Kuitupuun tehdaslogistiikka ja sen kustannukset eräässä metsäteollisuusyrityksessä

Jotta pystytään vastaamaan kehittyneen prosessiteollisuuden tuotannon asettamiin haasteisiin, on myös tärkeää kehittää koko puuraaka-aineen hankintaa. Ohjailemalla raaka-ainevirtoja oikein on mahdollista säästää kustannuksissa ja näin saavuttaa kilpailuetua. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on toimenpide-ehdotuksia löytämällä pyrkiä huolehtimaan vaadittavasta raaka-ainetarpeesta alhaisimmilla logistisilla kustannuksilla. Päätavoitteena on tutkia puunkäsittelystä aiheutuvia kustannuksia, keskittyen tehdasalueen operaatioihin. Ensimmäisessä osassa tutkimus sisältää yleistä asiaa puunhankinnasta ja puukuljetuksista. Tutkimuksessa esitellään myös kuljetusmuotojen erikoisuuksia kohdeyrityksen osalta. Ensimmäisessä osassa käsitellään lisäksi raaka-aineen alkuperää ja sen varastointikeinoja.Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus muodostuu kolmesta eri osasta: 1) Minkälaisista osista logistiset kustannukset rakentuvat. 2) Mitkä ovat häiriötekijät ja minkälaisia kustannuksia ne aiheuttavat. 3) Mitkä ovat puunhankinnan kausivaihtelun vaikutukset raaka-ainevirtoihin ja tehdasvarastoihin. Tutkimusmenetelminä on käytetty sekä haastatteluja että seurantajaksoja. Lopussa on kustannusvertailutaulukko ja parannusehdotuksia, joita voidaan hyödyntää esim. kun pohditaan puuhuoltoon liittyviä tulevaisuuden skenaarioita.

Konventionaalisen jätehuollon kehittäminen Loviisan voimalaitoksella

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli löytää kehityskohteita Fortumin Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen konventionaalisesta, eli tavanomaisesta, jätehuollosta. Tavoitteena oli löytää erityisesti keinoja kaatopaikkajätteen määrän vähentämiseksi sekä lajittelun tehostamiseksi. Myös jätelainsäädännön kokonaisuudistuksen vaikutukset jätehuollon toimintaan olivat työn kannalta keskeisessä roolissa. Työ tehtiin jätehuoltosuunnitelman rakennetta noudattaen. Jätehuoltosuunnitelma koostuu alkukartoituksesta sekä jätehuoltosuunnitelman laatimisesta ja toteutuksesta. Varsinaisina kehitystarpeiden kartoittamismenetelminä käytettiin viranomaisvaatimusten selvittämistä, toiminnan tarkastelua, jätehuoltokyselyä voimalaitoksen työntekijöille, benchmarkingia sekä valittujen hyötykäyttö- ja loppusijoitusmenetelmien kustannusvertailua. Tulokseksi saatiin, että jätteiden lajittelua voitaisiin tehostaa ennen kaikkea lisäämällä työntekijöiden koulutusta. Lajittelun helpottamiseksi ohjeistuksen tulee olla paremmin saatavilla sekä voimalaitoksen omalle henkilöstölle kuin urakoitsijoillekin. Ongelmajätehuollossa eniten ongelmia ilmeni ongelmajätepakkausten merkitsemisessä jätteiden syntypaikoilla. Tähän ratkaisuna ehdotettiin kokeiltavaksi jätteiden syntykohteisiin sijoitettavia jätekortteja, joista pakkaajat voisivat helposti tarkistaa tarvittavat merkinnät. Myös mustan jäteöljyn keräämistä olisi mahdollista parantaa, jotta suurempi osa siitä saataisiin hyödynnettyä materiaalina. Kaatopaikkajätteen määrän vähentämiseksi työssä ehdotettiin sekajätteen viemistä kaatopaikan sijaan poltettavaksi. Muutoksen seurauksena voimalaitoksen jätehuollon kustannukset saattavat lisääntyä, mutta ympäristön kannalta muutos tulisi olemaan positiivinen.

