62 resultados para biopolímero
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar processos de espalhamento e secagem de filme de amido-glicerol-fibras de celulose, preparado por "tape-casting". O espalhamento da suspensão foi avaliado a 50, 150 e 250 cm min-1, seguido de secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, a 40 ou 70ºC; avaliou-se também o espalhamento da suspensão a 150 cm min-1, seguido da secagem do filme sobre suporte de "tape-casting" a 22ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com velocidades do ar de 4, 6 e 8 m s-1 no túnel de secagem. Ensaios reológicos mostraram que o espalhamento das suspensões a temperaturas inferiores a 50ºC apresentou módulo de elasticidade superior ao módulo viscoso, em todo o espectro de frequências de oscilação. As microscopias mostraram filmes secos a 40 e 70ºC sem defeitos de formação, e cujas propriedades mecânicas não diferiam. A velocidade de espalhamento e a do ar não modificam o tempo de secagem nem as propriedades dos filmes. O tempo de secagem pode ser reduzido para aproximadamente duas horas, o que é importante para a produção dos filmes em larga escala.
Resumo:
O biopolímero poli(3-hidroxibutirato) PHB, importante pelas suas propriedades de biodegradabilidade e biocompatibilidade, pode apresentar melhores características termoplásticas quando estruturalmente modificado com anidrido maleico (AM). Para avaliar a proporção de anidrido maleico presente nos filmes de PHB com a proporção no intervalo de 0 a 20% de AM para o PHB, foram otimizadas as condições experimentais e determinados os principais parâmetros de validação para a análise simultânea de derivados de PHB e AM, utilizando-se cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC). Os resultados demonstram que o procedimento analítico pode ser aplicado com confiabilidade.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de lignina e celulose em plantas de cana-de-açúcar após a aplicação de dois maturadores para a colheita. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de cana-soca, cultivar SP 803280, no município de Igaraçu do Tietê/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da aplicação de dois maturadores: sulfometuron-methyl (Curavial) e glyphosate (Roundup original). As doses utilizadas foram: glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1; glyphosate a 144 g e.a. ha-1 ; glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron methyl a 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate a 108 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron-methyl a 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron-methyl a 20 g p.c. ha-1; e a testemunha sem aplicação de maturadores. As análises de lignina e celulose foram realizadas pelo método lignina em detergente ácido modificado. O glyphosate e o sulfometuron-methyl alteraram os níveis de lignina no momento da colheita, e esse efeito foi observado também durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar (meses após a aplicação desses produtos). O glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 promoveu reduções nos teores de lignina, na colheita e durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, quando comparados com os da testemunha, enquanto o sulfometuron-methyl isolado na menor dose (10 g ha-1) promoveu aumento nos teores desse biopolímero na soqueira da cana-de-açúcar.
Resumo:
Biopolímeros microbianos são polissacarídeos produzidos por microrganismos. A Beijerinckia sp. 7070 produz o biopolímero denominado clairana®. Biopolímeros microbianos podem ser produzidos utilizando enzimas purificadas (via enzimática). O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de produzir o biopolímero clairana® via enzimática, verificar se a síntese e as enzimas envolvidas na síntese são intra e/ou extracelulares, se as enzimas permanecem ativas no meio e estudar a produção do biopolímero via enzimática, através de inativação e lise celular, e pelo processo convencional com células viáveis. As amostras foram cultivadas com a bactéria em meio líquido e submetidas à morte celular por inativação e lise celular após 30h, através de antibiótico e ultrasom, respectivamente. Amostras foram retiradas após 32, 46 e 54h de incubação, junto com amostras produzidas com células viáveis. O mesmo procedimento foi realizado em 46h e amostras foram coletadas após 48, 52 e 54h de incubação. Os polímeros foram recuperados, secos, pesados e analisados. Os resultados sugerem que é possível produzir o biopolímero clairanaâ via enzimática e que, provavelmente enzimas intra e extracelulares estão envolvidas, permanecendo ativas no meio e começando a atuar antes de 30h de fermentação. O processo via enzimática através de lise foi mais eficiente pois libera os polissacarídeos produzidos intracelularmente para o meio externo.
