946 resultados para Woman social and economic conditions
Resumo:
A research about the quality of life of the older persons of a municipality starting from the analysis of the perceptions, evaluations and expectations related to concrete spheres of their lives (familiar characteristics, housing, health, nearby environment, activities, needs and dependencies and persons helping them to satisfy needs) is presented. Answers to 1988 questionnaires obtained from two representative samples of older per - sons living in private homes in the city have been analysed: persons over 65 years old and a specific one composed by a sub-sample of the general one, with persons over 75 years living alone. Data shaping contextual indicators related to housing have been analysed. The auto - nomy to drive and the evaluation of ons health seem to be positive indicators to take in account while sutying quality of life at these ages. Sentinel indicators of the physical and relational conditions in the family and indicators of dependency are analysed as well. The evaluations of the older persons about their own life conditions are also analysed through psychosocial indicators connected to housing, nearby environmenent, their activities andincomes. The results obtained are applicable in order to improve the decision making process in social intervention programmes developed in the field of ageing aiming to take into account their perspectives
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The aim of this thesis was to study the health, the hospitalisations, and the use of communal health care services in very preterm children during the first five years of life. In addition, the effect of very preterm birth and prematurity-related morbidities on the costs of hospitalisations, other health care services and the cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY) were studied. This population-based study included all very preterm children (gestational age (GA) <32 weeks or birth weight<1501g, N=2 064) and full-term controls (GA 37+041+6, N=200 609) born in Finland during 2000-2003. The data sources included national register data, costing data from the participating hospitals and parental questionnaires. This study showed that most very preterm infants born in Finland survived without prematurity-related morbidities diagnosed during the first years of life. They required relatively little hospital care after the initial discharge, which accounted for the vast majority of the total four-year hospitalisation costs. However, a minority of children born very preterm later developing morbidities had a long initial length of stay and more re-admissions and outpatient visits during the five-year follow-up period. In particular, the number and costs of non-emergency outpatient visits were considerable in individuals with prematurity-related morbidities. The need and costs of hospitalisations decreased clearly with each follow-up year, even in individuals with morbidities. The health-care related costs during the fifth year of life in children born very preterm without prematurity-related morbidities were close to the costs in infants born healthy at term. The cost per QALY of 19,245 was at an acceptable level already by four years of age in the very preterm population as a whole. Prematurity-related later morbidities and decreasing GA increased the costs per QALY. As the initial hospital stay accounted for a great majority of the total four-year costs, and the costs of hospitalisation decreased with each follow-up year, the cost per QALY is likely to decrease with age. In conclusion, the majority of costs arising after the initial hospitalisation were associated with morbidities related to prematurity. Therefore offering high-quality neonatal care to prevent later morbidities in very preterm survivors has a long-term impact on the cost per QALY. In addition, this study indicates that when estimating the costs of prematurity after the first year of life, one should calculate not only the hospitalisation costs, but also other costs for social welfare services, primary care, and therapies, as these exceed the hospitalisation costs in very preterm infants during the fifth year of life.
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The focus of this dissertation is the motivational influences on transfer in higher education and professional training contexts. To estimate these motivational influences, the dissertation includes seven individual studies that are structured in two parts. Part I, Dimensions, aims at identifying the dimensionality of motivation to transfer and its structural relations with training-related antecedents and outcomes. Part II, Boundary Conditions, aims at testing the predictive validity of motivation theories used in contemporary training research under different study conditions. Data in this dissertation was gathered from multi-item questionnaires, which were analyzed differently in Part I and Part II. Studies in Part I employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, partial least squares (PLS) path modeling, and mediation analysis. Studies in Part II used artifact distribution meta-analysis, (nested) subgroup analysis, and weighted least squares (WLS) multiple regression. Results demonstrate that motivation to transfer can be conceptualized as a three-dimensional construct, including autonomous motivation to transfer, controlled motivation to transfer, and intention to transfer, given a theoretical framework informed by expectancy theory, self-determination theory, and the theory of planned behavior. Results also demonstrate that a range of boundary conditions moderates motivational influences on transfer. To test the predictive validity of expectancy theory, social cognitive theory, and the theory of goal orientations under different study settings, a total of 17 boundary conditions were meta-analyzed, including age; assessment criterion; assessment source; attendance policy; collaboration among trainees; computer support; instruction; instrument used to measure motivation; level of education; publication type; social training context; SS/SMC bias; study setting; survey modality; type of knowledge being trained; use of a control group; and work context. Together, the findings cumulated in this thesis support the basic premise that motivation is centrally important for transfer, but that motivational influences need to be understood from a more differentiated perspective than commonly found in the literature, in order to account for several dimensions and boundary conditions. The results of this dissertation across the seven individual studies are reflected in terms of their implications for theory development and their significance for training evaluation and the design of training environments. Limitations and directions to take in future research are discussed.