Asuinkerrostalon lämmöntuottojärjestelmän optimointi elinkaarikustannusten perusteella hyödynnettäessä lämpöpumpulla useita lämmönlähteitä

The basis of this thesis was to optimize heat pump that uses multiple heat sources to get competitive heating system for residential building when life cycle costs are considered. The objectives were to compile necessary information to calculate life cycle costs for heating system of residential building and start to compose of designing program for heat pump based heating systems. Examinations were made for the purchase energy need of residential building. Features of heat pump, considered refrigerant and potential heat sources were examined to find out heat production potential of heat pumps. Necessary information for life cycle cost calculation was also examined. Collected data was used in two case analyses to design selected heat production systems and calculate their life cycle costs. On the basis of case analyses heat pump based hybrid heat production systems are very competitive on life cycle cost comparison against district heating when residential building uses a lot of energy. New buildings use considerably less energy and achieved energy cost savings with heat pump systems may not be enough to cover the relatively high investment cost in reasonable time period compared to district heating system. The calculation method was found to require further development to at least include the cooling energy need of the building. Cooling demand will continue to grow in the future, which improves the heat pump based heat production systems competitiveness compared to other systems.

Pilvipalveluilla joustavuutta ja kustannustehokkuutta Stora Enso Metsän tietojärjestelmiin

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää hyödyttääkö Stora Enso Metsää tietojärjestelmien siirto perinteisistä konesalipalveluista pilvipalveluihin. Stora Enso Metsällä on paljon erilaisia suunnitteluun liittyviä eräajoja. Joitakin niistä ajetaan vain muutamia kertoja vuodessa kuten tehtaiden puuntarve, toisia muutaman kerran kuussa kuten kuljetusten malliajot tai muutaman kerran viikossa ajettava korjuun suunnittelu. Niissä tapauksissa palvelimet voidaan käynnistää erikseen ja käyttää niitä vain silloin, kun niitä oikeasti tarvitaan. Työn lopputuloksena havaittiin, että pilvipalveluiden käyttöönotto tuo kustannussäästöjä ja palveluiden hallintaan joustavuutta. Itsepalveluna toteutettuna palvelimia voidaan hallinnoida joustavasti kustannusten säästämiseksi. Pilvipalveluilla voidaan nopeuttaa projektien läpimenoa ja kohdentaa käyttökatkot tarkemmin koska siihen ei välttämättä tarvita toimittajan työtä lainkaan. Loppujen lopuksi asiakkaan on erittäin vaikea tietää kuinka paljon kustannuksia on jaettu eri tavalla eri palvelujen välillä.

Sähkösuodattimen mahdollisuudet sisäilman parantajana

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka sähkösuodattimella voidaan vaikuttaa sisäilman laatuun ja kuinka kilpailukykyinen vaihtoehto pienkiinteistöissä sähkösuodatin on perinteisiin kuitusuodattimiin verrattuna. Teoriaosassa tarkasteltiin, kuinka ilman hengitettävät hiukkaset muodostuvat ja miten ne vaikuttavat sisäilman laatuun sekä ihmisten terveyteen. Tarkasteltiin hiukkasten koon, lukumäärän, massan ja pinta-alan yhteyksiä niiden terveysvaikutuksiin. Ultrapienet hiukkaset ovat terveydelle haitallisimpia, koska hiukkasten lukumäärä ja pinta-ala lisäävät terveyshaittoja enemmän kuin hiukkasten massa. Tutkittiin pienkiinteistöjen ilmanvaihtoratkaisuja ja erilaisia tuloilmanpuhdistus-menetelmiä. Soveltavassa osassa tarkasteltiin sähkösuodattimen toimintaa ja sen mahdollisuuksia sisäilman parantajana verrattuna perinteisiin kuitusuodattimiin. Tehtiin sähkösuodattimen ja kuitusuodattimen välinen elinkaarikustannusvertailu keskisuurelle omakotitalolle. Kirjallisuuden ja tutkimushavaintojen perusteella sähkösuodattimen suurin etu muihin suodattimiin verrattuna on sen kyky poistaa kaiken kokoisia, myös ultrapieniä, hengitettäviä hiukkasia ja siten tehokkaasti vähentää hengitettävien hiukkasten lukumäärää ja pinta-alaa. Tällä voi olla vaikutusta yleisten terveyshaittojen ja ympäristöherkkyyden ennaltaehkäisemisessä. Ympäristöherkkyyteen sairastuneiden oireiluun sähkösuodatin voi tuottaa helpotusta kotioloissa ja siirrettävän ilmanpuhdistimen avulla myös työpaikoilla. Elinkaarikustannusvertailun perusteella selvisi, että sähkösuodatin on kalliimmasta hinnastaan huolimatta kokonaiskustannuksiltaan selvästi edullisempi vaihtoehto kuin kuitusuodattimet. Sähkösuodattimen haasteena on uuden teknologian lanseeraaminen pientalorakentamiseen. Pienrakennusten tuloilman puhdistusmenetelmien kehittämisellä olisi mahdollista parantaa suomalaisten elämänlaatua ja saavuttaa merkittäviä säästöjä terveydenhoitokuluissa.

