THE EFFECT OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND SUBJECTIVE DISTRESS OF OPTOMETRY STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an incongruence between personality characteristics of individuals and concomitant charcteristics of health professional training environments on salient dimensions contributes to aspects of mental health. The dimensions examined were practical-theoretical orientation and the degree of structure-unstructure. They were selected for study as they are particularly important attributes of students and of learning environments. It was proposed that when the demand of the environment is disparate from the proclivities of the individual, strain arises. This strain was hypothesized to contribute to anxiety, depression, and subjective distress.^ Select subscales on the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI) were the operationalized measures for the personality component of the dimensions studied. An environmental index was developed to assess students' perceptions of the learning environment on these same dimensions. The Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and General Well-Being schedule measured the outcome variables.^ A congruence model was employed to determine person-environment (P-E) interaction. Scores on the scales of the OPI and the environmental index were divided into high, medium, and low based on the range of scores. Congruence was defined as a match between the level of personality need and the complementary level of the perception of the environment. Alternatively, incongruence was defined as a mismatch between the person and the environment. The consistent category was compared to the inconsistent categories by an analysis of variance procedure. Furthermore, analyses of covariance were conducted with perceived supportiveness of the learning environment and life events external to the learning environment as the covariates. These factors were considered critical influences affecting the outcome measures.^ One hundred and eighty-five students (49% of the population) at the College of Optometry at the University of Houston participated in the study. Students in all four years of the program were equally represented in the study. However, the sample differed from the total population on representation by sex, marital status, and undergraduate major.^ The results of the study did not support the hypotheses. Further, after having adjusted for perceived supportiveness and life events external to the learning environment, there were no statistically significant differences between the congruent category and incongruent categories. Means indicated than the study sample experienced significantly lower depression and subjective distress than the normative samples.^ Results are interpreted in light of their utility for future study design in the investigation of the effects of P-E interaction. Emphasized is the question of the feasibility of testing a P-E interaction model with extant groups. Recommendations for subsequent research are proposed in light of the exploratory nature of the methodology. ^

Métodos de extração de fósforo e micronutrientes em latossolos com uso de energia ultrassônica

Assessing the soil nutrient availability to plants under lab conditions is one of the main challenges to Soil Fertility and Chemistry, due to the complex behavior and the interaction of the soil properties. Many extractant solutions associated with mechanical forms of agitation have been proposed, showing different correlations with plant growth and nutrients absorption. Using ultrasonic energy is a agitation procedure of the soil:extractant solution suspension (based on the cavitation phenomenon). It allows the establishment of relations between the amount of extracted nutrient and the ultrasonic energy level. Thus, this work aims: to evaluate the effect of cavitation intensity on the extraction of P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in soil samples from five Latosols under different uses around Uberlândia and Uberaba, Minas Gerais State; to obtain extracting curves as function of ultrasonic energy levels; and to obtain an index from extracting curves to expresses the nutrient retention by the soil solid phase. A soil-solution suspension (ratio 1:10) was sonicated using a probe ultrasound equipment under different combinations of power and time: i) 30 W for 35, 70, 140 and 280 s; ii) 50 W for 21, 42, 84 and 168 s; and iii) 70 W for 15, 30, 60 and 120 s. The extractant solutions used were Mehlich-1 (for all elements), Olsen and distilled water for P. After each sonication, P concentration was quantified by molybdenum blue colorimetric method and Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cavitation intensity did not affect the P extraction, only the total energy applied. The P extraction was influenced by extractant solution, decreasing as follows: Mehlich-1>Olsen>water. In cultivated Latosols, the P extraction increased linearly with ultrasonic energy, and the slope of the 1:1 linear regression reflects the P retention in the soil. The Zn and Fe extractions were influenced only by total energy applied. Mn and Cu extractions were influenced by both cavitation intensity and total ultrasonic energy. Soils containing similar amounts of P, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe may have a different extraction rate. Likewise, soils containing different amounts of those elements may have the same extraction rate.