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This thesis attempts to fill gaps in both a theoretical basis and an operational and strategic understanding in the areas of social ventures, social entrepreneurship and nonprofit business models. This study also attempts to bridge the gap in strategic and economic theory between social and commercial ventures. More specifically, this thesis explores sustainable competitive advantage from a resource-based theory perspective and explores how it may be applied to the nonmarket situation of nonprofit organizations and social ventures. It is proposed that a social value-orientation of sustainable competitive advantage, called sustainable contributive advantage, provides a more realistic depiction of what is necessary in order for a social venture to perform better than its competitors over time. In addition to providing this realistic depiction, this research provides a substantial theoretical contribution in the area of economics, social ventures, and strategy research, specifically in regards to resource-based theory. The proposed model for sustainable contributive advantage uses resource-based theory and competitive advantage in order to be applicable to social ventures. This model proposes an explanation of a social ventures ability to demonstrate consistently superior performance. In order to determine whether sustainable competitive advantage is in fact, appropriate to apply to both social and economic environments, quantitative analyses are conducted on a large sample of nonprofit organizations in a single industry and then compared to similar quantitative analyses conducted on commercial ventures. In comparing the trends and strategies between the two types of entities from a quantitative perspective, propositions are developed regarding a social ventures resource utilization strategies and their possible impact on performance. Evidence is found to support the necessity of adjusting existing models in resource-based theory in order to apply them to social ventures. Additionally supported is the proposed theory of sustainable contributive advantage. The thesis concludes with recommendations for practitioners, researchers and policy makers as well as suggestions for future research paths.
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This thesis examines Death of a Ghost (1934), Flowers for the Judge (1935), Dancers in Mourning (1937), and The Fashion in Shrouds (1938), a group of detective novels by Margery Allingham that are differentiated from her other work by their generic hybridity. The thesis argues that the hybrid nature of this group of Campion novels enabled a highly skilled and insightful writer such as Allingham to negotiate the contradictory notions about the place of women that characterized the 1930s, and that in dOing so, she revealed the potential of one of the most popular and accessible genres, the detective novel of manners, to engage its readers in a serious cultural dialogue. The thesis also suggests that there is a connection between Allingham's exploration of modernity and femininity within these four novels and her personal circumstances. This argument is predicated upon the assumption that during the interwar period in England several social and cultural attitudes converged to challenge long-held beliefs about gender roles and class structure; that the real impact of this convergence was felt during the 1930s by the generation that had come of age in the previous decade-Margery Allingham's generation; and that that generation's ambivalence and confusion were reflected in the popular fiction of the decade. These attitudes were those of twentieth-century modernity--contradiction, discontinuity, fragmentation, contingency-and in the context of this study they are incorporated in a literary hybrid. Allingham uses this combination of the classical detective story and the novel of manners to examine the notion of femininity by juxtaposing the narrative of a longstanding patriarchal and hierarchical culture, embodied in the image of the Angel in the House, with that of the relatively recent rights and freedoms represented by the New Woman of the late nineteenth-century. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social difference forms the theoretical foundation of the thesis's argument that through these conflicting narratives, as well as through the lives of her female characters, Allingham questioned the Hsocial myth" of the time, a prevailing view that, since the First World War, attitudes toward the appropriate role and sphere of women had changed.
