925 resultados para espectrometria
Resumo:
A nevirapina é o fármaco antirretroviral mais utilizado nos países em desenvolvimento para combater o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Apesar dos seus efeitos benéficos, a nevirapina tem sido associada a casos de hipersensibilidade cutânea e hepatoxicidade graves ou mesmo fatais. Estudos recentes sugerem o envolvimento da bioactivação do seu metabolito de Fase I, 12-OHNevirapina, a espécies electrofílicas capazes de formar adutos covalentes com proteínas. A identificação dos adutos formados, por esta via de bioactivação, com a valina N-terminal da hemoglobina (Hb) isolada de doentes sob terapêutica com a nevirapina foi já efectuada. A técnica analítica utilizada envolveu a utilização do método de derivatização N-alquilo Edman que, por reacção com fenilisotiocianato (PITC), permite destacar o aduto formado com o resíduo N-terminal da Hb, sob a forma de uma hidantoina, que foi posteriormente analisado e quantificado por cromatografia líquida acoplado à espectrometria de massa de tandem por ionização de electrospray. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo inicial optimizar o procedimento experimental envolvido no procedimento de N-alquilo Edman, tendo-se inicialmente comparado a sensibilidades obtidas mediante a utilização de dois agentes derivatizante: o PITC e o isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FTIC). Este processo inicial permitiu estabelecer que a utilização do PTIC como agente de derivatização conduzia a melhores resultados, tendo-se prosseguido com o desenvolvimento e a validação do método analítico para a quantificação deste aduto por cromatografia líquida acoplado a espectrometria de massa de alta resolução (LC-HRMS). O método analítico desenvolvido apresentou recuperações entre 36 e 57 %, supressão de sinal de 19 % e um limite de quantificação (LOQ) de 1,4 ppb (média da exactidão = 98 %; CV = 5 %). A metodologia validada foi depois aplicada na quantificação de adutos de nevirapina em duas amostras de Hb isolada de doentes de HIV e os níveis de adutos obtidos foram de 95 e 92 pmol/g de Hb.
Resumo:
Utilizando cromatografia gás-espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) com computador, descreve-se os constituintes voláteis do óleo essencial das sementes de puxuri (Licaria puchury-major). Identificaram-se nove monoterpenos na mistura, além de safrol, eugenol, metileugenol e ácido dodecanóico, citados previamente.
Resumo:
Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada a la Université de Poitiers, França, entre 2007 i 2009. El treball s'ha centrat en dues activitats bàsiques. El treball realitzat s’ha centrat en dues activitats bàsiques. D’una banda, la posada a punt d'un protocol de fraccionament de la matèria orgànica del sòl, per extraccions successives amb solvents alcalins després d'una seqüència de pretractaments al sòl: cap pretractament, atac amb àcid (per destruir els carbonats), atac amb ditionit (per reduir els òxids de Fe i Al i facilitar l'extracció de la matèria orgànica associada a aquests compostos). El protocol dóna una visió de conjunt de la situació de la matèria orgànica del sòl, combinant aspectes físics (protecció, precipitació, oclusió per carbonats) i químics (grau d'humificació). D’altra banda, l'aprenentatge de la tècnica de termoquimiolisi-cromatografia de gasos-espectrometria de masses. Aquest era l'objectiu de l'estada a Poitiers, al qual hem donat prioritat. Ens hem centrat en l'estudi de fraccions físiques (densimètriques) obtingudes en estudis anteriors sobre sòls forestals. Les fraccions considerades són: fracció lleugera (FL), tres fraccions ocluïdes (OC1, OC2 i OC3) i fracció densa (FD). L’aplicació de la termoquimiolisi permet de caracteritzar diversos grups de substàncies, de les quals ens hem centrat en alguns indicadors bioquímics: àcids grasos, alcohols, diàcids, productes fenòlics i altres productes aromàtics, derivats de carbohidrats. L’estudi de conjunt d’aquests productes indica que és a les fraccions ocluïdes (que solen ser minoritàries a tots els horitzons) on la matèria orgànica d’origen microbià és dominant, mentre que a les fraccions lleugera (FL) i densa (FD) la matèria orgànica d’origen vegetal sembla dominant. Es preveu aplicar aquesta tècnica a l’estudi de les fraccions obtingudes a la primera part del treball, actualment congelades i a l’espera de ser processades.
