”Waxaa i bartay hooyaday waawa u muhiim naaska caruurta.” Äitini opetti, että rintamaito on tärkeää lapselle. Osallistava tutkimus auktoritatiivisen tiedon omaksumisesta somalikulttuuritaustaisten naisten imetyskäytännöissä.

Suomessa asuvat somalitaustaiset maahanmuuttajaäidit luopuvat imetyksestä ja ruokkivat vauvojaan äidinmaidonkorvikkeella, vaikka somalikulttuurissa arvostetaan imetystä. Tuen ja tiedon puutetta on arveltu syyksi pulloruokinnan yleisyyteen. Tarkoituksenani on tutkia osallistavia menetelmiä käyttäen, minkälaisia imetykseen liittyviä tietojärjestelmiä somaliäidit pitävät auktoritatiivisina eli arvovaltaisina. Tarkastelen tiedon auktoritatiivisuutta etnografisten esimerkkien valossa hyödyntäen Brigitte Jordanin auktoritatiivisen tiedon käsitettä. Tutkin Jean Pierre Olivier de Sardanin teorian avulla, kuinka paikalliset populaarit tietojärjestelmät kohtaavat tieteellis-teknisen tiedon kehityksen kontekstissa. Tutkin myös, kuinka somaliäitien imetystietojärjestelmät kohtaavat suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän edustaman imetystiedon. Osallistavien menetelmien tarkoituksena on saada heikkojen ja sorrettujen yhteisöjen ääni kuuluviin. Tutkimukseni tiedonantajina on seitsemäntoista somalimaahanmuuttajaäitiä ja yksi suomalainen äitiys- ja lastenneuvolan terveydenhoitaja. Käytän tiedonkeruumenetelminä puolistrukturoituja teemahaastatteluja, jonka lisäksi teen osallistuvaa havainnointia ja osallistavia menetelmiä kolmessa ryhmähaastattelutilanteessa. Käytän Rapi Rurad Appraisal (RRA) –menetelmiä, kuten Venn-diagrammia ja pisteytystä. Tutkimukseni tulos on, että somaliäitien imetykseen liittyvä tieto koostuu kolmesta tietojärjestelmästä, joita ovat sukuverkostoista tuleva perinteinen tietotaito, islaminuskon terveystieto sekä suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän tieto. Näistä eri tietolähteistä tuleva imetystieto ei ole sisällöltään ristiriidassa. Imetykseen liittyvät vaikeudet ovat käytännön ongelmiin, kuten sukuverkoston hajoamiseen ja suomalaisen terveydenhoitojärjestelmän kanssa kommunikointiin liittyviä.

