A soft approach to solving hard problems in construction project management

Construction projects are faced with a challenge that must not be underestimated. These projects are increasingly becoming highly competitive, more complex, and difficult to manage. They become ‘wicked problems’, which are difficult to solve using traditional approaches. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is a systems approach that is used for analysis and problem solving in such complex and messy situations. SSM uses “systems thinking” in a cycle of action research, learning and reflection to help understand the various perceptions that exist in the minds of the different people involved in the situation. This paper examines the benefits of applying SSM to wicked problems in construction project management, especially those situations that are challenging to understand and difficult to act upon. It includes relevant examples of its use in dealing with the confusing situations that incorporate human, organizational and technical aspects.

Informed systems approach : new directions for organizational learning

The Informed Systems Approach offers models for advancing workplace learning within collaboratively designed systems that promote using information to learn through collegial exchange and reflective dialogue. This systemic approach integrates theoretical antecedents and process models, including the learning theories of Peter Checkland (Soft Systems Methodology), which advance systems design and informed action, and Christine Bruce (informed learning), which generate information experiences and professional practices. Ikujiro Nonaka’s systems ideas (SECI model) and Mary Crossan’s learning framework (4i framework) further animate workplace knowledge creation through learning relationships engaging individuals with ideas.

Soft Sytems Modelling

This presentation introduces Soft Systems Modelling as a technique to support investigating the behaviour of dynamic systems in the real world. It combines techniques from General Systems Theory, Soft Systems Methodolgy and Critical Systems Heuristics. Personas and Scenarios are used as a technique for exploring the motivations of stakeholders in the systems.

Intelligence systems methodology: a systemic approach to the organizational intelligence function

Organizational intelligence can be seen as a function of the viable structure of an organization. With the integration of the Viable System Model and Soft Systems Methodology (systemic approaches of organizational management) focused on the role of the intelligence function, it is possible to elaborate a model of action with a structured methodology to prospect, select, treat and distribute information to the entire organization that improves the efficacy and efficiency of all processes. This combination of methodologies is called Intelligence Systems Methodology (ISM) whose assumptions and dynamics are delimited in this paper. The ISM is composed of two simultaneous activities: the Active Environmental Mapping and the Stimulated Action Cycle. The elaboration of the formal ISM description opens opportunities for applications of the methodology on real situations, offering a new path for this specific issue of systems thinking: the intelligence systems. Knowledge Management Research & Practice (2012) 10, 141-152. doi:10.1057/kmrp.2011.44

A systems methodology for analysing and simulating manufacturing systems

The Systems Engineering Group (SEG) at De Montfort University are developing the Boardman Soft Systems Methodology (BSSM) which allows complex human systems to be modelled, this work builds upon Checkland's Soft Systems Methodology (1981). The BSSM has been applied to the modelling of the systems engineering process as used in design and manufacturing companies. The BSSM is used to solicit information from a company and this data is then transformed into systemic diagrams (systemigrams). These systemigrams are posited to be accurate and concise representations of the system which has been modelled. This paper describes the collaboration between SEG and a manufacturing company (MC) in Leicester, England. The purpose of this collaboration was twofold. First, it was to create an objective view of the MC's processes, in the form of systemigrams. It was important to get this modelled by a source outside of the company, as it is difficult for people within a system being modelled to be unbiased. Secondly, it allowed a series of systemigrams to be produced which can then be subjected to simulation, for the purpose of aiding risk management decisions and to reduce the project cycle time

A composite framework for the strategic alignment of information systems development

Information systems are corporate resources, therefore information systems development must be aligned with corporate strategy. This thesis proposes that effective strategic alignment of information systems requires information systems development, information systems planning and strategic management to be united. Literature in these areas is examined, breaching the academic boundaries which separate these areas, to contribute a synthesised approach to the strategic alignment of information systems development. Previous work in information systems planning has extended information systems development techniques, such as data modelling, into strategic planning activities, neglecting techniques of strategic management. Examination of strategic management in this thesis, identifies parallel trends in strategic management and information systems development; the premises of the learning school of strategic management are similar to those of soft systems approaches to information systems development. It is therefore proposed that strategic management can be supported by a soft systems approach. Strategic management tools and techniques frame individual views of a strategic situation; soft systems approaches can integrate these diverse views to explore the internal and external environments of an organisation. The information derived from strategic analysis justifies the need for an information system and provides a starting point for information systems development. This is demonstrated by a composite framework which enables each information system to be justified according to its direct contribution to corporate strategy. The proposed framework was developed through action research conducted in a number of organisations of varying types. This suggests that the framework can be widely used to support the strategic alignment of information systems development, thereby contributing to organisational success.

