Climate change scenarios of surface solar radiation in data sparse regions: a case study in Malaprabha River Basin, India

A variety of methods are available to estimate future solar radiation (SR) scenarios at spatial scales that are appropriate for local climate change impact assessment. However, there are no clear guidelines available in the literature to decide which methodologies are most suitable for different applications. Three methodologies to guide the estimation of SR are discussed in this study, namely: Case 1: SR is measured, Case 2: SR is measured but sparse and Case 3: SR is not measured. In Case 1, future SR scenarios are derived using several downscaling methodologies that transfer the simulated large-scale information of global climate models to a local scale ( measurements). In Case 2, the SR was first estimated at the local scale for a longer time period using sparse measured records, and then future scenarios were derived using several downscaling methodologies. In Case 3: the SR was first estimated at a regional scale for a longer time period using complete or sparse measured records of SR from which SR at the local scale was estimated. Finally, the future scenarios were derived using several downscaling methodologies. The lack of observed SR data, especially in developing countries, has hindered various climate change impact studies. Hence, this was further elaborated by applying the Case 3 methodology to a semi-arid Malaprabha reservoir catchment in southern India. A support vector machine was used in downscaling SR. Future monthly scenarios of SR were estimated from simulations of third-generation Canadian General Circulation Model (CGCM3) for various SRES emission scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and COMMIT). Results indicated a projected decrease of 0.4 to 12.2 W m(-2) yr(-1) in SR during the period 2001-2100 across the 4 scenarios. SR was calculated using the modified Hargreaves method. The decreasing trends for the future were in agreement with the simulations of SR from the CGCM3 model directly obtained for the 4 scenarios.

Multi-site downscaling of maximum and minimum daily temperature using support vector machine

Climate change impact assessment studies involve downscaling large-scale atmospheric predictor variables (LSAPVs) simulated by general circulation models (GCMs) to site-scale meteorological variables. This article presents a least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM)-based methodology for multi-site downscaling of maximum and minimum daily temperature series. The methodology involves (1) delineation of sites in the study area into clusters based on correlation structure of predictands, (2) downscaling LSAPVs to monthly time series of predictands at a representative site identified in each of the clusters, (3) translation of the downscaled information in each cluster from the representative site to that at other sites using LS-SVM inter-site regression relationships, and (4) disaggregation of the information at each site from monthly to daily time scale using k-nearest neighbour disaggregation methodology. Effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated by application to data pertaining to four sites in the catchment of Beas river basin, India. Simulations of Canadian coupled global climate model (CGCM3.1/T63) for four IPCC SRES scenarios namely A1B, A2, B1 and COMMIT were downscaled to future projections of the predictands in the study area. Comparison of results with those based on recently proposed multivariate multiple linear regression (MMLR) based downscaling method and multi-site multivariate statistical downscaling (MMSD) method indicate that the proposed method is promising and it can be considered as a feasible choice in statistical downscaling studies. The performance of the method in downscaling daily minimum temperature was found to be better when compared with that in downscaling daily maximum temperature. Results indicate an increase in annual average maximum and minimum temperatures at all the sites for A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios. The projected increment is high for A2 scenario, and it is followed by that for A1B, B1 and COMMIT scenarios. Projections, in general, indicated an increase in mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures during January to February and October to December.

Effect of boron addition and processing of Ti-6Al-4V on corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility

Ti-6Al-4V is widely used to prepare biomedical implant for orthopaedic and dental applications, but it is an expensive choice relative to other implant materials such as stainless steels and Co-Cr alloys, in large part due to the high manufacturing cost. Adding boron to refine the as cast microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V can eliminate the need for extensive hot working and thereby reduce processing costs. The effect of 0.1 wt-% boron addition and the choice of processing route (forging or extrusion) was studied in the context of potential biomedical applications. Corrosion tests in simulated body fluid indicated that the presence of boron increased the corrosion rate of Ti-6Al-4V and that the increase was higher for forged alloys than for extruded alloys. Boron addition and processing route were found to have a minimal effect on the viability of osteoblasts on the alloy surfaces. It is concluded that the addition of boron could offer advantages during the processing of Ti-6Al-4V for biomedical applications.

