The chemistry and biological effects of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts

This article represents the proceedings of a workshop at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Geoffrey M. Thiele and Simon Worrall. The presentations were (1) The chemistry of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts, by Dean J. Tuma; (2) The formation and clearance of MAA adducts in ethanol-fed rats, by Simon Worrall; (3) Immune responses to MAA adducts may play a role in the development of alcoholic liver disease, by Lynell W. Klassen; (4) Unique biological responses to MAA-modifled proteins that may play a role in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease, by Geoffrey M. Thiele; (5) MAA-adducted bovine serum albumin activates protein kinase C and stimulates interleukin-8 release in bovine bronchial epithelial cells, by Todd A. Wyatt; and (6) An enzyme immune assay for serum antiacetaldehyde adduct antibody using low-density lipoprotein-adduct and its significance in alcoholic liver injury and ALDH2 heterozygotes, by Naruhiko Nagata.

Elucidation of reaction scheme describing malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-protein adduct formation

Malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde react together with proteins and form hybrid protein conjugates designated as MAA adducts, which have been detected in livers of ethanol-fed animals. Our previous studies have shown that MAA adducts are comprised of two distinct products. One adduct is composed of two molecules of malondialdehyde and one molecule of acetaldehyde and was identified as the 4-methpl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde derivative of an amino group (MHHDC adduct). The other adduct is a 1:1 adduct of malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde and was identified as the 2-formyl-3-(alkylamino)butanal derivative of an amino group (FAAB adduct). In this study, information on the mechanism of MAA adduct formation was obtained, focusing on whether the FAAB adduct serves as a precursor for the MDHDC adduct. Upon the basis of chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy, two initial reaction steps appear to be a prerequisite for MDHDC formation. One step involves the reaction of one molecule of malondialdehyde and one of acetaldehyde with an amino group of a protein to form the FAAB product, while the other step involves the generation of a malondialdehyde-enamine. It appears that generation of the MDHDC adduct requires the FAAB moiety to be transferred to the nitrogen of the MDA-enamine. For efficient reaction of FAAB with the enamine to take place, additional experiments indicated that these two intermediates likely must be in positions on the protein of close proximity to each other. Further studies showed that the incubation of liver proteins from ethanol-fed rats with MDA resulted in a marked generation of MDHDC adducts, indicating the presence of a pool of FAAB adducts in the liver of ethanol-fed animals. Overall, these findings show that MDHDC-protein adduct formation occurs via the reaction of the FAAB moiety with a malondialdehyde-enamine, and further suggest that a similar mechanism may be operative in vivo in the liver during prolonged ethanol consumption.

Solution techniques for transport problems involving steep concentration gradients: application to noncatalytic fluid solid reactions

Some efficient solution techniques for solving models of noncatalytic gas-solid and fluid-solid reactions are presented. These models include those with non-constant diffusivities for which the formulation reduces to that of a convection-diffusion problem. A singular perturbation problem results for such models in the presence of a large Thiele modulus, for which the classical numerical methods can present difficulties. For the convection-diffusion like case, the time-dependent partial differential equations are transformed by a semi-discrete Petrov-Galerkin finite element method into a system of ordinary differential equations of the initial-value type that can be readily solved. In the presence of a constant diffusivity, in slab geometry the convection-like terms are absent, and the combination of a fitted mesh finite difference method with a predictor-corrector method is used to solve the problem. Both the methods are found to converge, and general reaction rate forms can be treated. These methods are simple and highly efficient for arbitrary particle geometry and parameters, including a large Thiele modulus. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is Cadinella ornatissima a chomodorid? Sperm ultra structure in an enigmatic nudibranch (Opisthobranchia Mollusca)