Constructing Fair Tourism in Ecuador: The Case of Asoguabo

Tämän pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoitus on tutkia, miten reilun kaupan banaania tuottavan El Guabon pienten banaaninviljelijöiden järjestön Asoguabon reilun turismin projekti on rakennettu. Projektin muotoutumista tutkitaan tässä työssä kahdesta eri näkökulmasta: siitä, miksi ja miten Asoguabo on monipuolistanut viljelystä turismiin, sekä siitä, millainen kuva projektista on rakennettu markkinoinnin kautta ja miten reilun kaupan mainonnasta tuttuja ilmiöitä on hyödynnetty reilun turismin rakentamisessa. Tutkielman teoreettisena taustana on maaseudun muutoksia tarkasteleva uuden ruraliteetin käsite. Turismi on viime vuosikymmenten aikana muuttunut, ja matkailijat etsivät yhä enemmän aitoja ja autenttisia matkailukokemuksia. Samanaikaisesti turismia on tuotteistettu korostamalla sen tiettyjä, kestävän kehityksen mukaisia piirteitä, ja erityisesti kehittyvissä maissa turismia markkinoidaan usein vaihtoehtoisena, yhteisöpohjaisena tai ekoturismina. Reilu turismi on uutena käsitteenä tullut mukaan tähän laajaan kirjoon, ja tämä tutkielma käsitteleekin Asoguabon projektia nimenomaan reilun turismin näkökulmasta. Tämä tutkielma on tapaustutkimus Asoguabon turismiprojektista, ja pohjautuu kuukauden pituiseen kenttätyöhön Ecuadorissa tammikussa 2010 sekä kirjoittajan aiempiin kokemuksiin Asoguabosta. Aineisto koostuu 21 puoli-strukturoidusta laadullisesta haastattelusta kuudentoista informantin kanssa, joista suurin osa oli hyvin läheisesti tekemisissä projektin kanssa. Tämän lisäksi aineistonkeruussa on käytetty havainnointia sekä projektin markkinointimateriaalien sisällönanalyysia. Tutkielma osoittaa reilun turismin projektin sisältävän monia haasteita ennen kuin se voi saavuttaa tavoitteensa tuottaa lisätuloja Asoguabon toimintaan. Tutkimushetkellä projekti hyödytti suoraan pääasiassa muutamia järjestön viljelijöitä, lähinnä niitä, jotka toimivat projektissa oppaina. Nämä oppaat hyötyvät projektista saamalla pieniä lisätuloja, kasvattamalla sosiaalista pääomaansa, sekä saamalla mahdollisuuden oppia muun muassa osallistumalla kursseille. Tutkimuksen keskeiset tulokset osoittavat myös, kuinka vuorovaikutus-ongelmat projektin eri toimijoiden välillä vaikeuttavat tiedonkulkua ja täten reilun turismin toimintaa. Nämä ongelmat myös lisäävät epätietoisuutta Asoguabon muiden viljelijöiden parissa. Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka reilun turismin projektin mainonnassa käytetään osittain samoja keinoja kuin reilun kaupan tuotteiden mainonnassa, joskin tuottajia on kuvattu mainosmateriaaleissa yllättävän vähän ja pääosassa ovat usein eurooppalaiset turistit.

Transceiver designs and analysis for LTI, LTV and broadcast channels - new matrix decompositions and majorization theory

Signal processing techniques play important roles in the design of digital communication systems. These include information manipulation, transmitter signal processing, channel estimation, channel equalization and receiver signal processing. By interacting with communication theory and system implementing technologies, signal processing specialists develop efficient schemes for various communication problems by wisely exploiting various mathematical tools such as analysis, probability theory, matrix theory, optimization theory, and many others. In recent years, researchers realized that multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel models are applicable to a wide range of different physical communications channels. Using the elegant matrix-vector notations, many MIMO transceiver (including the precoder and equalizer) design problems can be solved by matrix and optimization theory. Furthermore, the researchers showed that the majorization theory and matrix decompositions, such as singular value decomposition (SVD), geometric mean decomposition (GMD) and generalized triangular decomposition (GTD), provide unified frameworks for solving many of the point-to-point MIMO transceiver design problems.

In this thesis, we consider the transceiver design problems for linear time invariant (LTI) flat MIMO channels, linear time-varying narrowband MIMO channels, flat MIMO broadcast channels, and doubly selective scalar channels. Additionally, the channel estimation problem is also considered. The main contributions of this dissertation are the development of new matrix decompositions, and the uses of the matrix decompositions and majorization theory toward the practical transmit-receive scheme designs for transceiver optimization problems. Elegant solutions are obtained, novel transceiver structures are developed, ingenious algorithms are proposed, and performance analyses are derived.

The first part of the thesis focuses on transceiver design with LTI flat MIMO channels. We propose a novel matrix decomposition which decomposes a complex matrix as a product of several sets of semi-unitary matrices and upper triangular matrices in an iterative manner. The complexity of the new decomposition, generalized geometric mean decomposition (GGMD), is always less than or equal to that of geometric mean decomposition (GMD). The optimal GGMD parameters which yield the minimal complexity are derived. Based on the channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter (CSIT) and receiver (CSIR), GGMD is used to design a butterfly structured decision feedback equalizer (DFE) MIMO transceiver which achieves the minimum average mean square error (MSE) under the total transmit power constraint. A novel iterative receiving detection algorithm for the specific receiver is also proposed. For the application to cyclic prefix (CP) systems in which the SVD of the equivalent channel matrix can be easily computed, the proposed GGMD transceiver has K/log_2(K) times complexity advantage over the GMD transceiver, where K is the number of data symbols per data block and is a power of 2. The performance analysis shows that the GGMD DFE transceiver can convert a MIMO channel into a set of parallel subchannels with the same bias and signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs). Hence, the average bit rate error (BER) is automatically minimized without the need for bit allocation. Moreover, the proposed transceiver can achieve the channel capacity simply by applying independent scalar Gaussian codes of the same rate at subchannels.