Resumo:
Biopolímeros são polissacarídeos microbianos. O biopolímero produzido por Beijerinckia sp. 7070 possui comportamento pseudoplástico e apresenta alta viscosidade em baixas velocidades de deformação, conferindo ao polímero excelentes características de suspensão. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o biopolímero produzido por Beijerinckia sp. 7070 em diferentes tempos de cultivo, quanto à produção total, produção de polímeros de fibra longa e curta, produtividade, viscosidade e composição química. Os polímeros produzidos em meio YM líquido foram recuperados em diferentes tempos de cultivo, secos e pesados para determinação da produção e produtividade. O tipo de fibra produzido durante o cultivo foi avaliado microscopicamente. Viscosidades aparentes de solução aquosa 1% foram determinadas a 6, 12, 30 e 60rpm, a 25º C, em um viscosímetro Brookfield. A composição do biopolímero foi determinada por cromatografia em camada delgada comparativa. As maiores produções totais encontradas foram em 30 e 72h, a maior produtividade em 48h e a maior viscosidade em 72h. Os polímeros de fibra longa apresentaram uma tendência de tornarem-se mais longos com o tempo. A viscosidade do polímero de fibra longa foi maior que a do de fibra curta. Todos os biopolímeros apresentaram os mesmos componentes (glucose, galactose, fucose e ácido glucurônico) mas em concentrações diferentes.
Resumo:
A quitosana é um biopolímero produzido a partir da quitina, presente na casca de crustáceos. Atualmente, o estudo de suas propriedades se deve às suas diversas utilizações nas áreas farmacêutica e alimentícia. A quitosana utilizada neste estudo foi quimicamente modificada para tornar-se solúvel em água (quitosana succinilada). Estudou-se a estabilidade de emulsões com d-limoneno para que estes dados sejam úteis na sua posterior utilização como agente de encapsulação de d-limoneno por liofilização. Sua estabilidade foi analisada por espectrofotometria, em diferentes temperaturas, e por cromatografia gasosa associada à técnica da análise do espaço livre, à temperatura ambiente. Sua caracterização foi feita por microscopia óptica. Emulsões de maltodextrina com d-limoneno foram utilizadas para comparação já que maltodextrinas são muito usadas como agentes de encapsulação de aromas. Observou-se boa estabilidade de emulsões de quitosana succinilada com d-limoneno ao longo do tempo e características muito distintas em relação às observadas em emulsões de maltodextrina com d-limoneno. Pode-se concluir neste estudo que emulsões de quitosana succinilada com d-limoneno apresentaram características favoráveis à encapsulação de aromas.
Resumo:
Goma xantana é um heteroexopolissacarídeo sintetizado por Xanthomonas utilizando glicose ou sacarose como fontes de carbono, além de outros micronutrientes. É de grande aplicação industrial, devido às suas propriedades reológicas. O caldo de cana é rico em nutrientes, podendo ser utilizado como substrato para obtenção de xantana, viabilizando a produção no País pela redução dos custos. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a produção da xantana obtida com diferentes cepas nativas de Xanthomonas em meio de cultivo composto de caldo de cana (XCC) e compará-la com os valores obtidos com a sacarose (XS). Foram preparados meios com o mínimo dos requerimentos nutricionais, contendo sacarose ou caldo de cana, suplementados apenas com uréia (0,01%) e fosfato (0,1%), fermentados em shaker (28 °C, 250 rpm, 120 horas). A maior produção de xantana foi obtida com a Xanthomonas campestris manihotis e caldo de cana (33,54 g.L-1), valor aproximadamente dez vezes maior que o obtido com a sacarose (3,45 g.L-1). A viscosidade aparente a 25 s-1, 2,0% de goma e 25 °C foi de 99,36 mPa.s para XCC e de 500,43 mPa.s para XS. A biossíntese da xantana a partir do caldo de cana merece peculiar atenção, constituindo-se numa possibilidade promissora para sua produção em larga escala.
