order to optimize their use in electrochemical and electroanalytical procedures for bioanalysis. Besides these, composites were also evaluated by thermoanalytical techniques aiming to study their conservation and long-term stability (over eight months without special care), among others. Best results were found at 80% m/m graphite in paraffin. Such electrode combines low-cost, stability, sensitivity, ease of maintenance and clearance, besides the possibilities of manufacture in many different forms and shapes (with or without modifications) and applicability in a wide range of pH. Electrochemical studies by different voltammetric techniques involving vitamins from complex B (riboflavin and pyridoxine) leaded to a better understanding about their electrooxidative processes onto carbon-composite electrodes, specially regarding reversibility and pH-dependence. Data were also acquired and optimized with analytical purposes, being square-wave voltammetry in pH 4.2 chosen by its many advantages. Good linearity between peak responses as function of concentration were reached from 5 to 43 μmol L-1 for riboflavin (peak at -0.257 V) and up to 8.5 × 10-4 mol L -1 for pyridoxine (peak at +1.04 V), best studied conditions; limits of detection (at an S/N of 3) for both analites showed to be circa 1.0 mol L-1. Different commercial samples were analyzed for riboflavin (EMS® complex B syrup) and pyridoxine (Citoneurin 5000 Merck® ampoules) providing 96.6% and 98.7% recoveries, respectively.

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An Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) was carried out in this study with the use of immobilized ZnO and solar/UV as an energy source to degrade dairy wastewater. The semibatch reactor system consisted of metal plate of 800 × 250 mm and a glass tank. The reaction time was of 3 h for 3 L of dairy wastewater. Experiments were performed based on a surface response methodology in order to optimize the photocatalytic process. Degradation was measured in percentage terms by total organic carbon (TOC). The entry variables were ZnO coating thickness and pH, using three levels of each variable. The optimized results showed a TOC degradation of 31.7%. Optimal parameters were metal-plate coating of 100 m of ZnO and pH of 8.0. Since solar/UV is a constant and free energy source in most tropical countries, this process tends to suggest an interesting contribution in dairy wastewater treatment, especially as a pretreatment and the optimal conditions to guarantee a better efficiency of the process. © 2013 Gisella R. Lamas Samanamud et al.