In the second part of the thesis, we focus on MIMO transceiver design for slowly time-varying MIMO channels with zero-forcing or MMSE criterion. Even though the GGMD/GMD DFE transceivers work for slowly time-varying MIMO channels by exploiting the instantaneous CSI at both ends, their performance is by no means optimal since the temporal diversity of the time-varying channels is not exploited. Based on the GTD, we develop space-time GTD (ST-GTD) for the decomposition of linear time-varying flat MIMO channels. Under the assumption that CSIT, CSIR and channel prediction are available, by using the proposed ST-GTD, we develop space-time geometric mean decomposition (ST-GMD) DFE transceivers under the zero-forcing or MMSE criterion. Under perfect channel prediction, the new system minimizes both the average MSE at the detector in each space-time (ST) block (which consists of several coherence blocks), and the average per ST-block BER in the moderate high SNR region. Moreover, the ST-GMD DFE transceiver designed under an MMSE criterion maximizes Gaussian mutual information over the equivalent channel seen by each ST-block. In general, the newly proposed transceivers perform better than the GGMD-based systems since the super-imposed temporal precoder is able to exploit the temporal diversity of time-varying channels. For practical applications, a novel ST-GTD based system which does not require channel prediction but shares the same asymptotic BER performance with the ST-GMD DFE transceiver is also proposed.

The third part of the thesis considers two quality of service (QoS) transceiver design problems for flat MIMO broadcast channels. The first one is the power minimization problem (min-power) with a total bitrate constraint and per-stream BER constraints. The second problem is the rate maximization problem (max-rate) with a total transmit power constraint and per-stream BER constraints. Exploiting a particular class of joint triangularization (JT), we are able to jointly optimize the bit allocation and the broadcast DFE transceiver for the min-power and max-rate problems. The resulting optimal designs are called the minimum power JT broadcast DFE transceiver (MPJT) and maximum rate JT broadcast DFE transceiver (MRJT), respectively. In addition to the optimal designs, two suboptimal designs based on QR decomposition are proposed. They are realizable for arbitrary number of users.

Finally, we investigate the design of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) modulated filterbank transceiver (DFT-FBT) with LTV scalar channels. For both cases with known LTV channels and unknown wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) statistical channels, we show how to optimize the transmitting and receiving prototypes of a DFT-FBT such that the SINR at the receiver is maximized. Also, a novel pilot-aided subspace channel estimation algorithm is proposed for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with quasi-stationary multi-path Rayleigh fading channels. Using the concept of a difference co-array, the new technique can construct M^2 co-pilots from M physical pilot tones with alternating pilot placement. Subspace methods, such as MUSIC and ESPRIT, can be used to estimate the multipath delays and the number of identifiable paths is up to O(M^2), theoretically. With the delay information, a MMSE estimator for frequency response is derived. It is shown through simulations that the proposed method outperforms the conventional subspace channel estimator when the number of multipaths is greater than or equal to the number of physical pilots minus one.

Quality of care for residents dying in Ontario long-term care facilities:Findings from a survey of directors of care

The purpose of this study was to collect information on the practice of end-of-life (EOL) care in long-term care (LTC) facilities in the Province of Ontario, Canada. A cross-sectional survey of directors of care in all licensed LTC facilities in the province was conducted between September 2003 and April 2004. Directors of care from 426 (76% response rate) facilities completed the postal survey questionnaire. The survey results identified communication problems between service providers and families, inadequate staffing levels to provide quality care to dying residents, and the need for training to improve staff skills in providing EOL care. Directors of care endorsed the use of a number of strategies that would improve the care of dying residents. Logistic regression analysis identified the eight most important items predictive of facility staff having the ability to provide quality EOL care. The findings contribute to the current discussion on policies for meeting the care needs of residents in LTC facilities until life's end. © 2006 Centre for Bioethics, IRCM.