Antimicrobial and conducting polymer substrate derived from hybrid structures of silver nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes

Hybrid nanocomposites of polycaprolactone (PCL) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and silver nanoparticles (nAg) were prepared by melt mixing. Synergetic effect of the two nanofillers (MWNT and nAg) in PCL matrix was evaluated for dielectric and antibacterial properties. Dielectric results showed that the addition of nAg as filler in PCL matrix (PCL/nAg) had no effect on conductivity, whereas addition of MWNT in PCL matrix (PCL/MWNT) caused a sharp increase in conductivity of PCL. Interestingly, the hybrid nanocomposite (PCL/MWNT/nAg) incorporating MWNT and nAg also exhibited high electrical conductivity. The hybrid composite was found to have antibacterial property similar to that of PCL/nAg composite for lower loading of nAg. This study demonstrates that the synergetic interaction of the nanofillers in the hybrid nanocomposite improves both electrical conductivity and antibacterial properties of PCL.

Hot pressed silver doped hydroxyapatite biomaterials with bactericidal properties against magnetotactic bacteria

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely being researched for hard tissue replacement for its good osseointegration and biocompatibility property. However, the inferior antibacterial property of HA often results in infection at host site, and this leads to rejection of the implant. The antibacterial property of silver (Ag) is well known and in the past decade or so, the application of Ag is reinvented in medicinal applications like catheters, vascular grafts and orthopaedic implants. In this respect, the present work reports the synthesis of Ag doped HA using hot pressing in argon atmosphere. This work also reports the effect of HA-Ag composition on bacterial colonisation during in vitro study. The bactericidal property of Ag doped HA has been investigated against magnetotactic bacteria, a `magnetite' containing bacteria. Magnetotactic bacteria were seeded onto pellets, and the adhesion of bacteria was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. It was confirmed that incorporation of Ag in HA leads to improved bactericidal property.

Co-existence of tetragonal and monoclinic phases and multiferroic properties for x <= 0.30 in the (1-x)Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O-3-(x)BiFeO3 system

Compositions with x <= 0.30 in the system (1- x)Pb(Zro(0.52)Ti(0.48))O-3-(x)BiFeO3 were synthesized by sol-gel method. Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction data reveals tetragonal structure (P4mm) for x <= 0.05 and monoclinic (Cm) phase along with the existence of tetragonal phase for 0.10 <= x <= 0.25 and monoclinic phase for x = 0.30. Transformation of E(2TO) and E + B1 vibrational modes in the range 210-250 cm(-1) (present for x <= 0.25) into A' + A `' modes at similar to 236 cm(-1) for x = 0.30, and occurrence of new vibrational modes A' and A `' in Raman spectra for x >= 0.10 unambiguously support the presence of monoclinic phase. Occurrence of remnant polarisation and enhanced magnetization with concentration of BiFeO3 indicates superior multiferroic properties. Variation of magneto-capacitance with applied magnetic field is a strong evidence of magneto-electric multiferroic coupling in these materials. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genome wide chromatin occupancy of mrhl RNA and its role in gene regulation in mouse spermatogonial cells

Mrhl RNA is a nuclear lncRNA encoded in the mouse genome and negatively regulates Wnt signaling in spermatogonial cells through p68/Ddx5 RNA helicase. Mrhl RNA is present in the chromatin fraction of mouse spermatogonial Gc1-Spg cells and genome wide chromatin occupancy of mrhl RNA by ChOP (Chromatin oligo affinity precipitation) technique identified 1370 statistically significant genomic loci. Among these, genes at 37 genomic loci also showed altered expression pattern upon mrhl RNA down regulation which are referred to as GRPAM (Genes Regulated by Physical Association of Mrhl RNA). p68 interacted with mrhl RNA in chromatin at these GRPAM loci. p68 silencing drastically reduced mrhl RNA occupancy at 27 GRPAM loci and also perturbed the expression of GRPAM suggesting a role for p68 mediated mrhl RNA occupancy in regulating GRPAM expression. Wnt3a ligand treatment of Gc1-Spg cells down regulated mrhl RNA expression and also perturbed expression of these 27 GRPAM genes that included genes regulating Wnt signaling pathway and spermatogenesis, one of them being Sox8, a developmentally important transcription factor. We also identified interacting proteins of mrhl RNA associated chromatin fraction which included Pc4, a chromatin organizer protein and hnRNP A/B and hnRNP A2/B1 which have been shown to be associated with lincRNA-Cox2 function in gene regulation. Our findings in the Gc1-Spg cell line also correlate with the results from analysis of mouse testicular tissue which further highlights the in vivo physiological significance of mrhl RNA in the context of gene regulation during mammalian spermatogenesis.

