973 resultados para hay


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The use of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste crops has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace fossil fuels for the production of renewable energy. Therefore, municipal bin-waste in the form of hay was investigated as a potential energy crop for fermentable sugars production. Hydrolysis of hay by dilute phosphoric acid was carried out in autoclave parr reactor, where reactor temperature (135-200 degrees c) and acid concentration (2.5-10% (w/w)) were examined. Analysis of the decomposition rate of hemicellulosic biomass was undertaken using HPLC of the reaction products. Xylose production reached a maximum value of 13.5 g/100 g dry mass corresponding to a yield of 67% at the best identified conditions of 2.5 wt% H3PO4, 175 degrees C, 10 min reaction time, and at 5 wt% H3PO4, 150 degrees C, and 5 min reaction time. For glucose, an average yield of 25% was obtained at 5 wt% H3PO4, 175 degrees C and 30 min. Glucose degradation to HMF was achieved at 10 wt% H3PO4 and 200 degrees C. The maximum yield for produced arabinose was an average of 3 g/100 g dry. mass corresponding to 100% of the total possible arabinose. The kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis was also carried out using the Saeman and the Two-fraction models. It was found for both models that the kinetic constants (k) depend on the acid concentration and temperature. For xylose and arabinose it was found that the rate of formation was more favoured than the rate of degradation. By contrast, for glucose it was found that glucose degradation was occurring faster than glucose formation. It can be concluded that dilute phosphoric acid hydrolysis of hay crop is feasible for the production of fermentable sugars which are essential for bioethanol synthesis. 

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Se examinan las condiciones oceanográficas sobre el dominio bentónico y varios parámetros comunitarios del macrobentos entre los 3 y 8°S durante mayo y junio 2003, en base a la información obtenida durante el Crucero de Evaluación de Recursos Demersales y Paleoceanografía, BIC Olaya 0305-06. Mediante análisis de covarianza se determina si existen cambios interanuales significativos en los factores abióticos y en diferentes parámetros comunitarios del macrobentos al comparar los otoños de los últimos cuatro años, considerando los efectos de latitud y de profundidad. Los resultados indican que en 2003 la oxigenación del fondo al norte de los 8°S fue inferior a la alcanzada en 2000 y en 2001. Asimismo, la disponibilidad de materia orgánica ‘fresca’ de origen fitoplanctónico en los sedimentos superficiales no fue distinta en los últimos dos años. En cuanto a los parámetros comunitarios, tanto la riqueza específica como la densidad de la macrofauna alcanzaron niveles comparativamente superiores en 2003 respecto a los años anteriores entre los 6 y 8°S. Se discute el posible rol de la oxigenación del fondo en los meses precedentes para el incremento de estos parámetros comunitarios.

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UANL

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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In composite agricultural materials such as grass, tee, medicinal plants; leaves and stems have a different drying time. By this behavior, after leaving the dryer, the stems may have greater moisture content than desired, while the leaves one minor, which can cause either the appearance of fungi or the collapse of the over-dried material. Taking into account that a lot of grass is dehydrated in forced air dryers, especially rotary drum dryers, this research was developed in order to establish conditions enabling to make a separation of the components during the drying process in order to provide a homogeneous product at the end. For this, a rotary dryer consisting of three concentric cylinders and a circular sieve aligned with the more internal cylinder was proposed; so that, once material enters into the dryer in the area of the inner cylinder, stems pass through sieve to the middle and then continue towards the external cylinder, while the leaves continue by the inner cylinder. For this project, a mixture of Ryegrass and White Clover was used. The characteristics of the components of a mixture were: Drying Rate in thin layer and in rotation, Bulk density, Projected Area, Terminal velocity, weight/Area Ratio, Flux through Rotary sieve. Three drying temperatures; 40°C, 60° C and 80° C, and three rotation speeds; 10 rpm, 20 rpm and 40 rpm were evaluated. It was found that the differences in drying time are the less at 80 °C when the dryer rotates at 40 rpm. Above this speed, the material adheres to the walls of the dryer or sieve and does not flow. According to the measurements of terminal velocity of stems and leaves of the components of the mixture, the speed of the air should be less than 1.5 m s-1 in the inner drum for the leaves and less than 4.5 m s-1 in middle and outer drums for stems, in such way that only the rotational movement of the dryer moves the material and achieves a greater residence time. In other hand, the best rotary sieve separation efficiencies were achieved when the material is dry, but the results are good in all the moisture contents. The best rotary speed of sieve is within the critical rotational speed, i.e. 20 rpm. However, the rotational speed of the dryer, including the sieve in line with the inner cylinder should be 10 rpm or less in order to achieve the greatest residence times of the material inside the dryer and the best agitation through the use of lifting flights. With a finite element analysis of a dryer prototype, using an air flow allowing speeds of air already stated, I was found that the best performance occurs when, through a cover, air enters the dryer front of the Middle cylinder and when the inner cylinder is formed in its entirety through a sieve. This way, air flows in almost equal amounts by both the middle and external cylinders, while part of the air in the Middle cylinder passes through the sieve towards the inner cylinder. With this, leaves do not adhere to the sieve and flow along drier, thanks to the rotating movement of the drums and the showering caused by the lifting flights. In these conditions, the differences in drying time are reduced to 60 minutes, but the residence time is higher for the stems than for leaves, therefore the components of the mixture of grass run out of the dryer with the same desired moisture content.

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Sin Techo No Hay Paraíso es una recopilación de cuatro crónicas que muestran la problemática de las personas que viven en una condición marginal denominada pobreza. Tiene como hilo conductor las expectativas generadas por la construcción de viviendas de emergencia por parte de un grupo de voluntarios que pertenecen a la ONG Un Techo Para Mi País Colombia (UTPMPC). Los relatos se desarrollan en el barrio Altos de Cazuca en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar en Bogotá y en el barrio Altos de La Florida en el municipio de Soacha.

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En los últimos años, la evidencia demuestra que las cintas vaginales libres de tensión es el manejo adecuado para la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo. Sin embargo, esta patología está usualmente asociada a otras patologías ginecológicas como prolapso del piso pélvico y miomatosis uterina. No obstante, es necesario cuestionar si la realización de ambos procedimientos concomitantemente puede aumentar el riesgo de complicaciones, como infección, sobrecorrección o extrusión de la malla entre otras. Sin embargo, actualmente no hay estudios que confirmen esta asociación. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio es identificar la aparición de complicaciones quirúrgicas inmediatas en pacientes sometidas a cistouretropexia con cintas vaginales libres de tensión, cuando se realiza cirugía ginecológica concomitante.