Motor deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-syndrome study

Recent research suggests that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience some level of motor difficulty, and that this may be associated with social communication skills. However, other studies show that children with language impairments, but without the social communication problems, are at risk of motor difficulties as well. The aim of the present study was to determine if children with ASD have syndrome specific motor deficits in comparison to children with specific language impairment (SLI). We used an independent groups design with three groups of children (8-10 years old) matched on age and nonverbal IQ; an ASD group, an SLI group, and a typically developing (TD) group. All of the children completed an individually administered, standardized motor assessment battery. We found that the TD group demonstrated significantly better motor skills than either the ASD or SLI groups. Detailed analyses of the motor subtests revealed that the ASD and SLI groups had very similar motor profiles across a range of fine and gross motor skills, with one exception. We conclude that children with ASD, and SLI, are at risk of clinically significant motor deficits. However, future behavioural and neurological studies of motor skills in children with ASD should include an SLI comparison group in order to identify possible autism specific deficits.

The compliance function in banking: Perspective and future in the age of globalization

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Utilisation des formulaires de niveaux d’interventions médicales (NIM) en fin de vie chez les patients qui décèdent en milieu hospitalier au Québec

Ce mémoire porte sur l’utilisation des niveaux d’interventions médicales (NIM) en centre hospitalier (CH) au Québec. Les NIM sont des formulaires organisés sous forme d’échelle, qui ont été développés afin de faciliter la prise de décision en lien avec la réanimation, les traitements de maintien en vie et de prolongation de la vie, et les soins à offrir. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’offrir un portrait de l’utilisation actuelle des NIM au Québec en CH afin d’émettre des recommandations pour les professionnels de la santé, les institutions et les décideurs politiques. Dans un premier temps, un article de recension des écrits est présenté afin de situer les concepts associés aux NIM avec les problèmes actuellement vécus, par exemple le grand nombre de patients qui décèdent en CH, les problèmes de communication entre les professionnels de la santé, les patients et leur famille, les difficultés liées à la prise de décision en fin de vie et les délais liés aux ordonnances de non-réanimation. Dans un deuxième temps, le second article présente les résultats de recherche. Afin d’établir le portrait de l’utilisation des NIM en CH, un audit de 299 dossiers de patients adultes, décédés dans trois CH a été entrepris. Le cadre éthique d’analyse des résultats est l’approche par principes. Bien que l’utilisation des NIM peut différer sur certains aspects selon l’hôpital, les NIM sont un système efficace pour promouvoir le respect de l’autonomie des patients, la bienfaisance et le caring, mais ceux-ci ne protègent pas contre les problèmes d’iniquité dans l’accès aux soins palliatifs. Afin de faciliter et promouvoir leur utilisation, il est recommandé de standardiser les échelles de NIM à travers la province et les institutions et d’émettre des lignes directrices d’utilisation claires. Également, une plus grande formation pour les professionnels de la santé et l’inclusion d’un membre de l’équipe interdisciplinaire permettraient aux professionnels d’être mieux outillés pour les discussions difficiles et pour la prise de décision, et encourageraient la pratique interdisciplinaire.

Análisis del problema de comunicación entre el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y la juventud, en el marco de los espacios y estrategias de participación y representación para los jóvenes (14-28 años) en Colombia

A lo largo de la historia reciente de Colombia se han establecido distintos mecanismos de participación y representación para los jóvenes en las diferentes esferas de la sociedad. Dichas dinámicas de participación juvenil requieren de la aplicación de distintas herramientas y estrategias de comunicación, que permitan el acceso de los jóvenes en los distintos programas, estrategias y espacios de participación y representación. Sin embargo dado el marco normativo en materia de juventud, esta investigación diagnostica la existencia de un problema de comunicación, sustentado en la falta de conocimiento por parte de los jóvenes de los diversos espacios de participación y representación. Por tal motivo se presentan distintas estrategias y medidas como alternativas de solución, con el objetivo de garantizar que los jóvenes en Colombia ejerzan sus derechos y deberes en materia de participación y representación.

