Access To Justice In The ASEAN The Key Role Of UNCITRAL

UNCITRAL’s operation as a subsidiary of the UN General Assembly, tasked to unify and harmonise international trade law is a necessary and indispensable element of the UN’s mandate to maintain international peace and security. Strong legal frameworks which are compatible with those of international trading partners often accompany accelerated growth in economic capacity and stability. Over time, access to markets and resultant growth in economic and human development creates a disincentive for instability as incomes and standards of living rise. Human and economic development, facilitated by a modernised and just legal framework that is available to the broadest range of recipients goes hand in hand with the maintenance of domestic and regional peace, particularly in regions such as the ASEAN , one of the fastest growing in the world covering approximately 30% of global population and with a number of strong global economic neighbours including Japan, Korea, China (to the north), Australia (to the south) and Singapore (to the west). In an increasingly interconnected world, the ability of government, enterprise and individuals to participate in the global supply chain offers opportunities for economic growth and development. Over its almost 50 years of operations, UNCITRAL has produced a range of important texts that are designed to underpin world trade. A key implicit assumption underpinning the development of UNCITRAL texts is that the texts, once adopted can and will be applied in adopting states.

Suomenlinnan Kustaanmiekan ketokasvillisuus ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät

Suomenlinna on yksi Helsingin suosituimmista matkailu- ja kulttuurinähtävyyksistä. Kustaanmiekan, samoin kuin koko Suomenlinnan luonto on muodostunut perinteisestä suomalaisesta saaristoluonnosta ja vuosisatojen saatossa paikalle tulleista linnoituksien kasvistosta. Saaren vaihtelevien elinympäristöjen johdosta alueen kasvillisuus on hyvin rikasta. Linnoituksien monet kasvilajit ovat tulleet tulokaskasveina eri puolilta Eurooppaa sekä Venäjältä. Suurin osa Suomenlinnan alueesta on kallioketoa ja tämän lisäksi myös valliketoa, joista molemmat kuuluvat suojeltaviin alueisiin. Kustaanmiekan niityillä kasvaa keto- ja paahdelajeja, kuten harvinaista ketonoidanlukkoa (Botrychium lunaria L.) sekä ketoneilikkaa (Dianthus deltoides L.). Tämän tutkimuksen ensisijaisena tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa Kustaanmiekan alueen kesäkauden 2009 ketokasvilajisto ja eri putkilokasvilajien runsaus. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös maaperätekijöiden ja alueen hoitohistorian mahdollista vaikutusta ketokasvilajistoon. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin kymmenen eri kedon kasvillisuus Suomenlinnan Kustaanmiekan linnoitusalueella. Kedot sijaitsivat eri puolilla Kustaanmiekkaa, sellaisilla paikoilla, missä ketokasvillisuus oli runsainta. Maastotyöt suoritettiin kesä- ja heinäkuussa laskemalla jokaisen kedon ruutujen putkilokasvien peittävyydet sekä listaamalla ylös myös ruutujen ulkopuoliset kevät- ja loppukesän kukkijat touko- ja elokuussa. Maaperän ominaisuuksien määrittämiseksi otettiin kultakin kedolta pintamaanäytteet elokuussa. Muita tutkittuja muuttujia olivat maapinnan kaltevuus sekä sammalen, karikkeen, paljaan maan, kenttäkasvillisuuden pohjakerros ja kallion osuus tutkimusruuduilla. Ketojen kasvillisuuden keskimääräinen korkeus mitattiin kesä- ja heinäkuussa. Kasvistossa oli selviä eroavaisuuksia ketojen välillä. Kasvilajien määrä vaihteli ketojen kokonaislajimäärän ollessa 40-60 kasvilajia. Yhteensä kedoilta löytyi 120 eri putkilokasvilajia, joista useimmat kukkivat sekä kesä- että heinäkuussa. Ketojen kasvilajimäärä vaihteli yhdellä neliömetrillä 6,3-13,6 kasvilajiin, minkä lisäksi Shannon-Wienerin diversiteetti-indeksi vaihteli 1,4-2,3 arvon välillä. Yleisimpiä lajeja, joita kedoilla tavattiin, olivat muun muassa siankärsämö (Achillea millefolium L.), koiranheinä (Dactylis glomerata L.), juolavehnä (Elymus repens L.) ja hopeahanhikki (Potentilla argentea L.). Alueella kasvoi myös muutamia sotatulokaslajeja kuten harmiota (Berteroa incana L.), ukonpalkoa (Bunias orientalis L.) ja karvahorsmaa (Epilobium hirsutum L.). Maaperätekijöillä, kuten suurella fosforin pitoisuudella ei ollut vaikutusta kasvilajien määrään kedoilla. Vain maan pH ja johtoluku korreloivat positiivisesti ketojen kasvillisuuden korkeuden kanssa. Vaikka tulosten perusteella ketojen hoidolla ei ollut vaikutusta ketojen kasvillisuuden määrään, voidaan kuitenkin olettaa oikeanlaisen hoidon parantavan tyypillisten ketokasvien kilpailukykyä muita niittykasveja kohtaan.

