Trajetória das idéias econômicas no Brasil

Nestes últimos 50 anos o pensamento econômico tem conquistado um enorme espaço nas ciências humanas e os economistas brasileiros tornaram-se atores políticos de primeira grandeza, tendo participado das decisões mais importantes do Estado brasileiro. Porém, nem sempre eles registraram suas idéias ou revelaram em artigos e livros seu pensamento mais íntimo e os mecanismos do poder econômico. Recentemente foram realizadas entrevistas, que têm iluminado ângulos obscuros dessa ação teórica e prática e vem trazendo a baila as polêmicas e as dúvidas dos economistas brasileiros. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os depoimentos dos principais economistas brasileiros contidas das duas séries de entrevistas de Rego, aprofundar suas idéias e demarcar suas diferenças sobre as questões mais importantes da história do pensamento econômico brasileiro.

Parques e incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica

The main purpose of this paper is to give a wide vision about science parks, technology parks, incubators and technology based firms and to show the Brazilian experience on these subjects. This kind of enterprises is considered one of the most important local and regional development instruments in the present. They demand actions to strengthen the links between firms, R&D centers, universities and governments, especially, local governments. Furthermore, the venture capital firms have an important role to play in these new approach to further the regional and local development through technological innovations. This paper emphasizes the importance of the venture capital and the strategic alliances to support this new approaches and shows that the lack of these instruments in Brazilian environment is one of the main problem of these technology based enterprises.

Transformação tecnológica e estratégia competitiva: um estudo multicaso

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar como a inovação tecnológica ajuda a moldar estratégias, para obtenção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis, em um contexto de globalização. Com base em extensa revisão bibliográfica, compreendendo competitividade, tecnologia, estratégia e alianças estratégicas é explorado o fenômeno da inovação tecnológica e sua inserção na gestão estratégica de quatro empresas dos setores de celulose, siderurgia, químico-farmacêutico e de aplicações médicas da energia nuclear. Inicialmente, o conceito de competitividade e a estrutura industrial brasileira são analisados a luz de três modelos distintos. Também é realizada uma avaliação do conceito de competências essenciais das organizações e arquiteturas estratégicas. Posteriormente é avaliada a relação entre vantagem competitiva e inovação tecnológica e as dimensões estratégicas da tecnologia. Finalmente são descritas as escolas de pensamento estratégico e as relações entre alianças estratégicas e transferência de tecnologia. São analisadas as características estruturais e competitivas de cada um dos setores estudados, bem como apresentados perfis das empresas representantes de cada setor. Os dados de cada uma das empresas foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados são analisados individualmente e posteriormente consolidados. Os resultados do estudo permitiram identificar que a variável tecnológica é inserida na gestão estratégica das empresas em três níveis distintos. O primeiro nível é o de análise; o segundo é o de decisões estratégicas e finalmente o terceiro nível é o de implementação estratégica. Também foram identificadas as fontes de tecnologia normalmente utilizadas pelas organizações objeto do estudo. Por fim, é sugerido que o modelo de estrutura industrial de Porter pode receber contribuições no sentido de incorporar as estratégias cooperativas das empresas por meio de indicadores de cooperatividade.

A trajetória do movimento e da participação: a origem da organização sindical na educação

Resgate histórico do Movimento Organizado dos trabalhadores técnico administrativos da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ. O presente estudo tem como objetivo central, descrever, de que forma a ascensão da ação organizada dos funcionários da UFRJ - traduzida, inicialmente, na figura da Associação - desencadeou na transformação de sua entidade representativa em Sindicato da categoria. Os sujeitos da pesquisa referem-se à dirigentes sindicais, que tiveram uma inserção significativa nesse processo. Os principais protagonistas dessa história, relatam fatos marcantes, os quais, muitos deles, não se encontram registrados nos acervos da organização estudada. A análise de documentos que identificam essa história, também foi utilizada como apoio ao estudo. A ênfase do trabalho está voltada à pesquisa descritiva e analítica. A pesquisa de campo ocorre no Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educação da UFRJ, situado na llha do Fundão. A análise do material empírico indica que o processo de transformação - de associativismo para sindicalismo - não se dá na passagem formal, ocorrida em 93. Mas, a partir da década de 80, quando um grupo de servidores pertencentes à Unidades diversas, com posturas ideológicas e políticas semelhantes, se insere, gradativamente, no órgão. Passa a impetrar uma prática político-reivindicatória, diferenciada das atuações recreativa e assistencialista que permearam as gestões anteriores. Contudo, em relação à descrição dessa história, a pretensão não foi a de pontuar uma evolução linear, mas a de também identificar questões que determinaram momentos de instabilidade, bem como de reavaliação, por parte dos sujeitos envolvidos. Constitui, portanto, um válido instrumento para avaliação das práticas, objetivos, políticas e culturas que permearam a atuação desse movimento, elaborando questões que possam contribuir para a superação de eventuais equívocos ou entraves no momento presente.