Resumo:
La importància dels Hidrocarburs Aromàtics Policíclics (PAHs) com a contaminants ha estat sempre en debat. Des del moment en què no compleixen els requeriments de persistència, toxicitat i transport a llargues distàncies, no es consideren contaminants orgànics persistents (POPs). En conseqüència, no es troben inclosos dins la llista dels dirty dozen de la Convenció d’Estocolm sobre POPs. A més, ja que el seu alliberament no és intencionat, algunes veus han plantejat la possibilitat d’eliminar o reduir la quantitat d’aquests compostos a l’atmosfera i que arriben també, per deposició, al sòl, sediments, aigües, etc. Tanmateix, segons el Protocol firmat pel Comitè Estats Units-Europa (UNECE), els PAHs haurien d’haver estat inclosos a aquesta llista ja que són productes químics les emissions dels quals haurien de ser minimitzades o previngudes. És per això i l’interès pel medi ambient que dins el projecte Estudi de la influència de contaminants orgànics (BTEX i PAHs) en la mobilitat de metalls pesants en sòls, al qual es vol entendre quin és el mecanisme de transport dels metalls pesants en presència d’aquests contaminants, enfocat sobretot als marges de les carreteres per la combustió de gasolines i l’exhaust dels vehicles, que es justifica aquest treball de recerca. Aquest treball de recerca es basa en la posta a punt d’un mètode d’anàlisi de PAHs mitjançant la Cromatografia de Gasos acoblada a l’Espectrometria de Masses (GC/MS). Cadascun dels mètodes seguits estan reportats a la Environmental Protection Agency dels Estats Units (US EPA), però tot i així cal fer la optimització, realitzant o no, lleus modificacions d’aquests per ajustar-nos a les nostres necessitats específiques. En aquest treball de recerca s’exposen els diferents passos a realitzar un cop feta la presa de mostra fins l’expressió final dels resultats un cop identificats i quantificats els PAHs d’interès presents en una matriu de sòl. Això comprèn la seva extracció inicial mitjançant el Soxhlet, un cleanup posterior a partir tant de l’extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) amb una fase C18 com la cromatografia en columna utilitzant gel de sílice com a adsorbent. Finalment, s’han determinat els paràmetres influents en la separació, identificació i quantificació dels PAHs amb relació a la cromatografia de gasos i la seva detecció per espectrometria de masses.
Resumo:
Este trabalho objetivou investigar as principais unidades estruturais de ácidos húmicos obtidos do composto de resíduos sólidos urbano (AH-CRSU) e lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto (AH-LETE) por meio da pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas. Os ácidos húmicos extraídos do lodo da estação de tratamento de esgotos apresentaram maior quantidade de mono e diaril ésteres de massa mais elevada. Os n-alcanos presentes nos AH-LETE revelaram-se de cadeia mais curta do que nos AH-CRSU. Foram incorporados na estrutura dos AH fragmentos de ftalatos, provavelmente em virtude da contaminação da matéria orgânica por plásticos. Os compostos aromáticos presentes nos AH-LETE originaram-se, principalmente, de derivados do naftaleno e derivados do benzeno com substituição por cadeias alifáticas maiores do que AH-CRSU. Os compostos nitrogenados presentes mostraram-se essencialmente heteroaromáticos e os oxigenados furanos substituídos originados da degradação de carboidratos. Os compostos oxiaromáticos predominantes foram fenóis substituídos.
Resumo:
Hexafluoroacetylaceton derivatives of some synthesized components of the guazatine fungicide were prepared, and their separation and identification performed through gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chromatogram obtained from hexafluoroacetylacetone derivative of the commercial guazatine presented 14 major peaks, and 9 of them were identified through both techniques mentioned above.
Resumo:
A method for the determination of phosphorus in steel samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, using the Zeeman effect background correction and the STPF conditions is proposed. The effect of iron (III) on the phosphorus signal was studied. It was verified, through the pyrolysis temperature curves, that iron (III) is an efficient chemical modifier, thermically stabilizing phosphorus up to 1400ºC. The phosphorus signal increases with the iron (III) concentration, but in the range, which corresponds to the usual concentrations of iron in the sample solutions, the increase is small. Phosphorus was determined in three standard reference materials, after its dissolution in a mixture of hydrochloric and perchloric acids in a PTFE bomb. The agreement with the certified concentration values was excellent. Iron (III) was added to the reference analytical solutions prepared in the blank of the dissolution, while the sample solutions were measured directly, since they already contained the modifier. The detection limit (k = 2) was 0.0042% of phosphorus in the steel sample.
Resumo:
The multi-element determination of Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Pb, SO4= and Cl- in riverine water samples was accomplished by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sample passed through a column containing the anionic resin AG1-X8 and the metals were determined directly. The retained anionic species were eluted and SO4= and Cl- were determined at m/z 48 and 35 correspondent to the ions SO+ and Cl+ formed at the plasma. Accuracy for metals was assessed by analysing the certified reference TM-26 (National Water Research Institute of Canada). Results for SO4= and Cl- were in agreement with those obtained by turbidimetry and spectrophotometry. LOD's of 0.1 µg l-1 for Cd, Ba and Pb; 0.2 µg l-1 for Al, Mn and Cu; 0.5 µg l-1 for Cr; 0.9 for Zn; 2.0 µg l-1for Ni , 60 µg l-1 for S and 200 µg l-1 Cl were attained.
