RF energy harvesting two-way cognitive DF relaying with transceiver impairments

This paper analyzes the impact of transceiver impairments on outage probability (OP) and throughput of decode-and-forward two-way cognitive relay (TWCR) networks, where the relay is self-powered by harvesting energy from the transmitted signals. We consider two bidirectional relaying protocols namely, multiple access broadcast (MABC) protocol and time division broadcast (TDBC) protocol, as well as, two power transfer policies namely, dual-source (DS) energy transfer and single-fixed-source (SFS) energy transfer. Closed-form expressions for OP and throughput of the network are derived in the context of delay-limited transmission. Numerical results corroborate our analysis, thereby we can quantify the degradation of OP and throughput of TWCR networks due to transceiver hardware impairments. Under the specific parameters, our results indicate that the MABC protocol achieves asymptotically a higher throughput by 0.65 [bits/s/Hz] than the TDBC protocol, while the DS energy transfer scheme offers better performance than the SFS policy for both relaying protocols.

Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of two zidovudine formulations in healthy Brazilian volunteers: An open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-way crossover study

Background: Zidovudine is a thymidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV type 1. Some (similar to 8) generic formulations of zidovudine are available in Brazil; however, based on a literature search, information concerning their bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties in the Brazilian population has not been reported. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 capsule formulations of zidovudine 100 mg in healthy Brazilian volunteers. Methods: This open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover study utilized a 1-week washout period between doses. Blood samples were collected for 8 hours after a single dose of zidovudine 100-mg test (Zidovudina, Fundaqdo para o Remedio Popular, Sao Paulo, Brazil) or reference formulation (Retrovir (R), GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Plasma zidovudine concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection at 265 nm. C-max, T-max, AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), t(1/2), and the elimination constant (k(e)) were determined using noncompartmental analysis. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the 90% CIS for C-max, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) fell within the interval of 80 % to 125 %, the regulatory definition set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Results: Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females; mean age, 27 years; weight, 60 kg; height, 167 cm) were enrolled and completed the study. The 90% CIs of the treatment ratios for the logarithmic-transformed values of C-max, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) were 80.0% to 113.6%, 93.9% to 109.7%, and 93.6% to 110.1 %, respectively. The values for the test and reference formulations were within the FDA bioequivalence definition intervals of 80% to 125%. Conclusions: In this small study in healthy subjects, no statistically significant differences in C-max, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-)infinity were found between the test and reference formulations of zidovudine 100-mg capsules. The 90% CIs for the mean ratio values for the test and reference formulations of AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and C-max indicated that the reported data were entirely within the bioequivalence acceptance range proposed by the FDA of 80% to 125% (using log-transformed data).

Two-way MANCOVA: an application to public health

The aim of this work is to use the MANCOVA model to study the influence of the phenotype of an enzyme - Acid phosphatase - and a genetic factor - Haptoglobin genotype - on two dependent variables - Activity of Acid Phosphatase (ACP1) and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Therefore it's used a general linear model, namely a multivariate analysis of covariance (Two-way MANCOVA). The covariate is the age of the subject. This covariate works as control variable for the independent factors, serving to reduce the error term in the model. The main results showed that only the ACP1 phenotype has a significant effect on the activity of ACP1 and the covariate has a significant effect in both dependent variables. The univariate analysis showed that ACP1 phenotype accounts for about 12.5% of the variability in the activity of ACP1. In respect to this covariate it can be seen that accounts for about 4.6% of the variability in the activity of ACP1 and 37.3% in the BMI.

Opening Pousada da Serra da Estrela in Covilhã: A two-way impact - studying the value chain

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

"Differential metabolic recruitment of cognitive, emotional and modulatory brain regions in infant and adolescent rats undergoing two-way active avoidance training"

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2011

Guidelines for the Conversion of Urban Four-Lane Undivided Roadways to Three-Lane Two-Way Left-turn Lane Facilities, April 2001