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Taenia soliurn taeniasis and cysticercosis are recognized as a major public health problem in Latin America. T. soliurn transmission not only affects the health of the individual, but also social and economic development, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. To determine prevalence rates, population knowledge and risk factors associated with transmission, an epidemiological study was undertaken in the rural community of Jalaca. Two standardized questionnaires were used to collect epidemiological and T. soli urn general knowledge data. Kato-Katz technique and an immunoblot assay (EITB) were used to determine taeniasis and seroprevalence, respectively. In total, 139 individuals belonging to 56 households participated in the study. Household characteristics were consistent with conditions of poverty of rural Honduras: 21.4% had no toilet or latrines, 19.6% had earthen floor, and 51.8% lacked indoor tap water. Pigs were raised in 46.4% of households, of which 70% allowed their pigs roaming freely. A human seroprevalence rate of 18.7% and a taeniasis prevalence rate of 2.4% were found. Only four persons answered correctly 2: 6 out of ten T. soliurn knowledge questions, for an average passing score of 2.9%. In general, a serious gap exists in knowledge regarding how humans acquire the infections, especially neurocysticercosis was identified. After regression analysis, the ability to recognize adult tapeworms and awareness of the clinical importance of taeniasis, were found to be significant risk factors for T. soliurn seropositivity. These results demonstrate a high level of transmission and a low level of kn~,wledge about Taenia soliurn in Jalaca. Consequently, intervention measures integrated with health education are necessary to decrease the burden caused by this parasite.
Resumo:
L'introduction de nouvelles biotechnologies dans tout systme de soins de sant est un processus complexe qui est troitement li aux facteurs conomiques, politiques et culturels, et, par consquent, demande de remettre en cause plusieurs questions sociales et thiques. Dans la situation particulire de lArgentine - cest--dire: de grandes ingalits sociales entre les citoyens, la raret des ressources sanitaires, laccs limit aux services de base, labsence de politiques spcifiques - l'introduction de technologies gntiques pose de srieux dfis qui doivent imprativement tre abords par les dcideurs politiques. Ce projet examine le cas des tests gntiques prnataux dans le contexte du systme de sant argentin pour illustrer comment leur introduction peut tre complexe dans une nation o laccs gale aux services de sant doit encore tre amlior. Il faut galement examiner les restrictions lgales et les prceptes religieux qui influencent l'utilisation des technologies gntiques, ce qui souligne la ncessite de dvelopper un cadre de rfrence intgral pour le processus d'valuation des technologies afin dappuyer llaboration de recommandations pour des politiques cohrentes et novatrices applicables au contexte particulier de lArgentine.
Resumo:
La presente contribution examine les fondements normatifs ainsi que les implications ethiques du droit a leau, tel quil fut reconnu en 2002 par le comite onusien des droits economiques, sociaux et culturels. Il sera defendu que le droit a leau potable peut etre justifie en tant que droit moral fondamental, de par son caractere indispensable en vue de la garantie des conditions basiques de survie. Cet etat de fait, cependant, savere moins evident au vue dun droit a leau dusage non-domestique. Ici, la discussion se rapproche des debats accompagnant le concept beaucoup plus complexe des droits sociaux et economiques. Par rapport a ce groupe de droits, la question de lallocation est des plus controversees: a qui incombe-t-il de garantir leur respect? Dans le but deviter cette problematique dallocation, le present essai soulevera la question de savoir, si la limitation de lacces a leau peut etre concue comme une violation dautres droits moraux: bien quil y ait des cas ou des entreprises transnationales deploient des activites nuisibles a legard des populations pauvres en polluant sciemment leurs ressources en eau ou en initiant et en executant des strategies de privatisation les privant de leurs droits, la crise globale de leau ne saura etre rattachee uniquement aux effets de la mondialisation. Plutot, lon reconnaitra la necessite defforts positifs et soutenus de la part des pays developpes en vue de la realisation dun approvisionnement suffisant en eau pour tous.
