Sobre a importância da deliberação e da escolha na ética a Nicômaco

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

Os princípios e limites metafísicos do estado jurídico em Kant

A presente dissertação configura-se em pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho analítico, crítico e reflexivo sobro o universo epistemológico que engloba os princípios e limites metafísicos do Estado Jurídico em Kant, o qual aborda os fundamentos racionais, enquanto arquétipos imutáveis e universais, do Estado Jurídico, a partir daquilo que Immanuel Kant leciona em sua Doutrina do Direito. Com essa diretriz e considerando as equivocadas interpretações dos princípios fundamentais do Direito, preliminarmente, esboçam-se algumas concepções destoantes da mencionada obra, as quais são ‘rechaçadas’ no transcurso desta dissertação. Em seguida, explana-se a função exercida pela razão nos usos teorético e prático, com o fito de fixar o locus ocupado por um Sistema Moral na Filosofia Prática. Sistema esse constituído por duas subdivisões, quais sejam a Ética e o Direito. Assim, estabelece-se o Direito como uma ciência prática, apresentando seu conceito. E ainda, discute-se o tema da liberdade, o qual permeia todo caminho trilhado no desenvolvimento, sua relação com a razão prática, bem como a distinção que há entre vontade e arbítrio. Essas considerações permitem, posteriormente, caracterizar o Direito, porém, sem olvidar de distingui-lo da Ética. Explica-se, também, o princípio e a lei universal do Direito enquanto critérios de legitimação e de justiça, princípio e lei esses que se referem à liberdade do arbítrio, dentro da qual a coação se apresenta como elemento integrante. A imputabilidade é outra questão abordada, a qual pressupõe a ideia de liberdade, cuja ausência destituiria o Direito de todo sentido. Deste modo, segue-se ao Direito Privado, discutindo-o até se chegar ao seu postulado, segundo o qual é possível ter direito sobre qualquer objeto exterior ao arbítrio. Examina-se, outrossim, os institutos do Direito Privado, a dizer, o Direito Real, o Direito Pessoal e o Direito Pessoal de caráter Real. Adentra-se, em seguida, no Direito Público, apresentando o Estado Jurídico como garantidor de direitos que lhe são pré-existentes. Nessa esteira, passa-se às condições formais desse Estado, qual seja a tripartição dos Poderes e suas relações. Outros pontos ligados ao Estado Jurídico são, também, enfrentados, como a cidadania e sua relação aos poderes estatais, o pretenso direito de revolução, o dever de reforma da Constituição Civil, o Direito de Punir. Vale ressaltar que tentamos superar uma dificuldade que não é solucionada em nenhum escrito consultado – a responsabilidade dos agentes públicos. Não obstante, a forma do Estado Jurídico é, igualmente, abordada. Ademais, tecem-se algumas linhas aos direitos individuais e sociais e sua relação aos fundamentos do Direito. Enfim, depois de todo percurso trilhado, infere-se que Estado Jurídico é um dever imposto pela razão prática - um fim em si mesmo que decorre de princípios metafísicos - únicos que podem nos oferecer um modelo imutável e insubstituível de Estado.

Sobre a necessidade de uma dedução transcendental no âmbito da razão prática em Kant

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The Deprofessionalisation Thesis, Accountability and Professional Character

It is said that the deprofessionalisation of social work and other welfare occupations reduces workers' professional discretion and autonomy, and thus their capacity to act in the best interests of their client. Without necessarily regarding the deprofessionalisation thesis as conclusive, this paper will ask how the state's control of the role and task of social workers impacts on their role-implicated obligations as professionals. If workers are reduced (as claimed) to the status of mere functionaries in systems they neither approve of nor control, does this exonerate them from bad outcomes or service failures? How should we view the dramatic increase in formal regulation now seen in the UK - as professionalisation or deprofessionalisation? The paper will argue that whatever the drift of policy, workers remain in some measure personally accountable. Service failures imply faults of practical reason that are partly attributable to the moral and intellectual character of professionals as individuals. It is therefore up to professionals, and their organisations, to attend to the improvement of professional character.

El conflicto causalidad natural-libertad en la Crítica de la razón pura

El artículo analiza los argumentos en torno de los cuales se plantea el conflicto entre causalidad natural y causalidad por libertad en la obra Crítica de la Razón Pura /Kritik der reinen Vernunft/ del filósofo alemán Immanuel Kant. Específicamente, interesa desarrollar la solución kantiana a uno de los conflictos que los resultados de la crítica han generado, a partir de la Dialéctica Trascendental y su presentación del problema como antinomia de la razón y de la Doctrina Trascendental del Método, donde la noción de libertad es anunciada como núcleo del pensamiento moral. Se trata de la dificultad que enfrenta la razón al compaginar la necesidad en la naturaleza (sin la cual no es posible la ciencia) con la libertad humana (sin la cual no es posible la moral). La libertad inquirida por el examen crítico de la razón en su uso teórico, es restaurada desde la perspectiva de la razón práctica. Gracias a la restricción crítica del conocimiento humano, Kant abre el camino para la libertad humana, no tanto en los términos negativos de encontrarse “libre de coacción" sino en el sentido positivo de iniciar algo nuevo o no previsto en decurso de la historia fenoménica.