Four-lane undivided roadways in urban areas can experience a degradation of service and/or safety as traffic volumes increase. In fact, the existence of turning vehicles on this type of roadway has a dramatic effect on both of these factors. The solution identified for these problems is typically the addition of a raised median or two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL). The mobility and safety benefits of these actions have been proven and are discussed in the “Past Research” chapter of this report along with some general cross section selection guidelines. The cost and right-of-way impacts of these actions are widely accepted. These guidelines focus on the evaluation and analysis of an alternative to the typical four-lane undivided cross section improvement approach described above. It has been found that the conversion of a four-lane undivided cross section to three lanes (i.e., one lane in each direction and a TWLTL) can improve safety and maintain an acceptable level of service. These guidelines summarize the results of past research in this area (which is almost nonexistent) and qualitative/quantitative before-and-after safety and operational impacts of case study conversions located throughout the United States and Iowa. Past research confirms that this type of conversion is acceptable or feasible in some situations but for the most part fails to specifically identify those situations. In general, the reviewed case study conversions resulted in a reduction of average or 85th percentile speeds (typically less than five miles per hour) and a relatively dramatic reduction in excessive speeding (a 60 to 70 percent reduction in the number of vehicles traveling five miles per hour faster than the posted speed limit was measured in two cases) and total crashes (reductions between 17 to 62 percent were measured). The 13 roadway conversions considered had average daily traffic volumes of 8,400 to 14,000 vehicles per day (vpd) in Iowa and 9,200 to 24,000 vehicles per day elsewhere. In addition to past research and case study results, a simulation sensitivity analysis was completed to investigate and/or confirm the operational impacts of a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion. First, the advantages and disadvantages of different corridor simulation packages were identified for this type of analysis. Then, the CORridor SIMulation (CORSIM) software was used x to investigate and evaluate several characteristics related to the operational feasibility of a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion. Simulated speed and level of service results for both cross sections were documented for different total peak-hour traffic, access densities, and access-point left-turn volumes (for a case study corridor defined by the researchers). These analyses assisted with the identification of the considerations for the operational feasibility determination of a four -lane to three-lane conversion. The results of the simulation analyses primarily confirmed the case study impacts. The CORSIM results indicated only a slight decrease in average arterial speed for through vehicles can be expected for a large range of peak-hour volumes, access densities, and access-point left-turn volumes (given the assumptions and design of the corridor case study evaluated). Typically, the reduction in the simulated average arterial speed (which includes both segment and signal delay) was between zero and four miles per hour when a roadway was converted from a four-lane undivided to a three-lane cross section. The simulated arterial level of service for a converted roadway, however, showed a decrease when the bi-directional peak-hour volume was about 1,750 vehicles per hour (or 17,500 vehicles per day if 10 percent of the daily volume is assumed to occur in the peak hour). Past research by others, however, indicates that 12,000 vehicles per day may be the operational capacity (i.e., level of service E) of a three-lane roadway due to vehicle platooning. The simulation results, along with past research and case study results, appear to support following volume-related feasibility suggestions for four-lane undivided to three-lane cross section conversions. It is recommended that a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion be considered as a feasible (with respect to volume only) option when bi-directional peak-hour volumes are less than 1,500 vehicles per hour, but that some caution begin to be exercised when the roadway has a bi-directional peak-hour volume between 1,500 and 1,750 vehicles per hour. At and above 1,750 vehicles per hour, the simulation indicated a reduction in arterial level of service. Therefore, at least in Iowa, the feasibility of a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion should be questioned and/or considered much more closely when a roadway has (or is expected to have) a peak-hour volume of more than 1,750 vehicles. Assuming that 10 percent of the daily traffic occurs during the peak-hour, these volume recommendations would correspond to 15,000 and 17,500 vehicles per day, respectively. These suggestions, however, are based on the results from one idealized case xi study corridor analysis. Individual operational analysis and/or simulations should be completed in detail once a four-lane undivided to three-lane cross section conversion is considered feasible (based on the general suggestions above) for a particular corridor. All of the simulations completed as part of this project also incorporated the optimization of signal timing to minimize vehicle delay along the corridor. A number of determination feasibility factors were identified from a review of the past research, before-and-after case study results, and the simulation sensitivity analysis. The existing and expected (i.e., design period) statuses of these factors are described and should be considered. The characteristics of these factors should be compared to each other, the impacts of other potentially feasible cross section improvements, and the goals/objectives of the community. The factors discussed in these guidelines include • roadway function and environment • overall traffic volume and level of service • turning volumes and patterns • frequent-stop and slow-moving vehicles • weaving, speed, and queues • crash type and patterns • pedestrian and bike activity • right-of-way availability, cost, and acquisition impacts • general characteristics, including - parallel roadways - offset minor street intersections - parallel parking - corner radii - at-grade railroad crossings xii The characteristics of these factors are documented in these guidelines, and their relationship to four-lane undivided to three-lane cross section conversion feasibility identified. This information is summarized along with some evaluative questions in this executive summary and Appendix C. In summary, the results of past research, numerous case studies, and the simulation analyses done as part of this project support the conclusion that in certain circumstances a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion can be a feasible alternative for the mitigation of operational and/or safety concerns. This feasibility, however, must be determined by an evaluation of the factors identified in these guidelines (along with any others that may be relevant for a individual corridor). The expected benefits, costs, and overall impacts of a four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion should then be compared to the impacts of other feasible alternatives (e.g., adding a raised median) at a particular location.