Pietismin kuva - ikkuna yksityiseen hengellisyyteen : Johann Arndtin opetukset pietistisen embleemin perustana

The image of Pietism a window to personal spirituality. The teachings of Johann Arndt as the basis of Pietist emblems The Pietist effect on spiritual images has to be scrutinised as a continuum initiating from the teachings of Johann Arndt who created a protestant iconography that defended the status of pictures and images as the foundation of divine revelation. Pietist artworks reveal Arndtian part of secret, eternal world, and God. Even though modern scholars do not regarded him as a founding father of Pietism anymore, his works have been essential for the development of iconography, and the themes of the Pietist images are linked with his works. For Arndt, the starting point is in the affecting love for Christ who suffered for the humankind. The reading experience is personal and the words point directly at the reader and thus appear as evidence of the guilt of the reader as well as of the love of God. Arndt uses bounteous and descriptive language which has partially affected promoting and picturing of many themes. Like Arndt, Philipp Jakob Spener also emphasised the heart that believes. The Pietist movement was born to oppose detached faith and the lack of the Holy Ghost. Christians touched by the teachings of Arndt and Spener began to create images out of metaphors presented by Arndt. As those people were part of the intelligentsia, it was natural that the fashionable emblematics of the 17th century was moulded for the personal needs. For Arndt, the human heart is manifested as a symbol of soul, personal faith or unbelief as well as an allegory of the burning love for Jesus. Due to this fact, heart emblems were gradually widely used and linked with the love of Christ. In the Nordic countries, the introduction of emblems emanated from the gentry s connections to the Central Europe where emblems were exploited in order to decorate books, artefacts, interiors, and buildings as well as visual/literal trademarks of the intelligentsia. Emblematic paintings in the churches of the castles of Venngarn (1665) and Läckö (1668), owned by Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, are one of the most central interior paintings preserved in the Nordic countries, and they emphasise personal righteous life. Nonetheless, it was the books by Arndt and the Poet s Society in Nurnberg that bound the Swedish gentry and the scholars of the Pietist movement together. The Finnish gentry had no castles or castle churches so they supported county churches, both in building and in maintenance. As the churches were not private, their iconography could not be private either. Instead, people used Pietist symbols such as Agnus Dei, Cor ardens, an open book, beams, king David, frankincense, wood themes and Virtues. In the Pietist images made for public spaces, the attention is focused on pedagogical, metaphorical, and meaningful presentation as well as concealed statements.

"Helvetti on kiistaton, mutta taivas on suhteellinen." : Uskonnollisten ihanteiden ja kokemuksen välinen ristiriita L. M. Montgomeryn elämässä vuosina 1921 1927

Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin kanadalaisen kirjailijan L. M. Montgomeryn (1874 1942) elämää vuosina 1921 1927. Kyseisinä vuosina Montgomery eli presbyteeripapin vaimona maaseutuseurakunnissa, ensin Leaskdalessa ja sitten Norvalissa Kanadan Ontariossa. Tutkimus keskittyi tarkastelemaan kirjailijan elämää hallinnutta ristiriitaa, joka muodostui uskonnollisten ihanteiden ja yksilöllisen kokemuksen välisistä eroavaisuuksista. Primäärilähteinä olivat Montgomeryn toimitetut ja julkaistut päiväkirjat The Selected Journals of L. M. Montgomery 1 5 (1985 2004), joista käytettiin etenkin tutkimusvuosiin keskittyvää kolmatta osaa, Montgomeryn neljä romaania Emily of New Moon (1923), Emily Climbs (1925), Blue Castle (1926) ja Emily's Quest (1927) sekä Montgomeryn toimitettu ja julkaistu kirjeenvaihto After Green Gables: L. M. Montgomery's Letters to Ephraim Weber , 1916 1941 (2006) ja My Dear Mr. M.: Letters to G. B. MacMillan (1980). Lisäksi lähteinä oli Leaskdalen seurakuntalaisten kokoama muistelmateos Montgomerysta. Kirjallisuutta käytettiin kirkkohistorian, kirjallisuudentutkimuksen ja naistutkimuksen alalta. Suositusta kirjailijasta on tehty useampia elämäkertoja ja niitä hyödynnettiin tutkimuksessa. Tutkimus jakautui kahteen päälukuun, jotka toimivat toistensa vastaparina. Ensimmäinen tutkimusluku keskittyi tarkastelemaan uskonnollisia ja viktoriaanisia ihanteita, joiden mukaisesti Montgomery oli saanut kasvatuksen. Hän pyrki täyttämään näitä ihanteita myös pappilan emäntänä. Toinen tutkimusluku tarkasteli kirjailijan elämää, uskonnollisia ajatuksia ja avioliittoa julkisivun takana, jolloin kävi selvästi ilmi kirjailijan kahtiajakautunut elämä. Montgomery sai presbyteerisen ja viktoriaanisen kasvatuksen ja oppi jo lapsena huomioimaan sen, mitä muut ihmiset ajattelevat hänestä. Hän eli pienissä maaseutuyhteisöissä, joissa juoruilu oli yksi kontrollin väline. Papin vaimolla oli velvollisuuksia seurakunnassa ja pappilan hoidossa, ja Montgomery hoiti ne tarmokkaasti ja velvollisuudentuntoisesti. Hänellä oli apulainen pappilassa, jossa arki sujui viikkoaikataulun mukaisesti. Papin vaimon roolin lisäksi Montgomery jatkoi omaa kirjoittamistyötään ja hänen runsaat tulonsa mahdollistivat nelihenkisen perheen monet hankinnat. Hänen avioliittonsa oli vaikea, sillä aviomies kärsi uskonnollisesta melankoliasta ja asia piti salata seurakuntalaisilta. Montgomery käsittelee uskonnollisia teemoja romaaneissaan ja päiväkirjassaan. Hänen uskonnolliset ajatuksensa erosivat presbyteerikirkon opista useassa kohdin. Hän ei uskonut moneenkaan opinkappaleeseen, kohtasi Jumalan ennemmin luonnossa ollessaan yksin kuin kirkossa seurakunnan keskellä sekä ajatteli kristinuskon olevan jäännös menneestä ja tieteen ottaneen sen paikan Jumalan toiminnan kanavana. Kirjailijan ajattelussa on yhtymäkohtia transsendentalismiin, teosofiaan ja darwinismiin. Hän oli innokas psykologisen kirjallisuuden lukija ja sovelsi oppejaan käytäntöön. Hän uskoi unien välittävän viestejä. Kirkkokunta oli hänelle kuitenkin merkittävä identiteetin rakentaja. Papin vaimon roolin ja yksityisesti kriittisen ajattelijan roolin yhteensovittaminen aiheutti Montogmerylle ongelmia ja väsymystä. Hän kätki uskonnolliset ajatuksensa ja yksinäisyyden aiheuttaman kivun päiväkirjaansa, jonka hän toivoi julkaistavan viimeistään kuolemansa jälkeen. Kaikenlainen kirjoittaminen oli hänelle pakoa todellisuudesta ja auttoi häntä jaksamaan. Otsikon sitatti kuvaa Montgomeryn suhdetta kristinuskoon: hän käytti kristillisiä ilmauksia, mutta muokkasi niiden sisältöä omaa uskoaan vastaavaksi. Taivas ja helvetti kuvasivat usein hänen henkistä olotilaansa sanojen uskonnollisen merkityksen sijasta.