Effects of Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia Extracts on the Side Population Phenotype of Human Epithelial Cancer Cells: Toward Targeting Multidrug Resistance in Cancer

Recent reports suggest the existence of a subpopulation of stem-like cancer cells, termed as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which bear functional and phenotypic resemblance with the adult, tissue-resident stem cells. Side population (SP) assay based on differential efflux of Hoechst 33342 has been effectively used for the isolation of CSCs. The drug resistance properties of SP cells are typically due to the increased expression of ABC transporters leading to drug efflux. Conventionally used chemotherapeutic drugs may often leads to an enrichment of SP, revealing their inability to target the drug-resistant SP and CSCs. Thus, identification of agents that can reduce the SP phenotype is currently in vogue in cancer therapeutics. Withania somnifera (WS) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been used in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, including cancer. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of ethanolic (ET) extracts of WS and TC on the cancer SP phenotype. Interestingly, we found significant decrease in SP on treatment with TC-ET, but not with WS-ET. The SP-inhibitory TC-ET was further fractionated into petroleum ether (TC-PET), dichloromethane (TC-DCM), and n-butyl alcohol (TC-nBT) fractions using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Our data revealed that TC-PET and TC-DCM, but not TC-nBT, significantly inhibited SP in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based functional assays revealed that TC-PET and TC-DCM significantly inhibited ABC-B1 and ABC-G2 transporters and sensitized cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic drug-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, the TC-PET and TC-DCM may harbor phytochemicals with the potential to reverse the drug-resistant phenotype, thus improving the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy.

An enzyme-linked immuno focus assay for rapid detection and enumeration, and a newborn mouse model for human non-polio enteroviruses associated with acute diarrhea

We have recently reported significant association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute and persistent diarrhea (18-21% of total diarrheal cases), and non-diarrheal Increased Frequency of Bowel Movements (IFoBM-ND) (about 29% of the NPEV infections) in children and that the NPEV-associated diarrhea was as significant as rotavirus diarrhea. However, their diarrhea-causing potential is yet to be demonstrated in an animal model system. Since the determination of virus titers by the traditional plaque assay takes 4-7 days, there is a need for development of a rapid method for virus titer determination to facilitate active clinical research on enterovirus-associated diarrhea. The goal of this study is to develop a cell-based rapid detection and enumeration method and to demonstrate the diarrhea-inducing potential of purified and characterized non-polio enteroviruses, which were isolated from diarrheic children. Here we describe generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against purified strains belonging to different serotypes, and development of an enzyme-linked immuno focus assay (ELIFA) for detection and enumeration of live NPEV particles in clinical and purified virus samples, and a newborn mouse model for NPEV diarrhea. Plaque-purified NPVEs, belonging to different serotypes, isolated from children with diarrhea, were grown in cell culture and purified by isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation. By ELIFA, NPEVs could be detected and enumerated within 12 h post-infection. Our results demonstrated that Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and CVB5 strains, isolated from diarrheic children, induced severe diarrhea in orally-inoculated 9-12 day-old mouse pups, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The methods described here would facilitate studies on NPEV-associated gastrointestinal disease. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influencia de la rotación de cultivos y control de malezas sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr) c.v. cristalina

Con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de dos rotaciones y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya se realizó un estudio en los terrenos de la Hacienda "Las Mercedes" en Managua, sobre un suelo de textura arcillosa. La siembra se realizó el siete de septiembre de 1990, utilizando un diseño en bloques completos al azar en parcelas divididas con cuatro réplicas. Siendo el factor "A": rotación; a3 = maíz, a4 = pepino; y el factor "B": Métodos de control de malezas; b1 = químico, b2 = período crítico, b3=limpia periódica. Los resultados reflejan que el cultivo antecedente maíz representa menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas a la cosecha de la soya, siendo la especie más abundante Rottboellia cochinchinensis. El cultivo antecedente pepino presenta la menor diversidad, con mayor abundancia de la especie R. cochinchinensis seguida de Cyperus rotundus. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas solamente en altura de planta a los 27 y 42 días después de la siembra a favor del cultivo antecedente maíz, también se obtuvo mayor número de plantas 39.4 pta/m2, altura de plantas 63.9 cm, número de vainas por plantas 13.92, número de ramas por planta 1.4, diámetro del tallo 3.98 mm, peso seco de paja 4824.5 kg/ha y rendimiento de grano 2289.42 kg/ha. Respecto a los métodos de control la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas se presentó en limpia periódica y el mayor valor el control químico fomesafén en post-emergencia. La diversidad al momento de la cosecha fue similar en los controles limpia periódica y período crítico. Las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento presentaron diferencias significativas para altura de plantas 67.3 cm a favor del control químico; número de semillas por vaina 2.80 a favor de periodo crítico; número de nódulos por planta en R5 14.25, número de ramas por planta 2.4, número de vainas 24.75, diámetro del tallo 5.0 mm, peso seco de paja 7645.8 kg/ha, peso de 1000 semillas 153 g y rendimiento del grano 4141.5 kg/ha a favor del control limpia periódica. En el control químico se presentó el menor número de semillas por vaina 2.55, vainas por planta 5.5, peso seco de nódulos: R1=0.15 g/pta y R5=0.34 g/pta y rendimiento con 832 kg/ha.

