Políticas educativas en la CAPV a principios del siglo XXI.

Recoger las políticas educativas llevadas a cabo en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vaco (CAPV) en los años comprendidos entre 1978-2010 y sus consecuencias. Reflejar la realidad, una realidad no siempre explícita, de la sociedad Vasca con respecto a la educación, que es muy compleja y con ciertas contradicciones. Se han recopilado datos numéricos y estadísticos de diferentes fuentes entre las más destacadas: bibliografía sobre políticas educativas en Euskadi, bibliografía de temas relacionados con el estudio, normativas vigentes en cada época publicadas en el Boletín Oficial del País Vasco, estudios de investigación del Instituto Vasco de Evaluación e investigación educativa ISEI-IVEI, investigaciones del Instituto Vasco de Estadística EUSTAT, publicaciones del Departamento de Educación del Gobierno Vasco, Publicaciones del Consejo escolar de Euskadi y página web Ministerio de educación y ciencia. El periodo de tiempo es muy amplio, se observan todas las consecuencias colaterales de las políticas aplicadas, así como después de los años, el resultado sobre euskaldunización que es un tema de continua problemática, no ha sido el esperado, ya que después de casi 30 años solo el 15 por ciento de la población en la actualizadas utilizan el Euskera en el entorno familiar y social. Se trata de poner de manifiesto los principales fundamentos que han articulado la Política Educativa de la Comunicad Autónoma del País Vasco en los últimos años, en un escenario educativo marcadamente condicionado por un contexto nacionalista en el que el individuo pasa a un segundo plano, subordinándose a la idea de pueblo que encierra los significados de raza o etnia, lengua y territorio, fundamentados en verdades históricas o en constructos artificiales, fundados en mitos o en falsedades históricas. El objetivo de la CAPV es disminuir la brecha que separa respecto a aquellos países que han dado el salto hacia la Agenda Educativa del Siglo 21, que en el caso de Euskadi debe orientarse hacia una mayor inclusión, mejor calidad educativa, gestión académica y flexibilización de las estructuras académicas y administrativas, que serían resultado de una reforma curricular y de la creación de mejores opciones para su acreditación y certificación a nivel local y global.

La educación y la Administración local.

Monográfico con el título: '¿Educa la ciudad?'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Políticas sociales con perspectiva de derechos. La agenda pendiente en Argentina

El “enfoque de Derechos” constituye un marco conceptual para el proceso de desarrollo humano que está basado normativamente en principios y estándares internacionales de Derechos Humanos y operacionalmente dirigido a respetarlos, protegerlos y satisfacerlos. Ahora bien, a pesar de ciertos avances en materia de reconocimiento de derechos o la incorporación en los últimos años de cierta retórica de “derechos” en las políticas sociales aún queda un largo camino por recorrer en la implementación de esta perspectiva (tanto en la región como en particular en la argentina). Todavía persisten un esquema político caracterizado por oferta de beneficios asistenciales, multiplicidad de programas otorgados discrecionalmente y bajo lógica de clientelismo político, soluciones basadas en el supuesto de la “responsabilización individual” por parte de los receptores de las políticas, falta de participación de los sectores vulnerables en la construcción de la política, permanente re-denominación de viejos programas, falta de control y accountability y con falencias en materia de información pública (tanto en términos de producción como de acceso). En este marco, este trabajo se propone primero indagar sobre algunos de los principios que deben guiar políticas públicas pensadas en términos del “enfoque de Derechos”. Luego, se señalan algunos aspectos que pueden ser útiles a la hora de comprender por que este enfoque dista de implementarse en la argentina. Cabe destacar que a fin de iluminar los diferentes puntos se tomarán como referencias ejemplos extraídos de programas sociales de transferencia de ingreso implementados en Argentina y que se convirtieron en respuestas estatales protagónicas a partir de la crisis de 2001-2002.

Sobre ventanas y espejos. Cultura local, museos nacionales y patrimonio cultural ecuatoriano: contribuciones a un debate (todavía) pendiente

A partir de la conceptualización de historia regional y local como escala de análisis del conflicto social y la acción colectiva, el artículo aborda, de manera preliminar, la problemática que reviste la incorporación del patrimonio cultural local dentro de los repertorios culturales nacionales que integran museos nacionales y parques temáticos. Esta identificación-incorporación trae consigo procesos de segregación cultural que se expresan en los recursos curatoriales y guiones de ruta que articulan los repertorios de objetos que alinderan la identidad nacional o establecen sus límites. Esto se ilustra con dos ejemplos: el Parque Histórico de Guayaquil (o Malecón 1900) y el Museo Nacional. En ambos casos, la incorporación de lo local (asumido como conflictividad sociocultural situada territorialmente) recurre a patrones de representación anacrónicos que reeditan procesos de exclusión social y segregación cultural. A contrapelo, el artículo acude, descriptivamente, al caso de los museos comunitarios de Oaxaca como propuestas de impugnación cultural patrimonial generadas desde las localidades.