Avaliação de incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica sob a ótica do conceito de capital social

Este trabalho busca entender como as Incubadoras de Empresas, por meio das relações com os agentes que fazem parte das suas redes, são capazes de auxiliar o surgimento de novas empresas. Identificou-se que aquelas Incubadoras de Empresas que se relacionam por meio de laços fortes com suas Instituições Mantenedoras e onde seus gestores conseguem articular o Capital Social potencialmente disponível dentro da rede que se constrói a partir dessas Incubadoras, são capazes de estimular o surgimento de novas empresas e disponibilizar um volume de Capital Social suficientemente capaz para que essas empresas, durante o período de Incubação, tenham a possibilidade de acumular seu próprio Capital Social a ponto de garantir a sua sobrevivência, após a sua saída da Incubadora.

A influência dos ativos intangíveis na análise de risco de crédito de empresas de base tecnológica

Evolution is present in world dynamics. And it is just in such transformational environment where companies have been encapsulated. In an economy of knowledge, physical assets alone are unable to provide profits to meet shareholders' demands. Now there comes an invisible component with the purpose of defining strategies and impelling results: Intangible Assets. Banking financing systems, however, have not kept pace with this knowledge revolution and its resulting new income generation techniques. Credit analysis methods for most financing agents would not employ any intangible parameters in their methodology of study as yet. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of intangible assets by focusing their role of influencial factor in decisions to finance technology-based companies. By studying the credit risk classification system employed by FINEP, Brazil's Federal Agency for innovation development, we wished to suggest indicators for intangibles which might be put to use in the Financiadora.

Do treinamento à educação corporativa: uma trajetória do processo de aprendizagem organizacional no Banco do Brasil S.A.

O presente trabalho analisa a Trajetória do Processo de Aprendizagem Organizacional no Banco do Brasil, desde o treinamento tradicional até a aplicação do modelo de Universidade Corporativa. Neste contexto, pretendese verificar se os impactos das mudanças causaram rupturas com as práticas do treinamento e proporcionar um referencial de análise voltado à gestão do conhecimento, enquanto estratégia de vantagem competitiva.

Trajetórias De Acumulação De Capacidades Inovadoras, Mecanismos De Aprendizagem E Fatores Organizacionais Relativos A Atividades Em Gestão De Projetos: Estudo De Caso Comparativo Inter-Empresarial Na Indústria De Bens De Capital E De Celulose E Papel No Brasil

Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.

Mensuração de Capacidade Tecnológica no Contexto de Industrialização Recente: Uma Breve Reflexão Crítica Sobre Taxonomias e Evidências de Pesquisas Recentes

This dissertation aims at examining empirical evidences obtained in the light of taxonomies and strategies for measuring firms technological capabilities and innovation in the context of developing countries, motivated by the fact that debates and studies directed to innovation has been intensified, for the last thirty years, by the recognition of its vital and growing importance to the technological, economic, competitive and industrial development of firms and countries. Two main tendencies can be identified on this debate. At one side, it¿s the literature related to the developed countries logic, whose companies are, in majority, positioned at the technological frontier, characterized by the domain of innovative advanced capabilities, directed to its sustaining, deepening and renewal. At the other side, there are the perspectives directed to the developing countries reality, where there is a prevalence of companies with deficiency of resources, still in process of accumulating basic and intermediate technological capabilities, with characteristics and technological development trajectories distinct or even reverse from those of developing countries. From this last tradition of studies, the measuring approaches based in C&T indicators and in types and levels of technological capabilities stand out. The first offers a macro level, aggregated perspective, through the analysis of a representative sample of firms, seeking to the generation of internationally comparable data, without addressing the intraorganizational specificities and nuances of the paths of technological accumulation developed by the firms, using, mostly, R&D statistics, patents, individual qualifications, indicators that carry their own limitations. On the other hand, studies that examine types and levels of technological capabilities are scarce, usually directed to a small sample of firms and/or industrial sectors. Therefore, in the light of the focus and potentialities of each of the perspectives, this scenario exposes a lack of studies that examine, in a parallel and complementary way, both types of strategies, seeking to offer more realistic, consistent and concrete information about the technological reality of developing countries. In order to close this gap, this dissertation examines (i) strategies of innovation measurement in the contexts of developing countries based on traditional approaches and C&T indicators, represented by four innovation surveys - ECIB, PINTEC, PAEP and EAI, and, (ii) from the perspective of technological capabilities as an intrinsic resource of the firm, the development of which occurs in a cumulative way and based on learning, presents and extracts generalizations of empirical applications of a metric that identifies types and levels of technological capabilities, through a dynamic and intra-firm perspective. The exam of the empirical evidences of the two approaches showed what each one of the metrics are capable to offer and the way they can contribute to the generation of information that reflect the technological development of specific industrial sectors in developing countries. In spite of the fact that the focus, objective, perspective, inclusion, scope and lens used are substantially distinct, generating, on a side, an aggregated view, and of other, an intra-sector, intra-organizational and specific view, the results suggest that the use of one doesn't implicate discarding or abdicating the other. On the contrary, using both in a complementary way means the generation of more complete, rich and relevant evidences and analysis that offer a realistic notion of the industrial development and contribute in a more direct way to the design of corporate strategies and government policies, including those directed to the macro level aspects just as those more specific and focused, designed to increment and foment firms in-house innovative efforts.