Ricostruzione della colonna anteriore dopo resezione tumorale: Utilizzo di gabbia in titanio/carbonio o innesto osseo allogenico armato in titanio?

Il rachide è stato suddiviso in tre colonne da Denis: anteriore e centrale comprendono la metà anteriore del corpo vertebrale, la metà posteriore e l’inizio dei peduncoli, mentre la colonna posteriore comprende l’arco e i peduncoli stessi. In caso di resezione o lesione della colonna anteriore e media è indicata la ricostruzione. Diverse tecniche e materiali possono essere usati per ricostruire il corpo vertebrale. Innesti vascolarizzati, autograft, allograft sono stati usati, così come impianti sintetici di titanio o materiale plastico come il PEEK (Poly etere etere ketone). Tutti questi materiali hanno vantaggi e svantaggi in termini di proprietà intrinseche, resistenza meccanica, modulo di elasticità, possibilità di trasmissione malattie, capacità di fondersi con l’osso ospite o meno. Le soluzioni più usate sono le cage in titanio o carbonio, il PMMA ( Poli methil metacrilato), gli innesti ossei massivi. Si è effettuato uno studio di coorte retrospettivo paragonando due gruppi di pazienti oncologici spinali trattati da due chirurghi esperti in un centro di riferimento, con vertebrectomia e ricostruzione della colonna anteriore: un gruppo con cage in carbonio o titanio, l’altro gruppo con allograft massivo armato di innesto autoplastico o mesh in titanio. Si sono confrontati i risultati in termini di cifosi segmenterai evolutiva, fusione ossea e qualità di vita del paziente. Il gruppo delle cage in carbonio / titanio ha avuto risultati leggermente migliori dal punto di vista biomeccanico ma non statisticamente significativo, mentre dal punto di vista della qualità di vita i risultati sono stati migliori nel gruppo allograft. Non ci sono stati fallimenti meccanici della colonna anteriore in entrambi i gruppi, con un Fu tra 12 e 60 mesi. Si sono paragonati anche i costi delle due tecniche. In conclusione l’allogar è una tecnica sicura ed efficace, con proprietà meccaniche solide, soprattutto se armato con autograft o mesi in titanio.

Treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: lower costs by intermittent dialysis than continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration

Intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies (RRTs) are available for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although at present there are no adequately powered survival studies, available data suggest that both methods are equal with respect to patient outcome. Therefore, cost comparison between techniques is important for selecting the modality. Expenditures were prospectively assessed as a secondary end point during a controlled, randomized trial comparing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The outcome of the primary end points of this trial, that is, ICU and in-hospital mortality, has been previously published. One hundred twenty-five patients from a Swiss university hospital ICU were randomized either to CVVHDF or IHD. Out of these, 42 (CVVHDF) and 34 (IHD) were available for cost analysis. Patients' characteristics, delivered dialysis dose, duration of stay in the ICU or hospital, mortality rates, and recovery of renal function were not different between the two groups. Detailed 24-h time and material consumption protocols were available for 369 (CVVHDF) and 195 (IHD) treatment days. The mean daily duration of CVVHDF was 19.5 +/- 3.2 h/day, resulting in total expenditures of Euro 436 +/- 21 (21% for human resources and 79% for technical devices). For IHD (mean 3.0 +/- 0.4 h/treatment), the costs were lower (Euro 268 +/- 26), with a larger proportion for human resources (45%). Nursing time spent for CVVHDF was 113 +/- 50 min, and 198 +/- 63 min per IHD treatment. Total costs for RRT in ICU patients with ARF were lower when treated with IHD than with CVVHDF, and have to be taken into account for the selection of the method of RRT in ARF on the ICU.