Resumo:
Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing
Resumo:
The oil production in mature areas can be improved by advanced recovery techniques. In special, steam injection reduces the viscosity of heavy oils, thus improving its flow to surrounding wells. On the other hand, the usually high temperatures and pressures involved in the process may lead to cement cracking, negatively affecting both the mechanical stability and zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath of the well. The addition of plastic materials to the cement is an alternative to prevent this scenario. Composite slurries consisting of Portland cement and a natural biopolymer were studied. Samples containing different contents of biopolymer dispersed in a Portland cement matrix were prepared and evaluated by mechanical and rheological tests in order to assess their behavior according to API (American Petroleum Institute) guidelines. FEM was also applied to map the stress distribution encountered by the cement at bottom bole. The slurries were prepared according to a factorial experiment plan by varying three parameters, i.e., cement age, contents of biopolymer and water-to-cement ratio. The results revealed that the addition of the biopolymer reduced the volume of free water and the setting time of the slurry. In addition, tensile strength, compressive strength and toughness improved by 30% comparing hardened composites to plain Portland slurries. FEM results suggested that the stresses developed at bottomhole may be 10 to 100 times higher than the strength of the cement as evaluated in the lab by unconfined mechanical testing. An alternative approach is proposed to adapt the testing methodology used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of oilwell cement slurries by simulating the confined conditions encountered at bottornhole
Resumo:
With the advances in medicine, life expectancy of the world population has grown considerably in recent decades. Studies have been performed in order to maintain the quality of life through the development of new drugs and new surgical procedures. Biomaterials is an example of the researches to improve quality of life, and its use goes from the reconstruction of tissues and organs affected by diseases or other types of failure, to use in drug delivery system able to prolong the drug in the body and increase its bioavailability. Biopolymers are a class of biomaterials widely targeted by researchers since they have ideal properties for biomedical applications, such as high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biopolymer used as a biomaterial and its monomer, lactic acid, is eliminated by the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle). It is possible to synthesize PLA through various synthesis routes, however, the direct polycondensation is cheaper due the use of few steps of polymerization. In this work we used experimental design (DOE) to produce PLAs with different molecular weight from the direct polycondensation of lactic acid, with characteristics suitable for use in drug delivery system (DDS). Through the experimental design it was noted that the time of esterification, in the direct polycondensation, is the most important stage to obtain a higher molecular weight. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrograms obtained were equivalent to the PLAs available in the literature. Results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that all PLAs produced are semicrystalline with glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging between 36 - 48 °C, and melting temperatures (Tm) ranging from 117 to 130 °C. The PLAs molecular weight characterized from Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), varied from 1000 to 11,000 g/mol. PLAs obtained showed a fibrous morphology characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Resumo:
The natural raw materials acquired special importance beside the mineral raw materials with the need for using alternative sources to oil, because they can be used to produce biopolymers. Gelatin, produced from the denaturation of collagen, and starch, an abundant polysaccharide in various plants, are examples of biopolymers which have several technological applications, especially in films. The objective of this work is to produce polymeric bioblends with gelatin and corn starch using two types of gelatin: commercial bovine gelatin and gelatin produced from mechanically separated flesh of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For the extraction of tilapia gelatin 3 distinct pretreatments, followed by extraction in distilled water under heating were performed. The properties of gelatin extracted were similar to bovine gelatin, and the differences can be explained by the difference in extraction processes and sources. Blends of commercial gelatin and starch were produced in an internal mixer from a Haake torque rheometer, to study the behavior of the gelatin mixture with starch, thus, the same compositions were processed by twin screw extrusion, to define the mixing parameters. Subsequently, the extrusion of blends of tilapia gelatin and corn starch was carried out in the same twin screw extruder. The physico-chemical, rheological and morphological properties of the blends with thermoplastic starch and gelatin were studied. It was found that various properties vary linearly with increasing concentration of the components. The blends produced are immiscible, and among the two gelatins, tilapia gelatin showed a better interfacial adhesion with the corn starch. Regarding the morphology, gelatins formed the dispersed phase in all compositions studied, even in compositions rich in starch. Can be concluded that the procedure for tilapia gelatin extraction is feasible and advantageous, and the increasing in its scale to a reactor of 30 liters is possible, with a satisfactory yield. The bioblends of bovine gelatin/corn starch and tilapia gelatin/corn starch were successfully produced, and the processing conditions were appropriate
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de lignina e celulose em plantas de cana-de-açúcar após a aplicação de dois maturadores para a colheita. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de cana-soca, cultivar SP 803280, no município de Igaraçu do Tietê/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da aplicação de dois maturadores: sulfometuron-methyl (Curavial) e glyphosate (Roundup original). As doses utilizadas foram: glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1; glyphosate a 144 g e.a. ha-1 ; glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron methyl a 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate a 108 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron-methyl a 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron-methyl a 20 g p.c. ha-1; e a testemunha sem aplicação de maturadores. As análises de lignina e celulose foram realizadas pelo método lignina em detergente ácido modificado. O glyphosate e o sulfometuron-methyl alteraram os níveis de lignina no momento da colheita, e esse efeito foi observado também durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar (meses após a aplicação desses produtos). O glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 promoveu reduções nos teores de lignina, na colheita e durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, quando comparados com os da testemunha, enquanto o sulfometuron-methyl isolado na menor dose (10 g ha-1) promoveu aumento nos teores desse biopolímero na soqueira da cana-de-açúcar.