Resumo:
An automatic system for the direct determination of lead and tin by atomic absorption spectrometry is described. The on-line treatment of the metallic samples was obtained by anodic electrodissolution in a flow injection system. Lead was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and tin by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). A computer program managed the current source and the solenoid valves that direct the fluids. Good linear correlations between absorbance and current intensity for lead and tin were observed. Results were in agreement with the certified values. Precision was always better than 5%. The recommended procedure allows the direct determination of 60 or 30 elements/h using FAAS or GFAAS, respectively.
Resumo:
Six Brazilian commercial mangoes were analysed by HRGC-O-AEDA-MS, viz., Carlota, Haden, Espada, Coração de boi, Rubi and Tommy Atkins. All them showed ethyl butanoate as the main aroma character impact compound by AEDA evaluation. The ethyl esters of 2 and 3-methylbutanoic acids are also important, the main contribution in Carlota variety being 2(S) enantiomer. In Rubi variety, both 2(R) enantiomer and 3-methyl isomer contributes to the caprylic fruity note observed. In four varieties, viz., Haden, Espada, Rubi and Tommy Atkins, d-3-carene showed to be the second impact aroma compound presented. In Tommy Atkins variety, a-pinene also has a significant contribution, mainly due to its (1R,5R)(+)-enantiomer.
Resumo:
A column packed with 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanine adsorbed on silica gel was used for the preconcentration of Cd, Ni and Zn at different spiked solutions prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. This column allowed recoveries over than 98% for the above elements and accurate analyses of coastal sea-water certified reference material were also achieved.
Resumo:
This paper presents a system for electrochemical hydride generation using flow-injection and atomic absorption spectrometry to determine selenium in biological materials. The electrolytic cell was constructed by assembling two reservoirs, one for the sample and the other for the electrolytic solution separated by a Nafion membrane. Each compartment had a Pt electrode. The sample and electrolyte flow-rates, acidic media, and applied current were adjusted to attain the best analytical performance and ensure the membrane lifetime. The atomisation system used a T quartz tube in an air-LPG flame. The composition of the flame, the observation height, and the argon flow rate used to carry the hydrides were critically investigated. The system allowed to perform thirty determinations per hour with a detection limit of 10 mug L-1 of Se. Relative standard deviations were in general lower than 1.5% for a solution containing 20.0 and 34.0 mug L-1 of Se in a typical sample digest. Accuracy was assessed analysing the certified materials: rice flour (NIST-1568) from National Institute of Standard and Technology and dried fish (MA-A-2), whole animal blood (A-2/1974) from the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Resumo:
A fast and direct method for the determination of Cr in milk and cane sugar suspensions using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction is described. No sample pre-treatment was necessary, minimizing the risk of contamination. The concentration of chromium in cane sugar was evaluated using Cr reference solutions prepared in 1% v/v HNO3 solution. The milk samples were introduced into the furnace with a mixture of amines for avoiding the autosampler blockage and foaming of milk. Chromium determination in milk was based on the standard additions method (SAM). The limit of detection and characteristic mass for cane sugar sample (30 muL) were 0,13 ng/ml and 4,3 pg, and for milk sample (10 muL) were 0,23 ng/ml and 7,8 pg, respectively. The graphite tube lifetime was 300 firings for sugar-cane sample and 100 firings for milk sample. The heating program was implemented in 68 s.
Resumo:
Selenium is both essential and toxic to man and animals, depending on the concentration and the ingested form. Most fruits and vegetables are poor sources of selenium, but coconut can be a good selenium source. Samples were suspended (1 + 4 v/v) in a mixture of tertiary amines soluble in water (10% v/v CFA-C). This simple sample treatment avoided contamination and decreased the analysis time. The standard additions method was adopted for quantification. The action of the autosampler was improved by the presence of the amines mixture in the suspension. A Varian model AA-800 atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a graphite furnace and a GTA 100 autosampler was used for selenium determination in coconut water and coconut milk. Background correction was performed by means of the Zeeman effect. Pyrolytically coated graphite tubes were employed. Using Pd as chemical modifier, the pyrolysis and the atomization temperatures were set at 1400 and 2200ºC, respectively. For six samples, the selenium concentration in coconut water varied from 6.5 to 21.0 mug L-1 and in coconut milk from 24.2 to 25.1 mug L-1. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by an addition-recovery experiment and all recovered values are in the 99.5-102.3% range. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it can be directly applied without sample decomposition.
Resumo:
The combination of cyclic voltammetry and on line mass spectrometry, called differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), is already a well established method for on line identification and quantitative detection of the products and intermediates of electrochemical reactions. This article aims to show the principles of the method and how this technique have been used to study electrochemical problems such the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic molecules, as methanol and ethanol, at noble metal electrodes.