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Fragile States is a way of naming this particular category of states that have weak performance, insufficient service delivery, weak administrative and government power, and lack of legal rules. Little consideration is usually made to the fact that their own societies may also be fragile and easily jeopardised by inappropriate economic measures or external events. Poverty traps and social exclusion, unjust inequalities with lack of equity, feelings of insecurity and vulnerability, usually undermine the social fabric. Moreover, the people bear their own internal fragilities, which are based on the lack of capabilities and recognition, and interfere in the relationships between the groups that constitute the society. Therefore, dealing with the issue of fragility requires to consider various decision levels, from the personal one to the State level. Such an approach could allow fragile states to conceive preventive policies that would avoid the surge of a political crisis resulting from the combination of social conflict and individual failure.
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Comme dans la plupart des pays francophones dAfrique Subsaharienne, la question du vieillissement ou la situation des personnes ges ne sont pas encore dactualit au Niger, principalement cause de la jeunesse de sa population dune part et dun intrt plus port sur les enfants, les adolescents et les mres dautre part. Pourtant le Niger fait face une crise conomique sans prcdent qui peut avoir des consquences nfastes sur les conditions de vie des personnes ges. Dun ct, selon la coutume, la personne ge (gnralement grand parent) soccupe principalement des petits enfants (orphelins ou non) qui lui sont confis par leurs parents vivant dans la mme localit ou ailleurs, ou qui sont dcds. De lautre, labsence dun jeune adulte dans un mnage o vit au moins une personne ge est considre comme un phnomne social proccupant dans les pays forte prvalence de VIH/SIDA. Le Niger fait partie des pays o la proportion des personnes ges vivant avec des petits enfants en labsence de leurs parents adultes est la plus leve. Cependant, malgr une forte mortalit adulte, labsence de donnes fiables ne permet pas de le classer parmi les pays forte mortalit adulte due au VIH/SIDA. La raison de cette situation est donc chercher dans les diffrences individuelles et communautaires. Jusquau dbut des annes 1990, la plupart des tudes sur les personnes ges ralises en Afrique Subsaharienne taient bases sur les tudes qualitatives, tandis que les plus rcentes sont faites partir des donnes des recensements ou enqutes sociodmoraphiques et conomiques. Les conditions de vie des personnes ges et les consquences de la pauvret et du VIH/SIDA sur celles-ci sont les principaux thmes jusque-l couverts laide des donnes existantes. Mais, il manque encore de donnes longitudinales essentielles lanalyse de certains aspects du cycle de vie des personnes ges. Ltude ntant pas sociologique, cest laide de donnes dmographiques quantitatives, plus prcisment le recensement gnral de la population, que nous tenterons dexpliquer le phnomne sur une base exploratoire. Lanalyse au niveau individuel a t faite laide de la rgression logistique sous STATA, tandis quau niveau contextuel, nous avons utilis lanalyse multiniveau laide du logiciel HLM (version 6.0). Les rsultats indiquent que la vie en labsence dun jeune adulte et dans un mnage gnration coupe dpendent principalement du statut sociodmographique de la personne ge au Niger. Par exemple, il ressort que le mariage avantage lhomme g, tandis que le veuvage lisole plus que la femme ge. Au niveau contextuel, ce sont les facteurs socioconomiques qui influencent les conditions de vie des personnes ges. Ltude montre, en effet, que le degr durbanisation dune commune augmente le risque disolement dune personne ge qui y rside, alors que le niveau de pauvret le rduit. Toutefois, nos rsultats sont prendre avec prudence parce quen premier lieu il nexiste pas dtudes rfrences sur le sujet tant au Niger que dans la sous-rgion dAfrique francophone sahlienne. Ensuite, parce que le phnomne tudi pourrait tre mesur de plusieurs manires en fonction du contexte et des donnes disponibles, et que lanalyse approfondie des effets du statut matrimonial ncessiterait une plus grande connaissance du phnomne chez les personnes ges. Enfin, compte tenu de la faible prvalence du VIH/SIDA au Niger, les principaux facteurs explicatifs de la vie dans un mnage gnration coupe (aussi bien pour les personnes ges que pour les enfants) pourraient tre le confiage des enfants ou la mortalit adulte due aux autres causes telles que le paludisme, la tuberculose et les maladies infectieuses. Toutefois, labsence dinformations relatives ces aspects dans les donnes utilises na pas permis de les intgrer dans notre tude. Ainsi, compte tenu de la difficult dapprhender les contours du phnomne, les futurs programmes en faveur des personnes ges au Niger et en Afrique Subsaharienne francophone doivent se baser sur des tudes concrtes relatives aux dimensions sociale et conomique du phnomne. Mots cls : Niger - personnes ges - conditions de vie - mode de vie - cohabitation intergnrationnelle - tudes comparatives - absence dun jeune adulte - mnage gnration coupe - Afrique.