La «política exterior» de Bogotá en el siglo xxi. Agenda política e institucionalidad para la internacionalización (2001-2013)

Convencionalmente, los fenómenos internacionales han sido tratados como un problema casi exclusivo de los Estados nacionales. Las múltiples transformaciones (económicas, políticas, sociales, culturales), profundizadas a finales del siglo XX, implicaron cambios para la disciplina de las relaciones internacionales. Entre otros aspectos, se amplió el abanico de actores relevantes para la disciplina, en virtud de la capacidad de influir en los asuntos internacionales que adquirieron actores públicos de orden subnacional, local o regional, pero también de actores privados y, en general, de la sociedad civil. Este libro discute la condición de actores internacionales de los gobiernos no centrales (GNC) y la posibilidad de que estos desarrollen una especie de «política exterior de Estado local» que no desafíe las prerrogativas exclusivas del gobierno central, pero que se dis tancie de la simple participación internacional ad hoc. Desarrolla un análisis del caso de Bogotá DC (2001-2013), a partir de dos variables: agenda política e institucionalización para la internacionalización, y aplica un modelo de cuantificación discreta sobre el nivel de participación internacional que ha alcanzado la ciudad. Los resultados señalan la importancia creciente de las actividades paradiplomáticas de los GNC, y la necesidad de innovación institucional para una internacionalización estratégica.

Nest Boxes Facilitate Local-Scale Conservation of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) in Alberta, Canada

We tested the general predictions of increased use of nest boxes and positive trends in local populations of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) following the large-scale provision of nest boxes in a study area of central Alberta over a 16-year period. Nest boxes were rapidly occupied, primarily by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead, but also by European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). After 5 years of deployment, occupancy of large boxes by Common Goldeneye was 82% to 90% and occupancy of small boxes by Bufflehead was 37% to 58%. Based on a single-stage cluster design, experimental closure of nest boxes resulted in significant reductions in numbers of broods and brood sizes produced by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead. Occurrence and densities of Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead increased significantly across years following nest box deployment at the local scale, but not at the larger regional scale. Provision of nest boxes may represent a viable strategy for increasing breeding populations of these two waterfowl species on landscapes where large trees and natural cavities are uncommon but wetland density is high.

Local development companies and the regeneration of Britain's cities

Efforts to decentralise the pursuit of economic and social development have increased in recent years. The authors examine the rationale for establishing local development companies in areas of high unemployment and deprivation. The broad purpose is to establish a new style of organisation that combines attributes of the public and private sectors-to adapt and integrate economic and social services to meet local needs, to champion local interests in external arenas, and to act as enabling agents to promote local investment and development. These arguments are elaborated and illustrated with reference to one of Britain's most successful local development companies, Govan Initiative. The analysis reveals important strengths of the Initiative, including its action orientation, commitment to quality, and a local leadership role, but also certain weaknesses including its limited leverage over wider policies and resource flows. Local development companies need meaningful commitment from regional and national public organisations to fulfil their potential.

Evidence for unusual spatial location coding in Williams syndrome: an explanation for the local bias in visuo-spatial construction tasks?

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) display poor visuo-spatial cognition relative to verbal abilities. Furthermore, whilst perceptual abilities are delayed, visuo-spatial construction abilities are comparatively even weaker, and are characterised by a local bias. We investigated whether his differentiation in visuo-spatial abilities can be explained by a deficit in coding spatial location in WS. This can be measured by assessing participants' understanding of the spatial relations between objects within a visual scene. Coordinate and categorical spatial relations were investigated independently in four participant groups: 21 individuals with WS; 21 typically developing (TD) children matched for non-verbal ability; 20 typically developing controls of a lower non-verbal ability; and 21 adults. A third task measured understanding of visual colour relations. Results indicated first, that the comprehension of categorical and coordinate spatial relations is equally poor in WS. Second, that the comprehension of visual relations is also at an equivalent level to spatial relational understanding in this population. These results can explain the difference in performance on visuo-spatial perception and construction tasks in WS. In addition, both the WS and control groups displayed response biases in the spatial tasks. However, the direction of bias differed across the groups. This finding is explored in relation to current theories of spatial location coding. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exploring social barriers to adaptation: insights from Western Nepal

As the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change become increasingly apparent, the need for facilitating successful adaptation and enhancing adaptive capacity within the context of sustainable development is clear. With adaptation high on the agenda, the notion of limits and barriers to adaptation has recently received much attention within both academic and policymaking spheres. While emerging literature has been quick to depict limits and barriers in terms of natural, financial, or technologic processes, there is a clear shortfall in acknowledging social barriers to adaptation. It is against such a backdrop that this paper sets out to expose and explore some of the underlying features of social barriers to adaptation, drawing on insights from two case studies in the Western Nepal. This paper exposes the significant role of cognitive, normative and institutional factors in both influencing and prescribing adaptation. It explores how restrictive social environments can limit adaptation actions and influence adaptive capacity at the local level, particularly for the marginalised and socially excluded. The findings suggest a need for greater recognition of the diversity and complexity of social barriers, strategic planning and incorporation at national and local levels, as well as an emphasis on tackling the underlying drivers of vulnerability and social exclusion.