Pilot Study on Improving the Efficiency of Transportation Projects Using Laser Scanning, 2003

Laser scanning is a terrestrial laser-imaging system that creates highly accurate three-dimensional images of objects for use in standard computer-aided design software packages. This report describes results of a pilot study to investigate the use of laser scanning for transportation applications in Iowa. After an initial training period on the use of the scanner and Cyclone software, pilot tests were performed on the following projects: intersection and railroad bridge for training purposes; section of highway to determine elevation accuracy and pair of bridges to determine level of detail that can be captured; new concrete pavement to determine smoothness; bridge beams to determine camber for deck-loading calculations; stockpile to determine volume; and borrow pit to determine volume. Results show that it is possible to obtain 2-6 mm precision with the laser scanner as claimed by the manufacturer compared to approximately one-inch precision with aerial photogrammetry using a helicopter. A cost comparison between helicopter photogrammetry and laser scanning showed that laser scanning was approximately 30 percent higher in cost depending on assumptions. Laser scanning can become more competitive to helicopter photogrammetry by elevating the scanner on a boom truck and capturing both sides of a divided roadway at the same time. Two- and three-dimensional drawings were created in MicroStation for one of the scanned highway bridges. It was demonstrated that it is possible to create such drawings within the accuracy of this technology. It was discovered that a significant amount of time is necessary to convert point cloud images into drawings. As this technology matures, this task should become less time consuming. It appears that laser scanning technology does indeed have a place in the Iowa Department of Transportation design and construction toolbox. Based on results from this study, laser scanning can be used cost effectively for preliminary surveys to develop TIN meshes of roadway surfaces. It also appears that this technique can be used quite effectively to measure bridge beam camber in a safer and quicker fashion compared to conventional approaches. Volume calculations are also possible using laser scanning. It seems that measuring quantities of rock could be an area where this technology would be quite beneficial since accuracy is more important with this material compared to soil. Other applications for laser scanning could include developing as-built drawings of historical structures such as the bridges of Madison County. This technology could also be useful where safety is a concern such as accurately measuring the surface of a highway active with traffic or scanning the underside of a bridge damaged by a truck. It is recommended that the Iowa Department of Transportation initially rent the scanner when it is needed and purchase the software. With time, it may be cost justifiable to purchase the scanner as well. Laser scanning consultants can be hired as well but at a higher cost.

Comparison of HIV-infected patients' characteristics, healthcare resources use and cost between native and migrant patients

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether patients' characteristics and healthcare resources consumption and costs were different between native and migrant populations in Switzerland. METHODS: All adult patients followed-up in the Swiss HIV-cohort study in our institution during 2000-2003 were considered. Patients' characteristics were retrieved from the cohort database. Hospital and outpatient resource use were extracted from individual charts and valued with 2002 tariffs. RESULTS: The 66 migrants were younger (29 +/- 8 years versus 37 +/- 11, p < 0.001), less often of male gender (38 % versus 70 %, p < 0.001), predominantly infected via heterosexual contact (87 % versus 52 %, p < 0.01), with lower mean CD4 level at enrollment (326 +/- 235 versus 437 +/- 305, p = 0.002) than their 200 native counterparts. Migrants had fewer hospitalizations, more frequent outpatient visits, laboratory tests, and lower total cost of care per year of follow-up (<euro> 2'215 +/- 4'206 versus 4'155 +/- 12'304, p = 0.037). Resource use and costs were significantly higher in people with < 200 CD4 cell counts in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Migrant population had more advanced disease, more outpatient visits but less hospitalizations, resulting in lower costs of care when compared with native population.

Cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence in primary care settings: a multinational comparison.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of the first-line pharmacotherapies (nicotine gum, patch, spray, inhaler, and bupropion) for smoking cessation across six Western countries-Canada, France, Spain, Switzerland, the United States, and the United Kingdom. DESIGN AND STUDY POPULATION: A Markov-chain cohort model to simulate two cohorts of smokers: (1) a reference cohort given brief cessation counselling by a general practitioner (GP); (2) a treatment cohort given counselling plus pharmacotherapy. Effectiveness expressed as odds ratios for quitting associated with pharmacotherapies. Costs based on the additional physician time required and retail prices of the medications. INTERVENTIONS: Addition of each first-line pharmacotherapy to GP cessation counselling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost per life-year saved associated with pharmacotherapies. RESULTS: The cost per life-year saved for counselling only ranged from US190 dollars in Spain to 773 dollars in the UK for men, and from 288 dollars in Spain to 1168 dollars in the UK for women. The incremental cost per life-year saved for gum ranged from 2230 dollars for men in Spain to 7643 dollars for women in the US; for patch from 1758 dollars for men in Spain to 5131 dollars for women in the UK; for spray from 1935 dollars for men in Spain to 7969 dollars for women in the US; for inhaler from 3480 dollars for men in Switzerland to 8700 dollars for women in France; and for bupropion from 792 dollars for men in Canada to 2922 dollars for women in the US. In sensitivity analysis, changes in discount rate, treatment effectiveness, and natural quit rate had the strongest influences on cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The cost-effectiveness of the pharmacotherapies varied significantly across the six study countries, however, in each case, the results would be considered favourable as compared to other common preventive pharmacotherapies.