Fluid dynamics study of a new vacuum degassing process

Recently, the demand of the steel having superior chemical and physical properties has increased for which the content of carbon must be in ultra low range. There are many processes which can produce low carbon steel such as Tank degasser and RH (Rheinstahl-Heraeus) processes. It has been claimed that using a new process, called REDA (Revolutionary Degassing Activator), one can achieve the carbon content below 10ppm in less time. REDA process in terms of installment cost is in between tank degasser and RH processes. As such, REDA process has not been studied thoroughly. Fluid flow phenomena affect the decarburization rate the most besides the chemical reaction rate. Therefore, momentum balance equations along with k-ε turbulent model have been solved for gas and liquid phases in two-dimension (2D) for REDA process. The fluid flow phenomena have been studied in details for this process by varying gas flow rate, depth of immersed snorkel in the steel, diameter of the snorkel and change in vacuum pressure. It is found that design of snorkel affects the mixing process of the bath significantly.

Evaluación comparativa de una ración "Hecha en la finca" con una ración comercial en la alimentación de pollos asaderos

En el local de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y ganadería (ENAG) se llevo a cabo un estudio con el propósito de evaluar económicamente una ración comercial y otra elaborada en la finca con pollos asaderos. El estudio tuvo una duración de seis semanas. Se usaron 80 pollos de la zara Vantress Cross son sexar de seis días de nacidos y se dividieron en dos grupos y cada grupo en cuatro lotes, constituyendo estos las repeticiones correspondientes para cada tratamiento. Todos los pollos se vacunaron contra New Castle. Los pollos se pesaron al inicio y final del ensayo y se llevo un registro del alimento consumido en cada grupo. El diseño estadístico utilizado fue completamente al azar. Se encontraron aumentos de pesos significativos P<0.01 con la ración comercial. No se encontró diferencias significativas dentro de cada tratamiento. La ración comercial produjo los mayores beneficios económicos.

[B_Muskiz_Muñatones] Documentación geométrica de la muralla interior del Castillo de Muñatones (Muskiz, Bizkaia)

[ES] Este proyecto corresponde a una continuación del que documenta la torre central y que se realizó en 2005. Dicho trabajo puede consultarse también es este repositorio:

Fototriangulación aplicada a elementos patrimoniales

[ES] Existe una continuación de este trabajo realizada en 2014, cuyo título es:

[R_Cornago_Castillo] Documentación Geométrica y Modelado Virtual del Castillo de Cornago (La Rioja)

[ES] El Castillo se encuentra coronando, junto a la iglesia de San Pedro, el cerro sobre el que se asienta el caserío de Cornago. Actualmente está formado por un patio interior de forma rectangular y rematado por cuatro torres en las esquinas, de las cuales tres son circulares de diferentes radios y una cuarta (NE) cuadrada, la superficie total ocupada es de unos 50 x 30 metros al exterior.

Proceedings fo the Seventeenth Annual Sea Turtle Symposium, 4-8 March 1997, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.