Acumulação tecnológica e aprimoramento de performance competitiva: evidências de diferenças e similaridades e médias empresas do setor metal-mecânico no estado do rio de janeiro

The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the implications of technological capacities in the improvement of technical performance indexes, specifically at the company level. These relationships were examined in a small sample of metal-working enterprises in the state of Rio de Janeiro (1960 to 2006). Although diverse studies on technological competences have been carried out in the last twenty years, a gap in empirical studies still exist that correlate the performance of companies in the context of developing countries, especially in Brazil. Aiming to contribute to a reduction of these gaps, this dissertation examines the questions by the light of available models in literature, which opting themselves to using operational indexes of companies. For drawing the accumulation of technological competences in this study, the metric proposal by Figueiredo (2000) shall be used indicating the levels of technological qualification in process, product, and equipment functions. The empirical evidence examined in this dissertation is both qualitative and quantitative in nature and were collected, first hand, through extensive field research involving informal interviews, meetings, direct-site observation and document analysis. In relation to the results, the evidence suggests that: - In terms of technological accumulation, a company reached Level 5 of technological capacity in process and organization of production as well as product and equipment. Three companies obtained Level 4 in the function process function while two others had reached the same technological level in the functions of product and equipment. Two companies had reached Level 3 in the product and equipment functions and one remained this level in the function of process; - In terms of the rate of accumulation of technological capacities, the observed companies had reached Level 4 needs 29 years in process function, 32 years in product function and 29 years in equipment function; - In terms of improvement performance pointers, a company which reached Level 5 of technological capacity improved in 70% of its indicators of performance, while the company that had achieved Level 4 had raised its pointers 60% and the other companies had gotten improved in the order of 40%. It was evidenced that the majority of the pointers of the companies with higher levels of technological capacities had obtained better performance. This dissertation contributes to advancing the strategic management of companies in metal-working segment to understanding internal accumulation of technological capacity and indicators of performance especially in the field of empirical context studied. This information offers management examples of how to improve competitive performance through the accumulation of technological capacities in the process, product and equipment functions.

Comportamento dos processos intra-organizacionais de aprendizagem tecnológica frente a uma mudança de estrutura de propriedade: o caso da TermoMacaé - PETROBRÁS

This academic work describes the interfirm technological learning processes behavior at a thermo plant throughout the years 2001 till 2007. Its former ownership structure was composed by two foreigners companies. This structure was changed by the acquisition of the company control by a Brazilian state owned company on April 2006. The company is a Natural Gas Fired Power Plant placed at Macaé City, at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil generating electric power right to National Integrated System (SIN). The goal of this research is verify how the technological knowledge had been acquired by the firm and how it had been spread out throughout the organization before and after the change of the ownership structure. The taxonomy applied to determining of ownership structure take in account three parameters: type, specific characteristic and the ownership structure itself. Technological Learning Interfirm Processes have been examined from a model of systemic approach that establishes four key characteristics: ¿variety, intensity, functioning and interaction¿. During 2001 until 2006, till the change of owner structure, the firm developed its own learning processes in its own operational routines. The main learning processes have been identified from empirical evidences. It has been adopted the cut line at year of 2006 for the comparison among the technological learning processes behavior, when the change of ownership structure took place. The data capture occurred within April and August 2007 covering since 2001. Verified the behavior of these learning processes before and after the ownership structure changed from private property to state owned property. The conclusion of this case study suggests that interfirm processes of technological learning identified by the research had their dynamical behavior promptly affected by a change from private to ownerstate ownership structure, exposing the company to a poor performance in its industry, due to the lack of 51% of the technological intrafirm learning processes and reduction of the acquisition of new technical knowledge and its conversion throughout the organization.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas em processos e produtos e aprendizagem tenológica: o caso da ELETROLUX do Brasil S/A - Unidade de Guabirotuba - Curitiba/PR