Efecto de los cultivos antecedentes y métodos de control de malezas sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr.) c.v. tropical

Se realizó un estudio de rotación de cultivos y métodos de control de malezas en el cultivo de soya, en terrenos del Instituto "Rigoberto López Pérez" de Managua, sobre un suelo de textura franco - arcillosa. La siembra se realizó el 26 de Agosto de 1989, utilizando un diseño de parcelas divididas en bloques completamente al azar, siendo el factor "A": Cultivos antecedentes; al= maíz, a2= pepinillo; y el factor "B": Métodos de control de malezas; b1= fomesafén (0.351 l/ha) en post-emergencia; b2= limpia en período crítico y b3= limpias periódicas. Este experimento se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de estos factores sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya. Los resultados reflejan que el cultivo antecedente maíz representa la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas al momento de la cosecha siendo la especie más abundante Cenchrus brownii y el cultivo antecedente pepinillo la menor diversidad con mayor abundancia de la especie Sida acuta. El efecto de este factor sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya indica que se obtuvieron diferencias significativas solamente para el peso de 1000 semillas con 135.59 g (gramos) a favor del cultivo antecedente maíz; además se obtiene el mayor número de ramas por planta, rendimiento y peso seco de la paja con 1615.65 y 5266.67 kg/ha respectivamente. Las otras variables registran un comportamiento similar. En cuanto al efecto de loe métodos de control de malezas; la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de las malezas se presentó en el método con limpia periódica y el mayor valor cuando se aplicó fomesafén en post-emergencia siendo para este caso la especie más abundante Sida acota. La diversidad fue similar al momento de la cosecha donde la especie C.brownii se ve favorecida por las limpias periódicas, no obstante las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya se presentaron diferencias significativas únicamente para el peso de 1000 semillas obteniéndose 139.26 g a favor de las limpias en período crítico, además se obtiene el mayor número de ramas por planta; pero se presenta el menor número de vaina por planta y peso seco de la paja con 4750 kg/ha. Por otro lado, el mayor rendimiento se obtuvo cuando se aplicó fomesafén en post-emergencia y el menor cuando se utilizaron limpias periódicas con valores de 1547.88 y 1462.15 kg/ha respectivamente. Con fomesafén se presentó además la menor población y número de vainas por planta y con limpias periódicas el menor peso de 1000 semillas con 122,93 g, el menor rendimiento con 1462.15 kg/ha, pero presentó el mayor peso seco de paja con 5025 kg/ha.

Efecto de dos sistemas de labranza (mínima y cero) y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) primera 1994