The 17th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium was held at the Delta Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida U.S.A. from March 4-8, 1997. The symposium was hosted by Florida Atlantic University, Mote Marine Laboratory, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, Florida Atlantic University and the Comité Nacional para la Conservación y Protección de las Totugas Marinas. The 17th was the largest symposium to date. A total of 720 participants registered, including sea turtle biologists, students, regulatory personnel, managers, and volunteers representing 38 countries. In addition to the United States, participants represented Australia, Austria, the Bahamas, Bonaire, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, England, Guatemala, Greece, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Seychelles, Scotland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In addition to the 79 oral, 2 video, and 120 poster presentations, 3 workshops were offered: Selina Heppell (Duke University Marine Laboratory) provided “Population Modeling,” Mike Walsh and Sam Dover (Sea World-Orlando) conducted “Marine Turtle Veterinary Medicine” and “Conservation on Nesting Beaches” was offered by Blair Witherington and David Arnold (Florida Department of Environmental Protection). On the first evening, P.C.H. Pritchard delivered a thoughtful retrospect on Archie Carr that showed many sides of a complex man who studied and wrote about sea turtles. It was a presentation that none of us will forget. The members considered a number of resolutions at the Thursday business meeting and passed six. Five of these resolutions are presented in the Commentaries and Reviews section of Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(3):442-444 (1997). The symposium was fortunate to have many fine presentations competing for the Archie Carr Best Student Presentations awards. The best oral presentation award went to Amanda Southwood (University of British Columbia) for “Heart rates and dive behavior of the leatherback sea turtle during the internesting interval.” The two runners-up were Richard Reina (Australian National University) for “Regulation of salt gland activity in Chelonia mydas” and Singo Minamikawa (Kyoto University) for “The influence that artificial specific gravity change gives to diving behavior of loggerhead turtles”. The winner of this year’s best poster competition was Mark Roberts (University of South Florida) for his poster entitled “Global population structure of green sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) using microsatellite analysis of male mediated gene flow.” The two runners-up were Larisa Avens (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill) for “Equilibrium responses to rotational displacements by hatchling sea turtles: maintaining a migratory heading in a turbulent ocean” and Annette Broderick (University of Glasgow) for “Female size, not length, is a correlate of reproductive output.” The symposium was very fortunate to receive a matching monetary and subscription gift from Anders J. G. Rhodin of the Chelonian Research Foundation. These enabled us to more adequately reward the fine work of students. The winners of the best paper and best poster awards received $400 plus a subscription to Chelonian Conservation and Biology. Each runner up received $100. The symposium owes a great debt to countless volunteers who helped make the meeting a success. Those volunteers include: Jamie Serino, Alan Bolton, and Karen Bjorndal, along with the UF students provided audio visual help, John Keinath chaired the student awards committee, Mike Salmon chaired the Program Commiteee, Sheryan Epperly and Joanne Braun compiled the Proceedings, Edwin Drane served as treasurer and provided much logistical help, Jane Provancha coordinated volunteers, Thelma Richardson conducted registration, Vicki Wiese coordinated food and beverage services, Jamie Serino and Erik Marin coordinated entertainment, Kenneth Dodd oversaw student travel awards, Traci Guynup, Tina Brown, Jerris Foote, Dan Hamilton, Richie Moretti, and Vicki Wiese served on the time and place committee, Blair Witherington created the trivia quiz, Tom McFarland donated the symposium logo, Deborah Crouse chaired the resolutions committee, Pamela Plotkin chaired the nominations committee, Sally Krebs, Susan Schenk, and Larry Wood conducted the silent auction, and Beverly and Tom McFarland coordinated all 26 vendors. Many individuals from outside the United States were able to attend the 17th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium thanks to the tireless work of Karen Eckert, Marydele Donnelly, and Jack Frazier in soliciting travel assistance for a number of international participants. We are indebted to those donating money to the internationals’ housing fund (Flo Vetter Memorial Fund, Marinelife Center of Juno Beach, Roger Mellgren, and Jane Provancha). We raise much of our money for international travel from the auction; thanks go to auctioneer Bob Shoop, who kept our auction fastpaced and entertaining, and made sure the bidding was high. The Annual Sea Turtle Symposium is unequaled in its emphasis on international participation. Through international participation we all learn a great deal more about the biology of sea turtles and the conservation issues that sea turtles face in distant waters. Additionally, those attending the symposium come away with a tremendous wealth of knowledge, professional contacts, and new friendships. The Annual Sea Turtle Symposium is a meeting in which pretenses are dropped, good science is presented, and friendly, open communication is the rule. The camaraderie that typifies these meetings ultimately translates into understanding and cooperation. These aspects, combined, have gone and will go a long way toward helping to protect marine turtles and toward aiding their recovery on a global scale. (PDF contains 342 pages)

The economic importance of marine angler expenditures in the United States.