Cost evaluation and comparison of three decision strategies to revascularize : results of the suspected CAD protocol of the european CMR registry

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is accepted as a method to assess suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Nonetheless, invasive coronary angiography (CXA) combined or not with fractional flow reserve (FFR) remains the main diagnostic test to evaluate CAD. Little data exist on the economic impact of the use of these procedures in a population with a low to intermediate pre-test probability. Objective: To compare the costs of 3 decision strategies to revascularize a patient with suspected CAD: 1) strategy guided by CMR 2) hypothetical strategy guided by CXA-FFR, 3) hypothetical strategy guided by CXA alone.

Cost evaluation and comparison of three decision strategies for cardiac revascularization : results of the suspected CAD protocol of the European CMR registry

Background: The public health burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) is important. Perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is generally accepted to detect and monitor CAD. Few studies have so far addressed its costs and costeffectiveness. Objectives: To compare in a large CMR registry the costs of a CMR-guided strategy vs two hypothetical invasive strategies for the diagnosis and the treatment of patients with suspected CAD. Methods: In 3'647 patients with suspected CAD included prospectively in the EuroCMR Registry (59 centers; 18 countries) costs were calculated for diagnostic examinations, revascularizations as well as for complication management over a 1-year follow-up. Patients with ischemia-positive CMR underwent an invasive X-ray coronary angiography (CXA) and revascularization at the discretion of the treating physician (=CMR+CXA strategy). Ischemia was found in 20.9% of patients and 17.4% of them were revascularized. In ischemia-negative patients by CMR, cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarctions occurred in 0.38%/y. In a hypothetical invasive arm the costs were calculated for an initial CXA followed by FFR testing in vessels with ≥50% diameter stenoses (=CXA+FFR strategy). To model this hypothetical arm, the same proportion of ischemic patients and outcome was assumed as for the CMR+CXA strategy. The coronary stenosis - FFR relationship reported in the literature was used to derive the proportion of patients with ≥50% diameter stenoses (Psten) in the study cohort. The costs of a CXA-only strategy were also calculated. Calculations were performed from a third payer perspective for the German, UK, Swiss, and US healthcare systems.

Comparison of the computational cost of a Monte Carlo and deterministic algorithm for computing bilinear forms of matrix powers

In this paper we consider bilinear forms of matrix polynomials and show that these polynomials can be used to construct solutions for the problems of solving systems of linear algebraic equations, matrix inversion and finding extremal eigenvalues. An almost Optimal Monte Carlo (MAO) algorithm for computing bilinear forms of matrix polynomials is presented. Results for the computational costs of a balanced algorithm for computing the bilinear form of a matrix power is presented, i.e., an algorithm for which probability and systematic errors are of the same order, and this is compared with the computational cost for a corresponding deterministic method.

Cost-effectiveness comparison between pituitary down-regulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist short regimen on alternate days and an antagonist protocol for assisted fertilization treatments

Objective: To compare cost-effectiveness between pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) short regimen on alternate days and GnRH antagonist (GnRHant) multidose protocol on in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome. Design: Prospective, randomized. Setting: A private center. Patient(s): Patients were randomized into GnRHa (n = 48) and GnRHant (n = 48) groups. Intervention(s): GnRHa stimulation protocol: administration of triptorelin on alternate days starting on the first day of the cycle, recombinant FSH (rFSH), and recombinant hCG (rhCG) microdose. GnRHant protocol: administration of a daily dose of rFSH, cetrorelix, and rhCG microdose. Main Outcome Measure(s): ICSI outcomes and treatment costs. Result(s): A significantly lower number of patients underwent embryo transfer in the GnRHa group. Clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower and miscarriage rate was significantly higher in the GnRHa group. It was observed a significant lower cost per cycle in the GnRHa group compared with the GnRHant group ($5,327.80 ± 387.30 vs. $5,900.40 ± 472.50). However, mean cost per pregnancy in the GnRHa was higher than in the GnRHant group ($19,671.80 ± 1,430.00 vs. $11,328.70 ± 907.20). Conclusion(s): Although the short controlled ovarian stimulation protocol with GnRHa on alternate days, rFSH, and rhCG microdose may lower the cost of an individual IVF cycle, it requires more cycles to achieve pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01468441. © 2013 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.