Sperm ultrastructure is described for the nudibranch gastropod Cadlinella ornatissima, type species of the genus Cadlinella (Thiele). Although C. ornatissima exhibits most of the sperm features characteristic of other Opisthobranchia and the Pulmonata (a small, rounded acrosomal vesicle, a complex, helical, mitochondrial derivative - partially paracrystalline, coarse fibres associated with the axoneme), it also possesses a number of previously undescribed and possibly unique features (a longitudinally inrolled acrosomal pedestal, an axial structure within the cavity of the acrosomal pedestal, an electron-dense collar at the anterior region of the acrosomal pedestal, the presence of crystalloid bodies within the glycogen helices of the mitochondrial derivative). To our knowledge this is the first report of crystalloid bodies in mature sperm of any mollusc. Collectively this evidence raises questions concerning the affinities and systematic position of Cadlinella within the Nudibranchia. The peculiar nature of the sperm differences, in comparison with other investigated nudibranchs, suggest that Cadlinella is not easily linked to either the Cadlinidae or Chromodorididae, and should be considered incertae sedis.

Valor nutricional da polpa de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) liofilizada

O Brasil é o maior produtor, consumidor e exportador da bebida açaí produzida a partir dos frutos do açaizeiro. Esta bebida ou a polpa de açaí são normalmente comercializadas a temperatura ambiente ou na forma congelada, levando à perdas nutricionais importantes. Este trabalho objetivou analisar alguns nutrientes da polpa de açaí liofilizada. Os resultados de determinações analíticas mostraram que esse produto na forma de pó é um alimento altamente calórico, 489,39 Kcal/100 g de polpa liofilizada principalmente em função dos altos conteúdos de lipídeos (40,75%), dos quais 52,70% representado pelo ácido oléico (C18:1) e 25,56% pelo palmítico (C16:0). O teor de carboidratos totais foi de 42,53% ± 3,56 e o de proteínas foi de 8,13 g ± 0,63 por 100 g de açaí liofilizado. Na avaliação do perfil de minerais foi demonstrado que o potássio (900 mg/100 g de polpa de açaí liofilizado) e o cálcio (330 mg/100 g de polpa de açaí liofilizada) foram os minerais observados em maior abundância. O magnésio também apresentou concentrações importantes (124,4 mg em 100 g de polpa liofilizada), diferente do ferro (4,5 mg em 100 g de polpa liofilizada). Diante dos resultados obtidos na avaliação da composição nutricional da polpa de açaí liofilizada, é possível concluir que esse processo pode ser considerado como uma excelente alternativa de conservação dessa polpa devido a presença de importantes componentes nutricionais encontrados na mesma.

Mindestzündenergie von Staubgemischen

Die Mindestzündenergie ist als sicherheitstechnische Kenngröße zur Bewertung der Gefährlichkeit von brennbaren Stäuben unerlässlich. Durch wissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung in den 70er und 80er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts wurden die Einflussgrößen der Mindestzündenergie eingehend erforscht. Diese Forschungen sowie die Entwicklung immer genauerer Testapparaturen in den letzten 20 Jahren trugen dazu bei, die Mindestzündenergie immer besser bestimmen zu können. Dank genormter Messverfahren ist es heute ohne Probleme möglich Messergebnisse reproduzierbar zu ermitteln. Die Mindestzündenergie wird häufig zur Durchführung der Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen „Vermeidung wirksamer Zündquellen“ herangezogen. Dabei wird versucht, alle Energien zu verhindern, welche ausreichen, um ein mögliches Staub/Luft-Gemisch zu entzünden. Zur Anwendung dieser Maßnahme ist die Kenntnis der Mindestzündenergie des Staub/Luft-Gemisches notwendig. Ausschlaggebend ist dabei die kleinste Mindestzündenergie der vorhandenen Stäube. In der Praxis treten Stäube in reiner Form jedoch eher selten auf. Häufiger sind Gemische aus verschiedenen Stäuben anzutreffen. Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Mindestzündenergie von Staubgemischen sind bisher nicht bekannt. Diese Arbeit soll zur Entwicklung einer Formel beitragen, die es ermöglicht aus der Kenntnis des Mischungsverhältnisses einer Staubmischung sowie der einzelnen Mindestzündenergien der beteiligten Stäube, die Mindestzündenergie des Staubgemisches zu bestimmen.