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The Palma Project is an experiment in the use of cultural identity as a social trigger to address ecological degradation. The research methodology draws from environmental, social and urban analyses to unveil the best strategy to address the ecological, river restoration and water treatment challenges in Berkeley, Californias Sister City in southeast Cuba, Palma Soriano. The objective is to provide a better quality of life and to create new opportunities for the local community to reconnect with natural cycles of water and the cultivation of their own land. The project aim is to promote the strength and capacity of local communities to protect their own environment based upon a master plan, which includes natural wastewater treatment, reforestation, urban agriculture and the facilitation and utilization of a public space bordering the major river which flows by Palma Soriano, the Cauto. This project will contribute and produce healthy water recycling for Palma, provide a potable water source for the city, encourage ecological restoration of the riparian zone of the Cauto, and provide new opportunities for food production. It is designed to preserve the cultural identity of the local community, and to restore the essential balance between the communitys need to sustain both itself and the natural environment.
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Esta investigacin toma como marco general la Poltica de Reintegracin Social y econmica de personas y grupos alzados en armas en Colombia, en donde tras el estudio de las trayectorias en el conflicto de un grupo de 9 excombatientes, se aborda la relacin existente entre los beneficios otorgados por dicha poltica y aquello que facilit y motiv el ingreso, la permanencia y desmovilizacin de los grupos armados. Se presenta una caracterizacin e interpretacin conceptual de las denominadas trayectorias en el conflicto, son establecidas relaciones y diferencias entre las organizaciones ilegales FARC y las AUC, se revisan las percepciones que frente a los beneficios del programa de reintegracin tienen excombatientes y profesionales de la entidad que lidera dicho proceso y a partir de ello, es argumentada la incidencia que sobre el xito de esta poltica tienen las caractersticas individuales y particulares, tanto de los excombatientes como de las organizaciones armadas ilegales.
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This paper explores the extent to which the illusive phenomenon of workplace innovation has pervaded workplaces in Europe and whether it could be one of the answers to Europes longterm social and economic challenges that stem from an ageing workforce and the need for more flexibility to stay competitive. Basic data drawn from European Working Conditions Survey conducted every five years by the Dublin-based European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions are supplemented by a series of case studies to look at the problems encountered in introducing workplace innovation and possible solutions. One set of case studies examines the following organisations: SGI/GI (Slovak Governance Institute (Slovakia), as representative of the world of small- and medium-sized enterprises; Oticon (Denmark) as representative of manufacturing companies; the Open University (UK), as representative of educational organizations; and FPS Social Security (Belgium) representing the public sector. Two final case studies focus on the country-level, one looking at of how a specific innovation can become fully mainstreamed (in the Netherlands and the part-time economy) and the other (Finland and TEKES) looking at how a government programme can help disseminate workplace innovation. These six case studies, together with the statistical analysis, constitute the main empirical value added of the report.
Resumo:
Attempts to reduce the energy consumed in UK homes have met with limited success. One reason for this is a lack of understanding of how people interact with domestic technology heating systems, lights, electrical equipment and so forth. Attaining such an understanding is hampered by a chronic shortage of detailed energy use data matched to descriptions of the house, the occupants, the internal conditions and the installed services and appliances. Without such information it is impossible to produce transparent and valid models for understanding and predicting energy use. The Carbon Reduction in Buildings (CaRB) consortium of five UK universities plans to develop socio-technical models of energy use, underpinned by a flow of data from a longitudinal monitoring campaign involving several hundred UK homes. This paper outlines the models proposed, the preliminary monitoring work and the structure of the proposed longitudinal study.