A compendium of modelling techniques

This Integration Insight provides a brief overview of the most popular modelling techniques used to analyse complex real-world problems, as well as some less popular but highly relevant techniques. The modelling methods are divided into three categories, with each encompassing a number of methods, as follows: 1) Qualitative Aggregate Models (Soft Systems Methodology, Concept Maps and Mind Mapping, Scenario Planning, Causal (Loop) Diagrams), 2) Quantitative Aggregate Models (Function fitting and Regression, Bayesian Nets, System of differential equations / Dynamical systems, System Dynamics, Evolutionary Algorithms) and 3) Individual Oriented Models (Cellular Automata, Microsimulation, Agent Based Models, Discrete Event Simulation, Social Network
Analysis). Each technique is broadly described with example uses, key attributes and reference material.

A problemática de um ecossistema empreendedor: o caso do Concelho de Lagos

Dissertação de mestrado, Economia da Inovação e Empreendedorismo, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

The Modelling Journey

These were slides developed as part of our work with the JISC Community Engagement Team and CETIS to introduce people to different forms of system modelling, including scenarios and personas, soft systems methods, UML (Use cases, activity diagrams and sequence diagrams), BMPN and EA modelling with Archimate.

Case Study Envisioning and Engagement

This is a presentation that introduces the envisioning (set up) stage of a project or case study. it sets envisioning in a framework of software engineering and agile methodologies. The presentation also covers techniques for engaging with stakeholders in the domain of the project: building a co-designing team; information gathering; and the ethics of engagement. There is a short section on sprint planning and managing the project backlog (agile using a burndown chart.

Gestión de la cadena de suministros desde la dinámica de sistemas. Aproximación al mejoramiento de la toma de decisiones

El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un estudio sobre la cadena de suministros en organizaciones empresariales desde la Dinámica de Sistemas y como esta puede aportar al desempeño y el control de las cadenas de suministros. Se buscará Abordar el cocimiento sobre tres perspectivas de Supply Chain y su relación con la dinámica de sistemas. También se buscará identificar los tipos de integración en las actividades de la gestión en la cadena de suministros y sus horizontes de planeación. Por último, se pretende analizar las aplicaciones de Supply Chain Management que se han basado en el uso de la metodología de dinámica de sistemas. Para esto, la investigación empezará por definir la problemática alrededor de unir estas dos áreas y definirá el marco teórico que fundan estas dos disciplinas. Luego se abordará la metodología usada por la Dinámica de Sistemas y los diferentes aspectos de la cadena de suministros. Se Ahondará en el acercamiento de las dos disciplinas y como convergen ayudando la SD a la SCM (Supply Chain Management). En este punto también se describirán los trabajos en los diferentes enfoques que se han hecho a partir de uso de la dinámica de sistemas. Por último, presentaremos las correspondientes conclusiones y comentarios acerca de este campo de investigación y su pertinencia en el campo de la Supply Chain. Esta investigación abarca dos grandes corrientes de pensamiento, una sistémica, a través de la metodología de dinámica de sistemas y la otra, lógico analítica la cual es usada en Supply Chain. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre las aplicaciones de dinámica de sistemas (SD) en el área de Supply Chain, sus puntos en común y se documentaron importantes empleos de esta metodología que se han hecho en la gestión de la cadena de suministros.

Learning across business sectors: context, embeddedness and conceptual chasms

While the construction industry is frequently encouraged to learn from other business sectors, the difficulties of transferring knowledge from one context to another are rarely acknowledged. The problematic nature of knowledge is addressed with particular emphasis on the concept of contextual embeddedness. From this point of view, the process of 'knowledge transfer' depends upon a prolonged process of socialization between actors from both the 'receiving' and 'sending' contexts networking. It is contended that a significant conceptual chasm exists between the exhortations of industry leaders to learn from other sectors and the theoretical complexities associated with knowledge transfer. An ongoing research project is described that seeks to facilitate knowledge sharing between construction and aerospace. A novel approach to knowledge sharing based upon soft systems methodology (SSM) (Mode 2) is described and justified. Initial findings from the first cycle of the research are discussed and used to highlight the importance of context in the implementation of supply chain management.