Time misalignments in fault detection and diagnosis

El desalineamiento temporal es la incorrespondencia de dos señales debido a una distorsión en el eje temporal. La Detección y Diagnóstico de Fallas (Fault Detection and Diagnosis-FDD) permite la detección, el diagnóstico y la corrección de fallos en un proceso. La metodología usada en FDD está dividida en dos categorías: técnicas basadas en modelos y no basadas en modelos. Esta tesis doctoral trata sobre el estudio del efecto del desalineamiento temporal en FDD. Nuestra atención se enfoca en el análisis y el diseño de sistemas FDD en caso de problemas de comunicación de datos, como retardos y pérdidas. Se proponen dos técnicas para reducir estos problemas: una basada en programación dinámica y la otra en optimización. Los métodos propuestos han sido validados sobre diferentes sistemas dinámicos: control de posición de un motor de corriente continua, una planta de laboratorio y un problema de sistemas eléctricos conocido como hueco de tensión.

The effect of cleft lip on socio-emotional functioning in school-aged children

Background: Children with cleft lip are known to be at raised risk for socio-emotional difficulties, but the nature of these problems and their causes are incompletely understood; longitudinal studies are required that include comprehensive assessment of child functioning, and consideration of developmental mechanisms. Method: Children with cleft lip (with and without cleft palate) (N = 93) and controls (N = 77), previously studied through infancy, were followed up at 7 years, and their socio-emotional functioning assessed using teacher and maternal reports, observations of social interactions, and child social representations (doll play). Direct and moderating effects of infant attachment and current parenting were investigated, as was the role of child communication difficulties and attractiveness. Results: Children with clefts had raised rates of teacher-reported social problems, and anxious and withdrawn-depressed behaviour; direct observations and child representations also revealed difficulties in social relationships. Child communication problems largely accounted for these effects, especially in children with cleft palate as well as cleft lip. Insecure attachment contributed to risk in both index and control groups, and a poorer current parenting environment exacerbated the difficulties of those with clefts. Conclusions: Children with clefts are at raised risk for socio-emotional difficulties in the school years; clinical interventions should focus on communication problems and supporting parenting; specific interventions around the transition to school may be required. More generally, the findings reflect the importance of communication skills for children’s peer relations.

Transkulturell omvårdnad-erfarenheter hos specialistutbildadesjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård. : En kvalitativ intervjustudie

Syftet: Syftet med studien var att belysa specialistutbildade sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av transkulturell omvårdnad inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor som arbetat inom psykiatrisk vård minst ett år fick berätta om sina erfarenheter av transkulturell omvårdnad.  Resultat: I resultatet framkom det att specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor inompsykiatrisk vård upplever språket som ett hinder för omvårdnaden eftersom språket är så centralt inom psykiatrisk vård då samtal utgör en stor del under vårdtiden. Det visar också att religiösa och kulturella seder kan ha betydelse i möten med patienter från olika kulturer. Möjligheter att förstå varandra mellan personal, patienter och anhöriga som är delaktiga i vården lyfts fram. Anhöriga kan bidra med information och även stötta patienterna vilket är värdefullt för omvårdnaden. Tolk används ofta för att lösa kommunikationsproblem men de används inte i så stor utsträckning man skulle önska på grund av kostnader. Slutsats: De specialistutbildade sjuksköterskorna har i stor utsträckning, kunnat ta hänsyn till patientens önskemål och erbjudit patienten det bästa möjliga alternativ till god omvårdnad. Studien visar att det finns specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård som anser sig behöva mer kunskap inom transkulturell omvårdnad.

Conversas com economistas brasileiros

O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar importantes diferenças nos argumentos e diagnósticos de importantes economistas brasileiros. A evidência muito forte é a de que eles não oferecem respostas unânimes, claras e inequívocas para questões econômicas muito bem definidas. O economista brasileiro é quase sempre um generalista. Seja ocupando um lugar na esfera pública ou privada, seja concentrando-se no ambiente acadêmico, são impelidos a opinar sobre vários assuntos. Neste relatório apresentamos as idéias de Affonso Celso Pastore, André Lara Resende, Antonio Delfim Netto, Celso Monteiro Furtado, Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca, Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Mário Henrique Simonsen, Roberto de Oliveira Campos. Procuramos identificar a formação destes economistas e suas visões de desenvolvimento econômico e inflação. Subjacente à leitura das entrevistas exploramos as divergências e os problemas de comunicação nas discussões econômicas. A ênfase foi na variedade e eloquência dos argumentos e o julgamento pessoal.

