1. Astronomical photometry at wavelengths of 8.5, 10.5, and 11.6 µm. 2. Infrared emission from asteroids at wavelengths of 8.5, 10.5, and 11.6 µm

The purpose of this thesis is to present new observations of thermal-infrared radiation from asteroids. Stellar photometry was performed to provide standards for comparison with the asteroid data. The details of the photometry and the data reduction are discussed in Part 1. A system of standard stars is derived for wavelengths of 8.5, 10.5 and 11.6 µm and a new calibration is adopted. Sources of error are evaluated and comparisons are made with the data of other observers.

The observations and analysis of the thermal-emission observations of asteroids are presented in Part 2. Thermal-emission lightcurve and phase effect data are considered. Special color diagrams are introduced to display the observational data. These diagrams are free of any model-dependent assumptions and show that asteroids differ in their surface properties.

On the basis of photometric models, (4) Vesta is thought to have a bolometric Bond albedo of about 0.1, an emissivity greater than 0.7 and a true radius that is close to the model value of 300^(+50)_(-30)km. Model albedos and model radii are given for asteroids 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 19, 20, 27, 39, 44, 68, 80, 324 and 674. The asteroid (324) Bamberga is extremely dark with a model (~bolometric Bond) albedo in the 0.01 - 0.02 range, which is thought to be the lowest albedo yet measured for any solar-system body. The crucial question about such low-albedo asteroids is their number and the distribution of their orbits.

Preparation and characterization of hybrid ZnO/ormosils films

Hybrid ZnO/ormosils Elms are prepared by the sol-gel method. A FT-IR spectrometer, 900 UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer, atomic force microscope, and ellipsometer are employed to investigate microstructure and optical properties of the films fired at different temperatures. The results show that the films with high transmittance and low surface roughness could be obtained at the heat-treatment temperature of 150 degrees C, the refractive index and thickness of the film are 1.413, 2.11 mu m, respectively. Higher temperatures (350 degrees C, 550 degrees C) change the Elm microstructure severely, and then decrease the transmittance of the films.

薄膜材料对TiO2基薄膜激光损伤阈值的影响

abstract {The optical property, structure, surface properties (roughness and defect density) and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of TiO₂ films deposited by electronic beam (EB) evaporation of TiO₂ (rutile), TiO₂ (anatase) and TiO₂ + Ta₂O₅ composite materials are comparatively studied. All films show the polycrystalline anatase TiO₂ structure. The loose sintering state and phase transformation during evaporating TiO₂ anatase slice lead to the high surface defect density, roughness and extinction coefficient, and low LIDT of films. The TiO₂ + Ta₂O₅ composite films have the lowest extinction coefficient and the highest LIDT among all samples investigated. Guidance of selecting materials for high LIDT laser mirrors is given.}

Efeitos de regimes de sobreclareamento associados a produtos clareadores caseiros sobre o conteúdo mineral e a rugosidade do esmalte dentário humano