The philosophy of Kant, as contained in extracts from his own writings.

Critique of pure reason.--Metaphysic of morality.--Critique of practical reason.--Critique of judgment.--Index.

'Only in the leap from the lion's head will he prove his worth':natural law and international relations

This article argues the benefits of including a theological interpretation of natural law morality within the normative discourses of international politics. It challenges the assumption of a Grotian secular natural law arguing that practical reason, in a Thomist interpretation, is better suited to the demands of international political theory. It engages with themes of agency, practical reason, and community in order to enhance the content of the post-territorial community evidenced in ethical cosmopolitan debates. Likewise, it envisions a simultaneously enhancing a rapprochement among cosmopolitan and communitarian discourses of international politics facilitated through an institutional design guided by the morality of natural law.

Análisis del cuerpo y la educación como objetos de la violencia simbólica : Un enfoque posible desde la mirada de Pierre Bourdieu

El artículo se propone analizar los conceptos cuerpo y educación, propuestos por Pierre Bourdieu, en diversas obras de su autoría. Centrando la mirada en los conceptos mencionados como recursos de dominación en manos de los Estados Modernos, el texto busca desarrollar la hipótesis reproductivista que asocia dichos términos al establecimiento y afianzamiento de un orden social determinado. Asumiendo una metodología histórica-hermenéutica basada en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias, el objetivo del presente artículo radica en el rastreo de dichos conceptos a través de sus principales libros traducidos al castellano. Entre éstos se encuentran la compilación de artículos Capital cultural, escuela y espacio social; El sentido práctico y Meditaciones Pascalianas como escritos fundamentales a la hora de interpretar los conceptos de cuerpo y educación asociados a los recursos modernos de dominación. Al mismo tiempo, la propuesta de análisis incluye un diálogo con perspectivas relativamente contemporáneas a la obra de Bourdieu; entre estos se encuentran Foucault y Althusser, como autores cuyas propuestas teóricas pueden entreverarse con el enfoque de Bourdieu, enriqueciendo los debates teóricos hacia el interior del artículo.

Análisis del cuerpo y la educación como objetos de la violencia simbólica : Un enfoque posible desde la mirada de Pierre Bourdieu

El artículo se propone analizar los conceptos cuerpo y educación, propuestos por Pierre Bourdieu, en diversas obras de su autoría. Centrando la mirada en los conceptos mencionados como recursos de dominación en manos de los Estados Modernos, el texto busca desarrollar la hipótesis reproductivista que asocia dichos términos al establecimiento y afianzamiento de un orden social determinado. Asumiendo una metodología histórica-hermenéutica basada en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias, el objetivo del presente artículo radica en el rastreo de dichos conceptos a través de sus principales libros traducidos al castellano. Entre éstos se encuentran la compilación de artículos Capital cultural, escuela y espacio social; El sentido práctico y Meditaciones Pascalianas como escritos fundamentales a la hora de interpretar los conceptos de cuerpo y educación asociados a los recursos modernos de dominación. Al mismo tiempo, la propuesta de análisis incluye un diálogo con perspectivas relativamente contemporáneas a la obra de Bourdieu; entre estos se encuentran Foucault y Althusser, como autores cuyas propuestas teóricas pueden entreverarse con el enfoque de Bourdieu, enriqueciendo los debates teóricos hacia el interior del artículo.

Law, Rights and Reproduction: Reproductive Autonomy in Ethical Rationalism

As medical technology has advanced, so too have our attitudes towards the level of control we can expect to hold over our procreative capacities. This creates a multi-dimensional problem for the law in terms of access to services which prevent conception, access to services which terminate a pregnancy and recompensing those whose choices to avoid procreating are frustrated. These developments go to the heart of our perception of autonomy. In order to evaluate these three issues in relation to reproductive autonomy, I set out to investigate how the Gewirthian theory of ethical rationalism can be used to understanding the intersection between law, rights, and autonomy. As such, I assert that it is because of agents’ ability to engage in practical reason that the concept of legal enterprise should be grounded in rationality. Therefore, any attempt to understand notions of autonomy must be based on the categorical imperative derived from the Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC). As a result, I claim that (a) a theory of legal rights must be framed around the indirect application of the PGC and (b) a model of autonomy must account for the limitations drawn by the rational exercise of reason. This requires support for institutional policies which genuinely uphold the rights of agents. In so doing, a greater level of respect for and protection of reproductive autonomy is possible. This exhibits the full conceptual metamorphosis of the PGC from a rational moral principle, through an ethical collective principle, a constitutional principle of legal reason, a basis for rights discourse, and to a model of autonomy. Consequently, the law must be reformed to reflect the rights of agents in these situations and develop an approach which demonstrates a meaningful respect of autonomy. I suggest that this requires rights of access to services, rights to reparation and duties on the State to empower productive agency.