One-sided tolerance interval in a two-way balanced nested model with mixed effects

In many research areas (such as public health, environmental contamination, and others) one deals with the necessity of using data to infer whether some proportion (%) of a population of interest is (or one wants it to be) below and/or over some threshold, through the computation of tolerance interval. The idea is, once a threshold is given, one computes the tolerance interval or limit (which might be one or two - sided bounded) and then to check if it satisfies the given threshold. Since in this work we deal with the computation of one - sided tolerance interval, for the two-sided case we recomend, for instance, Krishnamoorthy and Mathew [5]. Krishnamoorthy and Mathew [4] performed the computation of upper tolerance limit in balanced and unbalanced one-way random effects models, whereas Fonseca et al [3] performed it based in a similar ideas but in a tow-way nested mixed or random effects model. In case of random effects model, Fonseca et al [3] performed the computation of such interval only for the balanced data, whereas in the mixed effects case they dit it only for the unbalanced data. For the computation of twosided tolerance interval in models with mixed and/or random effects we recomend, for instance, Sharma and Mathew [7]. The purpose of this paper is the computation of upper and lower tolerance interval in a two-way nested mixed effects models in balanced data. For the case of unbalanced data, as mentioned above, Fonseca et al [3] have already computed upper tolerance interval. Hence, using the notions persented in Fonseca et al [3] and Krishnamoorthy and Mathew [4], we present some results on the construction of one-sided tolerance interval for the balanced case. Thus, in order to do so at first instance we perform the construction for the upper case, and then the construction for the lower case.

Avaluació de la futura gestió i utilització de la biomassa forestal mitjançant un district heating a Bellver de Cerdanya

En aquest article es pretén explicar breument la viabilitat de la futura gestió i utilització de la biomassa forestal de Bellver de Cerdanya mitjançant un district heating al futur barri del Pla de Tomet. Les particularitats per les quals aquest poble és ideal per a aquest projecte són que l'ajuntament és propietari de gairebé un 90% dels boscos situats en aquest municipi; i que alhora ja ha realitzat diverses instal·lacions que utilitzen la biomassa forestal per a calefacció i ACS. La situació econòmica de la comarca és bastant complicada, ja que s'ha basat en el sector turístic i la construcció, però ambdós no passen pel millor moment. El projecte serviria per donar un valor a la biomassa forestal que fins ara no s'ha donat, i alhora s'intenta buscar nous inputs econòmics per a la Cerdanya. En aquest treball també s'analitza quins haurien de ser els futurs tractaments que s'haurien d'aplicar a la forest, tenint en compte les activitats que es realitzen actualment, i evitant en tot moment possibles efectes negatius, com podria ser la sobreexplotació. També es dedica una part del projecte a explicar els sistemes per obtenir i gestionar de forma correcta la biomassa. A continuació es tracta la part més tècnica, realitzant una estimació del possible futur consum energètic del barri del Pla de Tomet, encara no construït; i decidint quins sistema de calderes seria el més adequat, el tipus d’emmagatzematge més apropiat i els passos a seguir per millorar el rendiment del procés de la gestió i extracció de la biomassa. Seguint tots aquests passos s'arriba a la conclusió que aprofitar la biomassa forestal és millor solució que utilitzar combustibles fòssils. A part dels obvis beneficis medi ambientals, també és millor a nivell econòmic, tant pels futurs veïns com per l'ajuntament.

A Playful Glance at Hierarchical Questions for Two-Way Alternating Automata

Two-way alternating automata were introduced by Vardi in order to study the satisfiability problem for the modal μ-calculus extended with backwards modalities. In this paper, we present a very simple proof by way of Wadge games of the strictness of the hierarchy of Motowski indices of two-way alternating automata over trees.

Vaasan kaukolämmön kehittämissuunnitelma

Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella tulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymien vaikutusta Vaasan kaukolämpötoimintaan. Komartekin Flowra 32 verkostolaskentaohjelman avulla tutkitaan kaukolämpöverkon siirtokykyä nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden kuormitustilanteissa. Työn yhteydessä laaditaan kaukolämmityksen kasvuennuste seuraavalle kymmenelle vuodelle ja selvitetään mitoituslämpötilaa -29°C vastaava teho tilastollisen analyysin avulla. Lisäksi tutkitaan mahdollisia ratkaisuja huippu- ja varatehon tuottamiseksi. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastoinnin kannattavuus energianhankintajärjestelmässä. Kaukolämpöverkon siirtokyky on tarkastelun perusteella kohtalaisen hyvä, mutta liittymistehojen kasvaessa paine-erot verkon häntäpäässä jäävät liian alhaisiksi. Paras ratkaisu paine-ero ongelmaan on rakentaa välipumppaamo Hovioikeudenpuistoon. Tarkastelun perusteella kaukolämmön varatehon lisätarve on kymmenen vuoden kuluttua noin 40 MW ja varatehoksi on kannattavinta rakentaa raskasta polttoöljyä käyttävä lämpökeskus. Lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastointi on nykyisillä energianhinnoilla kohtalaisen kannattavaa varsinkin, jos Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö myöntää hankkeelle täyden 30%:n investointiavustuksen.