This dissertation is concerned with the implications of the learning process on the technological capabilities accumulation. This relationship was examined at the Electrolux do Brasil S/A ¿ Guabirotuba Unity ¿ in Curitiba/PR, over the period of 1980 to 2000. The Brazilian factory products White Goods destined to the Brazilian market as well as to exportation. The Swedish group Electrolux, to which the Brazilian factory belongs to, produces and sell goods to more then 150 countries. Regardless their importance, studies on the accumulation of technological capabilities and the underlying learning process are still scarce in Brazil, especially those focusing on the eletrodomestics products, and more specifically on the refrigerators and freezers industry. Based on a case study in the Electrolux do Brasil S/A, from 1980 to 2000, this investigation examined the influence of the learning process in the paths of the technological capabilities accumulation in the firm. The learning processes were analyzed in the light of the analytical framework proposed by Figueiredo (2001). This framework consists in four key features: variety, intensity, functioning and interaction. The technological capabilities accumulation were studied considering two technological functions: Process and Production Organization Activities and Products Activities. The evidences to classify and describe the paths of technological capabilities accumulation as well as to analyse the learning were mainly qualitative. This investigation joins other previous studies, in which there was noticed that the learning process have great involvement on technical changes, playing a relevant role on the technological capabilities of a company. Based on the investigation done and on the practical utilization of the analytical structure proposed by Figueiredo (2001), we infer that the way and the speed of technological capabilities accumulation are related to how the various learning processes were used by the company. One implied that, in levels from one to six, the studied company cumulated capabilities to level (5). Regarding technological competence, it approached industrialized countries firms, which present level (6), advanced.

Diagnóstico on-line do estilo cognitivo de aprendizagem do aluno em um ambiente adaptativo de ensino e aprendizagem na web: uma abordagem empírica baseada na sua trajetória de aprendizagem

Uma das questões críticas relacionadas com um Ambiente Adaptativo de Ensino e Aprendizagem baseado na Web diz respeito à eficácia da aprendizagem do aluno remoto. Assim como diversos trabalhos de pesquisa na literatura, nosso estudo preocupou-se com a modelagem do Estilo Cognitivo de Aprendizagem (ECA) do aluno visando, em um futuro próximo, a adaptação dos conteúdos pedagógicos a esta importante característica individual do aluno. Esta tese descreve a metodologia utilizada para investigar como modelar o ECA do aluno remoto, baseado na observação e análise de seu comportamento em um ambiente de ensino e aprendizagem na Web. Em nosso estudo, o ECA representa o estágio de desenvolvimento cognitivo do aluno, de acordo com a taxonomia de Bloom. Nós acreditamos que os principais benefícios de adaptar a instrução ao ECA do aluno estão relacionados com a possibilidade de oportunizar a ampliação de suas habilidades cognitivas, assim como oportunizar a aprendizagem em profundidade sobre os conteúdos em estudo. A metodologia quase-experimental usada para a modelagem do ECA do aluno compreendeu duas fases distintas: (i) geração das classes de ECA a partir da aplicação de um teste psicológico em uma amostra da população-alvo; e (ii) desenvolvimento do módulo de ensino experimental e o estudo das Trajetórias de Aprendizagem (TA) padrão das classes de ECA, a partir da observação de seus comportamentos durante a execução de uma sessão de estudo na Web. Como resultado deste estudo, identificamos os principais indicadores, que melhor discriminaram as classes de ECA consideradas. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da observação e análise das TAs na Web. Todo o conhecimento obtido a partir desta investigação deverá nos permitir automatizar o diagnóstico do ECA do aluno remoto. Este conhecimento também será utilizado como base para o desenvolvimento dos conteúdos a serem oferecidos ao aluno pelo Ambiente Adaptativo de Ensino e Aprendizagem baseado na Web.

Localização de empresas de base tecnológica e surto de criação de incubadoras: condicionantes do salto paradigmático

Este trabalho de doutoramento em Administração de Empresas pela EAESP/FGV de São Paulo apresenta estudo sobre a localização de 27 Incubadoras nacionais, abrangendo 9 Estados da Federação. A partir de dados coletados por meio de questionários, são avaliados os fatores de localização de pequenas empresas de base tecnológica e de incubadoras. Apresenta-se uma revisão dos principais aspectos . clássicos e contemporâneos da Teoria Locacional

A inovação tecnológica industrial no Brasil: fatores que condicionam a sua intensidade

Trata de questão polêmicas e seus fatores condicionantes, especialmente, o tamanho da firma e a concentração da indústria. Ressalta desta discussão, as diferenças entre a situação do Brasil e a dos países desenvolvidos de economia de mercado, onde essas questões ensejam acirrados debates. Discute questões metodológicas referentes aos estudos pré-existentes e defende a idéia de que, no Brasil, atualmente, as patentes podem ser utilizadas como indicadores confiáveis de inovação, contrariando o ceticismo que existe entre n6s quanto a esta possibilidade. Por fim, relata uma pesquisa realizada com informações extraídas do sistema brasileiro de patentes para analisar a relação entre aqueles fatores condicionantes mencionados e a intensidade de inovações