Erarbeitung der Grundlagen zur Einführung eines Energiemanagementsystems in der GKN Stromag Dessau GmbH sowie Auswahl einer geeigneten Softwarelösung auf Grundlage einer Nutzwertanalyse

Thema dieser Ausarbeitung ist die Erarbeitung von Grundlagen zur Einführung eines Energiemanagementsystems, in der GKN Stromag Dessau GmbH, sowie die Auswahl einer geeigneten Softwarelösung, auf Grundlage einer Nutzwertanalyse. Um eine geeignete Software Lösung zu finden, wurde eine IST-Analyse des Betriebes durchgeführt und die nutzerspezifischen Anforderungen an die Software definiert. Dies ist in zwei Stufen erfolgt. In der ersten Phase wurden im Rahmen eines K.O. Systems grobe Kriterien definiert, welche die Software aufweisen muss.In der zweiten Phase wurden die verbliebenen Systeme einer Nutzwertanalyse unterzogen, um die bestmögliche Alternative zu ermitteln. Die drei besten, durch die Analyse ermittelten, Anbieter sind namentlich:- IngSoft InterWatt- My JEVis 2.1- ABB cpmPlus Energie Manager.Weiterführend wurde ein Phasenplan, für die geschätzte Einführungsdauer des Energiemanagementsystems, erstellt. Die geschätzte Einführungsdauer liegt bei 18,39 Monaten. Zusätzlich spricht diese Arbeit Empfehlungen, für die möglichen Vernetzungsmöglichkeiten von Zählern und Software, aus. Zur Umsetzung des Energiemanagementsystems wurde ein Pflichtenheft erstellt, welches die Verfahrensweisen innerhalb des Energiemanagementsystems regelt.

Cephalopoda as prey of juvenile Southern elephant seals at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George, South Shetland Islands

The aim of the present study was to enhance the knowledge of the feeding habits of the juvenile component of the population of Southern elephant seals [Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758)] from Isla 25 de Mayo, South Shetland Islands, age class whose diet information is scarce. A total of 60 individuals were stomach lavaged in the spring - summer seasons of three consecutive years (2003, 2004 and 2005) of which 53.3 % (n = 32) presented food remnants. The Antarctic glacial squid Psychroteuthis glacialis Thiele, 1921 was the dominant prey taxon in terms of frequency of occurrence (68.7%), numerical abundance (60.1%) and biomass (51.5%), contributing 84.1% to the total relative importance index. Other squid prey species of importance were Slosarczykovia circumantartica Lipinski, 2001 in terms of occurrence (37.5%) and numerical abundance (14%) and Moroteuthis knipovitchi Filippova, 1972 in terms of biomass (16%). All identified cephalopod prey taxa are distributed south of the Antarctic Polar Front, except for the squid Martialia hyadesi Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889 which has a circumpolar distribution associated to the Polar Frontal Zone. No significant differences in the sizes of P. glacialis preyed upon by elephant seals were found between sexes and years. However, significant interannual differences were found in the taxonomical composition of their diet. This would be associated with temporal changes in food availability at the foraging areas of seals, which in turn may have been influenced by changes in oceanographic conditions as a result of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that occurred during part of the study period. Furthermore, a differential response of males and females to this temporal variation was observed, with the former being also associated to a predation on octopods. This would suggest a sexual segregation in foraging habits of this species from the early stages of its life cycle.