Introducing matrix management within a children's services setting - personal reflections

This article reflects on the introduction of ‘matrix management’ arrangements for an Educational Psychology Service (EPS) within a Children’s Service Directorate of a Local Authority (LA). It seeks to demonstrate critical self-awareness, consider relevant literature with a view to bringing insights to processes and outcomes, and offers recommendations regarding the use of matrix management. The report arises from an East Midland’s LA initiative: ALICSE − Advanced Leadership in an Integrated Children’s Service Environment. Through a literature review and personal reflection, the authors consider the following: possible tensions within the development of matrix management arrangements; whether matrix management is a prerequisite within complex organizational systems; and whether competing professional cultures may contribute barriers to creating complementary and collegiate working. The authors briefly consider some research paradigms, notably ethnographic approaches, soft systems methodology, activity theory and appreciative inquiry. These provide an analytic framework for the project and inform this iterative process of collaborative inquiry. Whilst these models help illuminate otherwise hidden processes, none have been implemented following full research methodologies, reflecting the messy reality of local authority working within dynamic organizational structures and shrinking budgets. Nevertheless, this article offers an honest reflection of organizational change within a children’s services environment.

Identificação dos requisitos informacionais para o projeto de um sistema de apoio à decisão : o caso da Secretaria Municipal da Fazenda do município de Porto Alegre

O mundo vem enfrentando a transição de uma economia industrial para uma economia na qual a informação, junto com a terra e o capital, será a força motriz na criação de riquezas e prosperidade. Assim, o sucesso estratégico de muitas empresas vai depender do uso inteligente e da exploração efetiva das possibilidades inerentes à tecnologia da informação. No entanto, as empresas não têm obtido as informações com a qualidade necessária. Isso porque identificar, produzir, selecionar e gerir informações como forma de proporcionar suporte aos processos decisórios tem sido um dos grandes desafios da atualidade.O presente estudo enfoca o processo de identificação de requisitos informacionais destinados ao desenvolvimento de um sistema de apoio a decisões, através de um estudo de caso realizado na Secretaria Municipal da Fazenda do município de Porto Alegre. Ele compreende a etapa de identificação do problema a ser abordado, a definição de modelos conceituais, o mapeamento dos requisitos informacionais das principais atividades identificadas, a comparação destes modelos com os sistemas de informação existentes, e a proposição de mudanças. A metodologia utilizada foi a soft systems (SSM). A SSM é uma metodologia adequada ao tratamento de questões que em geral não se apresentam de forma estruturada. Isto é particularmente importante quando se opera em níveis acima do meramente operacional, em que a questão não é tanto ‘como fazer algo’, mas sim ‘o que deve ser feito’. O uso da SSM mostrou-se adequado e flexível o suficiente para permitir a condução de todas as etapas do trabalho de forma coerente, ao mesmo tempo em que conduziu a resultados que superaram as expectativas iniciais.

Identificação dos requisitos informacionais para o projeto de um sistema de apoio às decisões estratégicas : o caso da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC

A economia atual vem exigindo cada vez mais das empresas e instituições uma constante adequação de seus modelos e processos de gestão como forma de adequarem-se a cenários que se alteram em crescente velocidade. Fomentada por essa velocidade, a informação se estabelece como um dos principais insumos dos gestores, tornando-se ao mesmo tempo uma alternativa de gestão e um novo problema a ser gerenciado, qual seja: a sua obtenção e seu uso como diferencial competitivo. Identificar, produzir, selecionar e gerir informação como forma de proporcionar suporte a processos decisórios é um dos grande desafios da atualidade, onde, muitas vezes, Sistemas de Informações (SI) e Tecnologia da Informação (TI) são erroneamente confundidos, da mesma forma que freqüentemente também são confundidos SI voltados a processos e decisões táticas ou operacionais e aqueles destinados a suportar processos decisórios que conduzem a escolhas estratégicas. Sob esse enfoque, o presente estudo avalia o processo de identificação de requisitos informacionais destinados à construção de um SI voltado ao suporte de decisões estratégicas. Avalia desde a etapa de identificação do principal problema a ser abordado até o mapeamento dos requisitos informacionais necessários às principais atividades desenvolvidas. Com o apoio da metodologia de soft systems (SSM) foram constituídos dois grupos de trabalho. O primeiro, composto pelos principais gestores da instituição, com o objetivo de identificar o principal problema a ser tratado por um SI, ou seja, o foco do estudo, e o segundo grupo, constituído a partir das indicações do primeiro, com o objetivo de analisar o problema identificado e mapear a necessidade de informações destinadas à perfeita gestão do referido problema. Durante o desenvolvimento do estudo, identificaram-se, não só os requisitos informacionais necessários à construção do SI, como também um rol de ações e atividades que podem contribuir para o processo de solução do problema priorizado ou melhoria da situação problemática. O uso da SSM mostrou-se adequado e flexível o suficiente para permitir a harmonização das percepções e a identificação dos principais focos a serem abordados. Proporcionou um meio coerente de condução de todas as etapas do trabalho ao mesmo tempo que conduziu a resultados que superaram as expectativas iniciais.