Durante la época de primera de 1994, se estableció un experimento de campo en la estación experimental La Compañia, localizada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, con el propósito de evaluar la influencia de dos sistemas de labranza y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.). Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas, arreglados en bloques completos al azar la parcela grande correspondió a las labranzas y las pequeñas a los controles, con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores en estudio fueron A:sistema de labranza, con los siguientes niveles al: labranza cero y a2: mínima y B: Control de malezas con los siguientes niveles: b1: control de malezas pre emergente (utilizando paraquat), b2: pre emergente más chapia a los 28 dias después de la siembra, y b3: aplicación pre emergente más post emergente, con la utilización de paraquat a la siembra y a los 28 días después de la siembra. Los resultados indican que la labranza cero, mostró efectos negativos sobre la dinámica de las malezas, sobre todo en cuanto a dominancia y diversidad, no asi en abundancia donde ambos sistemas mostraron similitud. El mejor método de control de malezas fue pre emergente más post emergente, seguido de pre emergente má chapia y el menos efectivo fue el control pre emergente. En las variables de crecimiento, tanto los sistemas de labranzas como de los metodos de control de malezas, no mostraron efectos significativos. La evaluación de los componentes del rendimiento en los sistemas de labranzas no mostraron diferencias significativas, no obstante labranza cero mostró mejores resultados en longitud de mazorca, con un valor de 9.47 cm, número de granos por hilera 20, peso de cien granos 18.5gr. y rendimiento de grano 1681.3kg/ha. Los métodos de control de malezas mostraron pocas diferencias significativas en los componentes del rendimiento. El control pre emergente más pos emergente mostró los mejores resultados en diámetro de mazorca con un valor de 4.02cm., número de hileras por mazorca 13.25, número de granos por hilera 21.25, rendimiento 1881.2kg/ha y peso de paja 1972.4kg/. Existieron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de grano en los controles de malezas, el mejor comportamiento lo presentó el control pre emergente más post emergente. La mejor rentabilidad la obtuvieron el sistema de labranza cero y el control de malezas pre emergente más post emergente, debido a que estos ofrecen mayores beneficios netos, además obtuvieron loa mejores rendimientos.

Evaluación de una mezcla de cepas de Rhizobium bajo diferentes niveles de fertilización en tres variedades de frijol rojo (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Nicaragua

El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental La Compañía, Masatepe, en la época de postrera (octubre-diciembre) de 1998. Los objetivos fueron: Determinar el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres cultivares de frijol, utilizando la técnica de inoculación en bolsas de polietileno y evaluar el rendimiento de tres cultivares de frijol, utilizando la técnica de inoculación y diferentes niveles de fertilización en condiciones de campo. Se montaron dos ensayos, uno en bolsas de polietileno con diseño en parcelas divididas en BCA con 40 observaciones y el ensayo en campo con diseño en parcelas subdivididas con cuatro réplicas. Los factores evaluados fueron; A: variedades (a1: Door-364, a2: Compañia y •a3: Criolla), B: inoculante con cepa de Rhizobium (b1: Semilla Inoculada y b2: Semilla Sin Inocular) y C: niveles de fertilizantes (c1: 127 kg/ha de completo (12-24-12) a la siembra, C2: 127 kg/ha de completo (12-24-12) a la siembra más 63.5 kg/ha de urea a los 25 días después de la siembra y c3: 127 kg/ha de completo (12-24-12) a la siembra más 127 kg/ha de urea a los 25 días después de la siembra),• este último factor no se evaluó en el ensayo en bolsas. En el experimento en bolsas la variedad Door-364 obtuvo el mayor peso seco y la variedad Criolla el mayor rendimiento entre los demás cultivares. En el factor inoculante con cepa de Rhizobium las plantas no inoculadas superaron en altura, peso seco de plantas y rendimientos a las plantas inoculadas. En el experimento en campo la variedad Door-364 superó en número de vainas por planta, granos por vaina, peso seco de paja y rendimiento en campo a las demás variedades, los cultivares Compañia y Criolla presentaron mayor peso en mil granos y población por hectárea respectivamente. Las plantas inoculadas superaron a las plantas no inoculadas en todas las variables con excepción del peso seco de paja. El nivel de fertilizantes 127 kg/ha de la formula completa (l2-24-12) a la siembra más 127 kg/ha de urea a los 25 días después de la siembra obtuvo más vainas por planta, peso de mil granos, rendimientos y peso seco de paja. La dosis de 127 kg/ha de la fórmula completa (12-24-12) a la siembra más 63.5 kg/ha de urea a los 25 días después de la siembra presentó el mayor número de plantas por hectárea y granos por vaina, en esta última variable la dosis de 127 kg/ha de la fórmula completa (12-24-12) a la siembra obtuvo el mismo resultado.

The Influence of Strain Gradient on the shear Band in a Saturated Soil

The dynamic localization of saturated soil is investigated by considering the influence of higher strain gradient. It is shown that the strain gradient has a significant influence on the evolution of shear band in saturated soil and that the width of shear band is proportional to the square root of the strain gradient softening coefficient. The numerical simulation is processed to investigate the influences of shear strain gradient and other factors on the evolution of shear band.