Dous phyllopodos, observados no Rio Grande do Norte

Le 19 juillet 1928 l'auteur trouva près de Natal, capitale de l'État de Rio Grande do Norte, a 5º 47' au sud de l'équateur, un nouveau Dendrocephalus qui portera le nom ornatus, dû a ses appendices caudales teints d'écarlate brillant. La femelle (Pl.1) atteint 12 mm. de longueur e contient des oeufs noirs dans sa cavité d'incubation. Le mâle, beaucoup plus robuste, atteint 16 mm. et montre, outre les caracteres sexuels, une modification extrémement compliquée des deuxièmes antennes (qui dans la planche II sont vues devant les premières). L'espèce est plus petite que les deux autres décrites de l'Amérique du Sud et se distingue facilement par les antennes du mâle. Elle fut trouvée au bord de la route dans une flaque large et profonde d'eau de pluie argileuse. Les exemplares rapportés moururent en quelques jours et la mare, lors d'une seconde visite, fut trouvé sèche. L'autre espèce, observée en 9. 7. 28 dans un étang naturel tout-près de la capitale, avait déjà été observée á Matto Grosso et en Paraguay et déterminée comme Cyclestheria hislopi BAIRD. THIELE pense que les individus de l'Amérique du Sud, pour cause de quelques petites différences, pour-raient nien former une autre espèce qu'il propose d'appeler sarsiana, mais la comparaison des desseins et descriptions avec mes exemplaires ne parait pas soutenir cette idée. Tout-de-mème la répartition connue de cette espèce est extrêmement curieuse et peut-être unique en zoologie. Elle a été signalée à Nagpur (Hindoustan), Ceylon, Queensland (Australie), Célèbes, Afrique orientale et Sansibar; seulement le premier lieu se trouve bien au nord de l'équateur, mais encore dans la zone tropicale, comme toutes les autres localités. L'explication de cette extension sur les deux mondes est tout ce qu'il a de plus difficile, puisque entre les localisations il n'y a pas seulement d'énormes distances sur terre (que l'on pourrait expliquer par un défaut d'observations), mais des espaces tres étendus, occupés par la mer. L'intervention de l'homme ne saurait expliquer ces faits et le transport par les oiseaux aquatiques ne pourrait être qu'un fait tout-a-fait excepcionnel pour les grands trajets océaniques. Le recours aux terres hypothétiques, qui formaient des ponts intercontinentaux dans des périodes géologiques extrêmement reculées, recontre des objections évidentes. En tous les cas on ne peut qu'admirer la constance avec laquelle le type de l'espèce s'est maintenu durant d'innombrales générations et a travers de telles distances quand les autres phyllopodes ont formé non seulement des variétés, mais même un grand nombre de genre et de familles.

Long-term citalopram administration reduces responsiveness of HPA axis in patients with major depression: relationship with S-citalopram concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and clinical response.

RATIONALE: A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a well-documented neurobiological finding in major depression. Moreover, clinically effective therapy with antidepressant drugs may normalize the HPA axis activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test whether citalopram (R/S-CIT) affects the function of the HPA axis in patients with major depression (DSM IV). METHODS: Twenty depressed patients (11 women and 9 men) were challenged with a combined dexamethasone (DEX) suppression and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test (DEX/CRH test) following a placebo week and after 2, 4, and 16 weeks of 40 mg/day R/S-CIT treatment. RESULTS: The results show a time-dependent reduction of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response during the DEX/CRH test both in treatment responders and nonresponders within 16 weeks. There was a significant relationship between post-DEX baseline cortisol levels (measured before administration of CRH) and severity of depression at pretreatment baseline. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the impact of psychopathology and hormonal stress responsiveness and R/S-CIT concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The magnitude of decrease in cortisol responsivity from pretreatment baseline to week 4 on drug [delta-area under the curve (AUC) cortisol] was a significant predictor (p<0.0001) of the degree of symptom improvement following 16 weeks on drug (i.e., decrease in HAM-D21 total score). The model demonstrated that the interaction of CSF S-CIT concentrations and clinical improvement was the most powerful predictor of AUC cortisol responsiveness. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that decreased AUC cortisol was highly associated with S-CIT concentrations in plasma and CSF. Therefore, our data suggest that the CSF or plasma S-CIT concentrations rather than the R/S-CIT dose should be considered as an indicator of the selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) effect on HPA axis responsiveness as measured by AUC cortisol response.