O clareamento dental se tornou um dos tratamentos estéticos mais realizados nos consultórios odontológicos, devido à simplicidade técnica e popularização através da mídia. Consiste na utilização de géis à base de peróxido de carbamida, peróxido de hidrogénio e, em uma menor escala, de perborato de sódio, com intuito de oxidar moléculas responsáveis pela pigmentação da estrutura dentária. Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos sobre o tema, não se sabe os efeitos do uso excessivo desses agentes sobre a estrutura dentária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sobre a rugosidade superficial e conteúdo mineral do esmalte dental humano submetido a regimes de sobreclareamento associados ao uso de géis clareadores caseiros: peróxido de carbamida 10% (Opalescence PF Regular 10%, Ultradent do Brasil Produtos Odontológicos Ltda., Indaiatuba, São Paulo), peróxido de hidrogênio 9,5% (DayWhite 9,5%, Discus, LLC Culver City, EUA), bem como tiras clareadoras (Oral-B WhiteStrips, Anderson Packaging, Rockford, Estados Unidos). Quatro fragmentos de esmalte obtidos a partir de cinco dentes foram submetidos a um diferente tratamento: Grupo I - armazenamento em saliva artificial por oito semanas; Grupo 2 oito semanas de tratamento com gel de peróxido de carbamida 10% por 6 horas diárias; Grupo 3 oito semanas de tratamento com gel de peróxido de hidrogênio 9,5% com duas aplicações diárias de 30 minutos; Grupo 4 oito semanas de tratamento com tiras clareadoras duas aplicações diárias de 30 minutos. A alteração no conteúdo mineral foi avaliada semanalmente em seis pontos de cada fragmento devidamente identificados através de um sistema de coordenadas (X, Y e Z) utilizando-se a técnica de fluorescência de raios X (Artax 200). Alterações na rugosidade superficial das amostras também foram avaliadas através de um rugosímetro 3D (FormTalysurf 60, Taylor Leicester, Reino Unido). Apenas o grupo 3 apresentou diferenças estatísticas significativas com relação aos níveis de rugosidade (p<0,05), porém não consideradas como clinicamente significativos. Para os demais tratamentos e intervalos propostos, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05). Desse modo, não houve alterações compatíveis com um processo de desmineralização ou aumento real da rugosidade da superfície. Nas condições desse estudo in vitro os géis clareadores caseiros foram considerados seguros. São necessários novos estudos in situ e in vitro que analisem os efeitos de regimes de sobreclareamento quando em condições de somatório de desafios intra-orais.

Estudo da reação entre o metanol e o acetato de etila em catalisadores Mg/La por espectroscopia no infravermelho acoplada a espectrometria de massas

A transesterificação metílica em meio homogêneo é catalisada por bases, tais como hidróxidos e alcóxidos de sódio ou potássio e se processa em baixa temperatura de reação, mesmo em escala industrial. A utilização de catalisadores formados por sólidos básicos aparece como uma alternativa promissora aos processos homogêneos convencionais, tendo em vista as inúmeras vantagens como a redução da ocorrência das reações indesejáveis de saponificação e redução de custos dos processos pela diminuição do número de operações associadas. Em estudos anteriores realizados pelo grupo, catalisadores a base de Mg/La com diferentes composições químicas (9:1, 1:1 e 1:9) mostraram-se promissores para a obtenção de ésteres metílicos via reação de transesterificação, porém não foi possível fazer uma correlação entre atividade catalítica e as propriedades físico-químicas quando toda a série foi considerada. Assim, a realização de um estudo de caráter fundamental, baseado em reações modelo e uso de moléculas sonda, permite avançar no entendimento das propriedades de superfície destes catalisadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho estuda a reação entre metanol e acetato de etila em catalisadores a base de Mg/La utilizando espectroscopia de reflectância difusa no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS) acoplada a espectrometria de massas (MS) identificando os intermediários e produtos formados para determinar a rota reacional. As análises de difração de raios X mostram que os precursores são predominantemente compostos por carbonatos hidratados de magnésio (Mg/La 1:1 e 9:1) e de lantânio (Mg/La 1:9). Os perfis de decomposição térmica e difratogramas de raios X obtidos a partir de tratamento térmico in situ indicaram que estes carbonatos se decompõem apenas a partir de 750 C. As análises de Dessorção a Temperatura Programada realizadas com moléculas sonda, metanol e acetato de etila, mostraram a adsorção em maior quantidade do metanol independente da composição química do sólido. A partir dos resultados obtidos por DRIFTS-MS foi proposta uma rota reacional para a reação de transesterificação do acetato de etila e metanol, que ocorre via adsorção do metanol e do acetato de etila na superfície do catalisador, seguida da formação de um intermediário tetraédrico formado pelas moléculas adsorvidas, que sofre um rearranjo formando etanol, acetato de metila, acetona e metano. Simultaneamente, parte do metanol adsorvido como metoxi monodentado é desidrogenado formando formiatos que são dessorvidos na forma de formaldeído e decompostos formando CO2 e H2

Functionalisation of microfluidic channels with in situ grown carbon nanotubes

We present a new route towards customizing the surface properties of microfluidic channels, by a forest of in situ grown multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT). Local distortions of the electrical field direction are used to control the direction of the carbon nanotube growth. © 2005 Materials Research Society.