Pienen mittakaavan CHP-laitokset osana hiilineutraalia maaseutuyhteiskuntaa

Maapallon ilmasto lämpenee koko ajan kasvihuonekaasujen määrän lisääntyessä ilmakehässä. Merkittävin ihmisten aiheuttama päästöjen lähde on fossiilisten polttoaineiden käyttö energiantuotannossa ja liikenteessä, jonka vuoksi on tärkeää lisätä uusiutuvien energialähteiden käyttöä. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää esimerkkialueena olevan maaseutuyhteiskunnan mahdollisuutta olla energiaomavarainen ja materiaalikierroiltaan suljettu, jos alueen tarvitsema sähkö ja lämpö tuotettaisiin paikallisilla biomassavaroilla kahdella rinnakkaisella pienen mittakaavan CHP-laitoksella. Tarkastellut laitokset olivat anaerobisen mädätyksen ja polttokennojen yhdistelmä sekä termisen käsittelyn ja ORC-prosessin yhdistelmä. Työssä tehdyt laskelmat osoittivat, että esimerkkialue saisi tuotettua omilla biomassavaroillaan tarvitsemastaan sähköstä 75 % ja lämmöstä 90 % esimerkkilaitosten avulla. Laskelmissa ei kuitenkaan huomioitu kesä- ja talvikuukausien välistä eroa lämmön kulutuksessa, jonka vuoksi molemmat laitokset eivät voisi toimia koko ajan täydellä teholla. Lisäksi tuotetun lämmön hyötykäyttöä rajoittaa riittävän laajan kaukolämpöverkon puuttuminen esimerkkialueelta. Nykyisen kaukolämpöverkon avulla saataisiin hyödynnettyä vain kolmasosa ORC-prosessilla tuotetusta lämpöenergiasta. Laskelmat osoittivat myös, että alueen kasvihuonekaasupäästöt pienenisivät 21 % eli noin 6 000 hiilidioksidiekvivalenttitonnia vuodessa, jos suurin osa energiasta tuotettaisiin omista biomassavaroista CHP-laitosten avulla ja mädätyksen seurauksena syntyvä reaktorijäännös korvaisi kemiallisten lannoitteiden käytön.

Kaukolämpöverkon paluuveden hyödyntäminen lämmityksessä

Tässä diplomityössä on määritetty paluuvesilämmityksen mahdollisuudet Savon Voima Oyj:n kaukolämpöpaikkakunnilla. Työssä tarkasteltiin paluuvesilämmityksen tuoman paremman kaukolämpöveden jäähtymän vaikutuksia kaukolämpöverkkoon ja energiantuotantoon sekä laskettiin esimerkkipaikkakunnilla kaukolämmön paluuveden lämpötilan alentumisen tuomat rahalliset hyödyt. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin paluuvesilämmityksen taloudellisuutta esimerkkipaikkakunnilla. Laskennassa saatiin paluuvesilämmityksen tuomaksi jäähtymähyödyksi pumppauskustannuksissa 0,7 – 0,8 €/MWh ja lämpöhäviöissä 1,5 – 2,9 €/MWh. Iisalmessa sähköntuotannon lisääntymisestä saadaan hyötyä 0,7 €/MWh. Suurin hyöty saadaan Pielaveden ja Suonenjoen biolämpökeskusten lämmöntalteenotolla varustetuista savukaasupesureista. Pielavedellä tämä hyöty on 6,4 €/MWh ja Suonenjoella 6,1 €/MWh. Paluuvesilämmityksen kannattavuus asuinkiinteistöissä vaatii lämmöntuotannon yhteydessä olevan savukaasupesurin tuoman rahallisen hyödyn. Esimerkiksi Iisalmessa asiakkaalle myönnettävissä oleva jäähtymähyvitys paluuvesilämmöstä ei riitä kattamaan paluuvesilämmityksen suurempia investointikuluja. Myös pesuripaikkakunnilla kannattavuus vaatii suuren vuosittaisen lämmönkäytön. Tavoiteltaessa 8 vuoden korollista takaisinmaksuaikaa vaatii kannattavuus kohteelta Pielavedellä 250 MWh:n ja Suonejoella 300 MWh:n vuosittaisen lämmönkäytön. Myös asiakkaan sijainnin sopivuus kaukolämpöverkossa paluuvesilämmitykseen täytyy tarkastella tapauskohtaisesti. Paluuvesilämmitys ei tule työn tulosten perusteella tulevaisuudessa yleisesti käyttöön, mutta yksittäisiä asiakkaita siihen voidaan liittää.