Resumo:
The phenomenon of adsorption is of fundamental importance for the treatment of textile effluents and removal of dyes. Chitosan is characterized as an excellent adsorbent material, not only for its adsorption capacity but also the low cost production. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were developed in this study to describe the mechanism of adsorption of the anionic azo dye Orange G in chitosan, with the isotherms obtained from the variation of the concentration of dye in the continuous phase. The kinetics of the process was analyzed based on models involving the adsorption of molecules of the dye in nonpolar and polar sites. Adsorption experiments were carried out in water and in saline media with different NaCl concentrations, both for the determination of the equilibrium time as isotherms for making kinetic curves in which the amount of dye adsorbed measured indirectly varied with time. The experiments revealed the opening of the biopolymer structure with increasing concentration of Orange G, accompanied by high pH values and change on the type of interaction between the dye and the adsorbent surface, suggesting behavior advocated by the Langmuir equation in a certain range of concentration of the adsorbate and following the Henry's Law at higher concentrations, from the increased number of sites available for adsorption. The studies conducted showed that the saline medium reduces the chitosan s adsorption capacity according to a certain concentration, the occurrence of the cooperative adsorption process steps kinetic mechanism suggested as a new alternative for the interpretation of the phenomenon
Resumo:
Among the polymers that stand out most in recent decades, chitosan, a biopolymer with physico-chemical and biological promising properties has been the subject of a broad field of research. Chitosan comes as a great choice in the field of adsorption, due to their adsorbents properties, low cost and abundance. The presence of amino groups in its chain govern the majority of their properties and define which application a sample of chitosan may be used, so it is essential to determine their average degree of deacetylation. In this work we developed kinetic and equilibrium studies to monitor and characterize the adsorption process of two drugs, tetracycline hydrochloride and sodium cromoglycate, in chitosan particles. Kinetic models and the adsorption isotherms were applied to the experimental data. For both studies, the zeta potential analyzes were also performed. The adsorption of each drug showed distinct aspects. Through the studies developed in this work was possible to describe a kinetic model for the adsorption of tetracycline on chitosan particles, thus demonstrating that it can be described by two kinetics of adsorption, one for protonated tetracycline and another one for unprotonated tetracycline. In the adsorption of sodium cromoglycate on chitosan particles, equilibrium studies were developed at different temperatures, allowing the determination of thermodynamic parameters
Resumo:
Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from the shells of crustaceans, biodegradable, inexpensive and renewable with important physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the different modifications possible in its chemical structure generate new properties, making it an attractive polysaccharide owing to its range of potential applications. Polymers have been used in oil production operations. However, growing concern over environmental constraints has prompted oil industry to search for environmentally sustainable materials. As such, this study sought to obtain chitosan derivatives grafted with hydrophilic (poly(ethylene glycol), mPEG) and/or hydrophobic groups (n-dodecyl) via a simple (one-pot) method and evaluate their physicochemical properties as a function of varying pH using rheology, small-angle Xray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The chitosan derivatives were prepared using reductive alkylation under mild reaction conditions and the chemical structure of the polymers was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and CHN elemental analysis. Considering a constant mPEG/Chitosan molar ratio on modification of chitosan, the solubility of the polymer across a wide pH range (acidic, neutral and basic) could only be improved when some of the amino groups were submitted to reacetylation using the one-pot method. Under these conditions, solubility is maintained even with the simultaneous insertion of n-dodecyl. On the other hand, the solubility of derivatives obtained only through mPEG incorporation using the traditional methodology, or with the ndodecyl group, was similar to that of its precursor. The hydrophilic group promoted decreased viscosity of the polymer solutions at 10 g/L in acid medium. However, at basic pH, both viscosity and thermal stability increased, as well as exhibited a pronounced pseudoplastic behavior, suggesting strong intermolecular associations in the alkaline medium. The SAXS results showed a polyelectrolyte behavior with the decrease in pH for the polymer systems. DLS analyses revealed that although the dilute polymer solutions at 1 g/L and pH 3 exhibited a high density of protonated amino groups along the polymer chain, the high degree of charge contributed significantly to aggregation, promoting increased particle size with the decrease in pH. Furthermore, the hydrophobic group also contributed to increasing the size of aggregates in solution at pH 3, whereas the hydrophilic group helped reduce their size across the entire pH range. Nevertheless, the nature of aggregation was dependent on the pH of the medium. Zeta potential results indicated that its values do not depend solely on the surface charge of the particle, but are also dependent on the net charge of the medium. In this study, water soluble associative polymers exhibit properties that can be of great interest in the petroleum industry