Duas teorias econômicas: "consumo" e "retórica": subsídios para o estudo do campo científico da economia no Brasil

Então o panorama no primeiro ano era muito ruim. Tinha o Goffredo (da Silva Teles) que não era esse Goffredo de hoje. Era o Goffredo, vamos dizer, muito influenciado pelo romantismo jurídico, muito conservador. É um bom professor. Eu fui ficando numa "sinuca de bico" porque eu não podia largar a Faculdade. O que ia dizer para o meu pai? Um negócio complicadíssimo. Eu fui levando a faculdade, até que chegou o 20. semestre, eu e o (Luiz) Belluzzo - que fez a Faculdade comigo também - encontramos um amigo nosso que fazia filosofia, que é o Luiz Antônio de Oliveira Lima (professor da FGV-SP). E aí eu conversei: "- Lima, eu não aguento mais essa porcaria dessa faculdade. Quero fazer outra coisa. Aí, ele me disse: " Mas, por que você não vai fazer ciências sociais?" Nem sabia da existência desse curso. "Me explica esse negócio de ciências sociais." E fomos conversando ...então eu e o Belluzzo resolvemos prestar o vestibular para Ciências Sociais Esse sim era um curso estupendo, onde eu aprendi a raciocinar

Teste Illinois de Habilidades Psicolinguísticas: analise critica do modelo mediacional e de diversos aspectos da validade do instrumento

Este trabalho investiga basicamente a validade do Teste Illinois de Habilidades Psicolinguísticas -ITPA -instrumento de avaliação do desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil. Seus autores, S. Kirk e J.J. McCarthy (1961), utilizam o referencial teórico proposto por C. Osgood (1957), a ele incorporando o modelo derivado da Teoria da Informação, o que permite que, na prática clínica, o ITPA possa ser incluído no processo psicodiagnóstico como instrumento de avaliação dos problemas da comunicação em crianças entre três e dez anos. Os objetivos que conduzem e orientam o trabalho apresentado podem ser definidos em três níveis: 1) O que trata dos constructos e suas interrelaç6es -análise crítica da validade teóricado ITPA; 2) O que avalia sua condição de instrumento diagnóstico do desempenho escolar -sensibilidade discriminante do rendimento acadêmico; 3) O que trata da eficácia da prática psicopedagógica proposta pelo mesmo instrumento. O estudo sobre a validade teórica foi realizado com 931 crianças entre três e dez anos de idade, em processo de escolarização, frequentando creches, jardins de infância ou classes regulares da Rede de Ensino do Primeiro Grau no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se a técnica da Análise Fatorial, complementada por uma abordagem lógica que comprovaram algumas das dimensões propostas pelo referencial teórico de Kirk e McCarthy. Para a validade diagnóstica foram avaliadas 71 crianças com dificuldades no desempenho acadêmico, expressas através de conceitos de insuficiência ou deficiência de rendimento e seus resultados foram comparados com os de um subgrupo, aleatoriamente constituído de crianças que participaram do estudo anterior. Utilizou-se a técnica da Análise Discriminante chegando-se à seguinte conclusão: embora a validade de constructo do IIPA não tenha sido completamente confirmada num nível diagnóstico os resultados permitem identificar, com baixa margem de erro, as crianças que pertencem a um ou outro dos grupos de contraste. Quanto ao terceiro nível, foi feita ampla-revelação bibliográfica sobre investigações efetuadas com este instrumento no Brasil e no Exterior. Visou-se avaliar a eficácia da prática psicopedagógica utilizada quando desenvolvida à luz dos recursos de intervenção que o IIPA propõe. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas, até o presente momento efetuadas, não são suficientes para formar um juízo mais seguro da praxis educativa destinada à reabilitação das crianças com problemas da comunicação - o que constitui impedimento a seu desempenho acadêmico - em função das controvérsias que tais pesquisas apresentam.