In 1998, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began a series of marine angler expenditure surveys in the coastal regions of the United States (U.S.) to evaluate marine recreational fishing expenditures and the financial impacts of these expenditures in each region and the U.S. as a whole. In this report, we use the previously estimated expenditure estimates to assess the total financial impact of anglers’ saltwater expenditures. Estimates are provided for sales, income, employment, and tax impacts for each coastal state in the U.S. Aggregate estimates are also provided for the entire U.S., excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Texas. Direct, indirect, and induced effects associated with resident and non-resident angler expenditures were estimated using a regional input-output modeling system called IMPLAN Pro. Nationwide, recreational saltwater fishing generated over $30.5 billion in sales in 2000, nearly $12.0 billion in income, and supported nearly 350,000 jobs. Approximately 89 cents of every dollar spent by saltwater anglers was estimated to remain within the U.S. economy. At the state level, many of the goods anglers purchased were imports, and, as such, as little as 44 cents of every dollar stayed in Rhode Island and as much as 80 cents of every dollar stayed in Georgia. In the Northeast, the highest impacts were generated in New Jersey, even though recreational fishing expenditures in Massachusetts and Maryland were considerably higher. In the Southeast, the highest impacts were generated in Florida, and on the Pacific Coast, the highest impacts were generated in California. Expenditures on boat maintenance/expenses generated more impacts than any other expenditure category in the U.S. Expenditures on rods and reels was the single most important expense category in terms of generating impacts in most of the Northeast states. Expenditures on boat expenses generated the highest in most Southeast states, and expenditures for boat accessories produced the highest impacts in most Pacific Coast states.(PDF file contains 184 pages.)

Distribution, Abundance, and Biological Characteristics of Groundfish off the Coast of Washington, Oregon, and California, 1977-1986

We compare results of bottom trawl surveys off Washington, Oregon, and California in 1977, 1980, 1983, and 1986 to discern trends in population abundance, distribution, and biology. Catch per unit of effort, area-swept biomass estimates, and age and length compositions for 12 commercially important west coast groundfishes are presented to illustrate trends over the lO-year period. We discuss the precision, accuracy, and statistical significance of observed trends in abundance estimates. The influence of water temperature on the distribution of groundfishes is also briefly examined. Abundance estimates of canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger, and yellowtail rockfish, S. Jlavidus, declined during the study period; greater declines were observed in Pacific ocean perch, S. alutus, lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, and arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias. Biomass estimates of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, and English, rex, and Dover soles (Pleuronectes vetulus, Errex zachirus, and Microstomus pacificus) increased, while bocaccio, S. paucispinis, and chilipepper, S. goodei, were stable. Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, biomass estimates increased markedly from 1977 to 1980 and declined moderately thereafter. Precision was lowest for rockfishes, lingcod, and sablefish; it was highest for flatfishes because they were uniformly distributed. The accuracy of survey estimates could be gauged only for yellowtail and canary rockfish and sablefish. All fishery-based analyses produced much larger estimates of abundance than bottom trawl surveys-indicative of the true catchability of survey trawls. Population trends from all analyses compared well except in canary rockfish, the species that presents the greatest challenge to obtaining reasonable precision and one that casts doubts on the usefulness of bottom trawl surveys for estimating its abundance. (PDF file contains 78 pages.)

Actualización del proyecto fin de carrera: «fototriangulación aplicada a elementos patrimoniales»

[ES] Este proyecto corresponde a una actualización del siguiente proyecto fin de carrera:

[B_Muskiz_Muñatones] Documentación geométrica y modelado virtual del Castillo de Muñatones (Muskiz, Bizkaia)

[ES] Este proyecto tuvo una continuación en 2008, cuando se documentó la muralla interior del castillo. Este trabajo también está disponible en este repositorio. Asimismo, algunos artículos y proyectos fin de carrera hacen referencia a los datos capturados en este proyecto. En concreto, los registros relacionados son los siguientes:

The growth of brown trout

An article discussing the factors affecting the rate of growth of brown trout, detailing the research udnertaken at Wray Castle, designed to clarify the influencing factors in different waters and investigate what would be required to increase their size. The article considers factors such as alkalinity, total hardness, the presence of coarse fish in the waterbodies and competition for food. Previous work undertaken on brown trout in Ireland by other authors is reviewed. A figure showing average growth rate of brown trout in five lakes, as determined from their scales (Lough Derg, Windermere, Loch Leven, Ullswater, Haweswater).