Corrugated carbon nanotube microstructures with geometrically tunable compliance

Deterministic organization of nanostructures into microscale geometries is essential for the development of materials with novel mechanical, optical, and surface properties. We demonstrate scalable fabrication of 3D corrugated carbon nanotube (CNT) microstructures, via an iterative sequence of vertically aligned CNT growth and capillary self-assembly. Vertical microbellows and tilted microcantilevers are created over large areas, and these structures can have thin walls with aspect ratios exceeding 100:1. We show these structures can be used as out-of-plane microsprings with compliance determined by the wall thickness and number of folds. © 2011 American Chemical Society.

Nanotubes complexed with DNA and proteins for resistive-pulse sensing

We use a resistive-pulse technique to analyze molecular hybrids of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wrapped in either single-stranded DNA or protein. Electric fields confined in a glass capillary nanopore allow us to probe the physical size and surface properties of molecular hybrids at the single-molecule level. We find that the translocation duration of a macromolecular hybrid is determined by its hydrodynamic size and solution mobility. The event current reveals the effects of ion exclusion by the rod-shaped hybrids and possible effects due to temporary polarization of the SWNT core. Our results pave the way to direct sensing of small DNA or protein molecules in a large unmodified solid-state nanopore by using nanofilaments as carriers. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Novel nanostructured biomaterials: implications for coronary stent thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize medicine and help clinicians to treat cardiovascular disease through the improvement of stents. Advanced nanomaterials and tools for monitoring cell-material interactions will aid in inhibiting stent thrombosis. Although titanium boron nitride (TiBN), titanium diboride, and carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films are emerging materials in the biomaterial field, the effect of their surface properties on platelet adhesion is relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: In this study, novel nanomaterials made of amorphous carbon, CNTs, titanium diboride, and TiBN were grown by vacuum deposition techniques to assess their role as potential stent coatings. Platelet response towards the nanostructured surfaces of the samples was analyzed in line with their physicochemical properties. As the stent skeleton is formed mainly of stainless steel, this material was used as reference material. Platelet adhesion studies were carried out by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations. A cell viability study was performed to assess the cytocompatibility of all thin film groups for 24 hours with a standard immortalized cell line. RESULTS: The nanotopographic features of material surface, stoichiometry, and wetting properties were found to be significant factors in dictating platelet behavior and cell viability. The TiBN films with higher nitrogen contents were less thrombogenic compared with the biased carbon films and control. The carbon hybridization in carbon films and hydrophilicity, which were strongly dependent on the deposition process and its parameters, affected the thrombogenicity potential. The hydrophobic CNT materials with high nanoroughness exhibited less hemocompatibility in comparison with the other classes of materials. All the thin film groups exhibited good cytocompatibility, with the surface roughness and surface free energy influencing the viability of cells.

Growth behavior of AlInGaN films

The structural and surface properties of AlInGaN quaternary films grown at different temperatures on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. Formation of two quaternary layers is confirmed and the difference between them is pronounced when the growth temperature is increased. The surface is featured with V-shaped pits and cracks, whose characteristics are further found to be strongly dependent on the growth temperature of AlInGaN layers. The two-layer structure is interpreted by taking into account of the strain status in AlInGaN layers. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth behavior of AlInGaN films

The structural and surface properties of AlInGaN quaternary films grown at different temperatures on GaN templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. Formation of two quaternary layers is confirmed and the difference between them is pronounced when the growth temperature is increased. The surface is featured with V-shaped pits and cracks, whose characteristics are further found to be strongly dependent on the growth temperature of AlInGaN layers. The two-layer structure is interpreted by taking into account of the strain status in AlInGaN layers. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.