Hegel’s Non-Metaphysical Idea of Freedom

the article explores the putatively non-metaphysical – non-voluntarist, and even non-causal – concept of freedom outlined in Hegel’s work and discusses its influential interpretation by robert Pippin as an ‘essentially practical’ concept. I argue that Hegel’s affirmation of freedom must be distinguished from that of Kant and Fichte, since it does not rely on a prior understanding of self-consciousness as an originally teleological relation and it has not the nature of a claim ‘from a practical point of view’.

What Does Value Matter? The Interest-Relational Theory of the Semantics and Metaphysics of Value

Value and reasons for action are often cited by rationalists and moral realists as providing a desire-independent foundation for normativity. Those maintaining instead that normativity is dependent upon motivation often deny that anything called '"value" or "reasons" exists. According to the interest-relational theory, something has value relative to some perspective of desire just in case it satisfies those desires, and a consideration is a reason for some action just in case it indicates that something of value will be accomplished by that action. Value judgements therefore describe real properties of objects and actions, but have no normative significance independent of desires. It is argued that only the interest-relational theory can account for the practical significance of value and reasons for action. Against the Kantian hypothesis of prescriptive rational norms, I attack the alleged instrumental norm or hypothetical imperative, showing that the normative force for taking the means to our ends is explicable in terms of our desire for the end, and not as a command of reason. This analysis also provides a solution to the puzzle concerning the connection between value judgement and motivation. While it is possible to hold value judgements without motivation, the connection is more than accidental. This is because value judgements are usually but not always made from the perspective of desires that actually motivate the speaker. In the normal case judgement entails motivation. But often we conversationally borrow external perspectives of desire, and subsequent judgements do not entail motivation. This analysis drives a critique of a common practice as a misuse of normative language. The "absolutist" attempts to use and, as philosopher, analyze normative language in such a way as to justify the imposition of certain interests over others. But these uses and analyses are incoherent - in denying relativity to particular desires they conflict with the actual meaning of these utterances, which is always indexed to some particular set of desires.

Discusiones contemporáneas sobre derechos humanos en el marco de la globalización

"La coyuntura actual de Colombia con ocasión de las conversaciones de paz que desde hace casi tres años se realizan en La Habana entre el Gobierno y la guerrilla de las farc, y la eventual entrada a un periodo de posconflicto, sumado a las tendencias internacionales en materia de protección de los derechos humanos, nos invitan como Academia a dirigir nuestra mirada sobre las discusiones contemporáneas alrededor de los derechos humanos en el marco de la globalización, evaluando los aportes que los Estados, los organismos internacionales y los expertos realizan constantemente en diversos temas, incluso antes impensables para la ciencia jurídica, pero que hoy ocupan lugares prioritarios en la agenda de los gobiernos y las organizaciones que propenden por la defensa de los derechos humanos."--presentación.

A juridical-practical framework for the investigation of crimes against granting of public housing services

The public service enterprises are victims of crimes and felonies which may reduce their capacity to perform their functions. These enterprises expend much money and effort in order to prevent those criminal behaviors. For this reason they ask from the authorities more efficient measures against crime; however, such enterprises may feel that they are not being given sufficient importance and/or remedies in dealing with such crime. The aim paper of this is not to study the problem from de substantive criminal law point of view. Rather, this paper’s goal is to study the Colombia’s Rules of Criminal Procedure, which regulate the investigation of this kind of crime. The article will look particularly at the competency of the relevant authorities at the investigative stages. Finally, it will make some recommendations regarding a proper route towards the investigation of these criminal behaviors.

Handy or practical student. Objective: to pass or to learn

With the introduction of the European Higher Education Area and the development of the "Bologna" method in learning certain technological subjects, a pilot assessment procedure was launched in the "old" plan to observe, monitor and analyze the acquiring knowledge of senior students in various academic courses. This paper is a reflection on culture and knowledge. Will students accommodate to get a lower score on tests because they know they have a lot of tooltips to achieve their objectives?. Are their skills lower for these reason?.