Cities’ low carbon plans in an ‘age of austerity’: an analysis of UK local authority actions, attitudes and responses

Background: Cities play a significant role globally in creating carbon emissions but, as centers of major population, innovation and social practice, they also offer important opportunities to tackle climate change. The new challenges faced by cities in an ‘age of austerity’ and decentralist agendas present substantial challenges for coordinated multilevel governance. Results: Based on research carried out in 2011–2012, this paper examines the attitudes and responses of sustainability and climate change officers in UK cities that have prepared low carbon and climate change plans, in the context of these challenges. Using a conceptual framework that analyses ‘awareness’, ‘analysis’ and ‘actions’ (in the context of spending cuts and a new ‘decentralized’ policy agenda) this research suggests that progress on low-carbon futures for cities continues to be fragmented, with increased funding constraints, short-termism and lack of leadership acting as key barriers to progress. Conclusion: Recent UK national policies (including localism, austerity measures and new economic incentives) have not only created further uncertainties, but also scope for cities’ local innovation through policy leverage and self-governing actions.

Local ownership and UN peacebuilding: discourse versus operationalization

The UN asserts that local ownership boosts the legitimacy and sustainabil- ity of peacebuilding by preserving the principles of self-determination and nonimposition in an activity that can contravene them. At the same time, it also perceives local ownership to imperil the achievement of its operational goals, thus bringing its normative and operational obligations into conflict. This article evaluates the UN’s discourse and operationalization of local ownership, showing that despite the UN’s invocation of ownership dis- course, it operationalizes ownership in restrictive ways that are intended to protect the achievement of operational goals but that consequently limit self-determination and increase imposition. Moreover, because of contra- dictions in the UN’s practices of ownership, it also undercuts its ability to re- alize the very operational goals that it is trying to protect. KEYWORDS: UN peacebuilding, local ownership, discourse vs. practice.

Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate

Phenology shifts are the most widely cited examples of the biological impact of climate change, yet there are few assessments of potential effects on the fitness of individual organisms or the persistence of populations. Despite extensive evidence of climate-driven advances in phenological events over recent decades, comparable patterns across species' geographic ranges have seldom been described. Even fewer studies have quantified concurrent spatial gradients and temporal trends between phenology and climate. Here we analyse a large data set (~129 000 phenology measures) over 37 years across the UK to provide the first phylogenetic comparative analysis of the relative roles of plasticity and local adaptation in generating spatial and temporal patterns in butterfly mean flight dates. Although populations of all species exhibit a plastic response to temperature, with adult emergence dates earlier in warmer years by an average of 6.4 days per °C, among-population differences are significantly lower on average, at 4.3 days per °C. Emergence dates of most species are more synchronised over their geographic range than is predicted by their relationship between mean flight date and temperature over time, suggesting local adaptation. Biological traits of species only weakly explained the variation in differences between space-temperature and time-temperature phenological responses, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may operate to maintain local adaptation. As niche models assume constant relationships between occurrence and environmental conditions across a species' entire range, an important implication of the temperature-mediated local adaptation detected here is that populations of insects are much more sensitive to future climate changes than current projections suggest.

Global, local, or regional? The locus of MNE strategies

This paper provides an overview of the main insights arising from the ‘regional strategy’ literature. It also develops the contours of a new, rich research agenda for future international strategy scholarship, whereby the region should be introduced as an explicit, third geographic level of analysis, in addition to the country-level and the global level. Regional strategy analysis requires a fundamental rethink of mainstream theories in the international strategy sphere. This rethink involves, inter alia, internalization theory, with its resource-based view and transaction cost economics components, as well as the integration (I) – national responsiveness (NR) framework.

Local Corticosterone Infusion Enhances Nocturnal Pineal Melatonin Production In Vivo

Melatonin, an important marker of the endogenous rhythmicity in mammals, also plays a role in the body defence against pathogens and injuries. In vitro experiments have shown that either pro- or anti-inflammatory agents, acting directly in the organ, are able to change noradrenaline-induced pineal indoleamine production. Whereas corticosterone potentiates melatonin production, incubation of the gland with tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreases pineal hormonal production. In the present study, we show that nocturnal melatonin production measured by intra-pineal microdialysis is enhanced in pineals perfused with corticosterone at concentrations similar to those measured in inflamed animals. In vitro experiments suggest that this enhancement may be due to an increase in the activity of the two enzymes that convert serotonin to N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and NAS to melatonin. The present results support the hypothesis that the pineal gland is a sensor of inflammation mediators and that it plays a central role in the control of the inflammatory response.