Field inoculation with arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi overcomes phosphorus and zinc deficiencies of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) in a vertisol subject to long-fallow disorder

Long-fallow disorder is expressed as exacerbated deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and/or zinc (Zn) in field crops growing after long periods of weed-free fallow. The hypothesis that arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the P and Zn nutrition, and thereby biomass production and seed yield of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) was tested in a field experiment. A factorial combination of treatments consisting of +/- fumigation, +/- AMF inoculation with Glomus spp., +/- P and +/- Zn fertilisers was used on a long-fallowed vertisol. The use of such methods allowed an absolute comparison of plants growing with and without AMF in the field for the first time in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Plant biomass, height, P and Zn concentrations and contents, boll number and final seed yield were (a) least in fumigated soil with negligible AMF colonisation of the roots, (b) low initially in long-fallow soil but increased with time as AMF colonisation of the roots developed, and (c) greatest in soil inoculated with AMF cultures. The results showed for the first time in the field that inflows of both P and Zn into linseed roots were highly dependent on %AMF-colonisation (R-2 = 0.95 for P and 0.85 for Zn, P < 0.001) in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. Relative field mycorrhizal dependencies without and with P+Zn fertiliser were 85 % and 86 % for biomass and 68 % and 52 % for seed yield respectively. This research showed in the field that AMF greatly improved the P and Zn nutrition, biomass production and seed yield of linseed growing in a soil disposed to long-fallow disorder. The level of mycorrhizal colonisation of plants suffering from long-fallow disorder can increase during the growing season resulting in improved plant growth and residual AMF inoculum in the soil, and thus it is important for growers to recognise the cause and not terminate a poor crop prematurely in order to sow another. Other positive management options to reduce long fallows and foster AMF include adoption of conservation tillage and opportunity cropping.

Depression and Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes from a Life Course Perspective

Background: Type 2 diabetes is linked to several complications which add to both physical and mental distress. Depression is a common co-morbidity of diabetes which can occur both as a cause and a consequence of type 2 diabetes. Depression has been shown to correlate with glucose regulation and treating depression might prove beneficial for glucose regulation as well as for mental well being. Another complication which might affect diabetes management is cognitive decline. Several risk factors and complications of diabetes might modify the risk for developing cognitive impairment, which is increased 1.5 times among subjects with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes, depression and impaired cognitive performance have all been linked to low birth weight. This thesis aimed to explore the effects and interactions of birth weight, depression and cognitive ability in relation to type 2 diabetes from a life course perspective. Subjects and methods: Studies I, II and V were part of the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. 2003 subjects participated in an extensive clinical examination at an average age of 61 years. A standard glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In addition data was obtained from child welfare clinics and national registers. A subset of the cohort (n=1247) also performed a test on cognitive performance (CogState ®) at the average age of 64. Studies III and IV were randomised clinical trials where mildly depressed diabetic subjects were treated with paroxetine or placebo and the effect on metabolic parameters and quality of life was assessed. The first trial included 14 women and lasted 10 weeks, while the second trial included 43 subjects, both men and women, and lasted 6 months. Results: Type 2 diabetes was positively associated with the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Among diabetic subjects 23.6% had depressive symptoms, compared to 16.7% of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (OR = 1.77, p<0.001). Formal mediation analysis revealed that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is likely to act as a mediator in the association. Furthermore, low birth weight was found to modify the association between type 2 diabetes, CVD and depression. The association between BDI score and having type 2 diabetes or CVD was twice as strong in the subgroup with low birth weight (≤ 2500g) compared with the group with birth weight > 2500g (p for interaction 0.058). In the six months long randomised clinical trial (study IV) paroxetine had a transient beneficial effect on glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c) and quality of life when compared to placebo after three months of treatment. In study V we found that subjects with known diabetes had a consistently poorer level of cognitive performance than subjects with normal glucose tolerance in most of the tested cognitive domains. This effect was further amplified among those born with a small birth weight (p for interaction 0.002). Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher occurrence of depressive symptoms compared to subjects with normal glucose tolerance. This association is especially strong among subjects with CVD and those born with a low birth weight. Treating depressed diabetic subjects with paroxetine has no long term effect on glucose regulation. Physicians should be aware of depression as an important co-morbidity of type 2 diabetes. Both depression and the cognitive decline often seen among diabetic subjects are increased if the subject is born with a low birth weight. Physicians should recognise low birth weight as an additional risk factor and modifier of diabetic complications.

Efecto de siete niveles de nitrógeno, fósforo y zinc sobre algunos componentes de rendimiento del frijol variedad 510-51 (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

El frijol es uno de los cultivos mas importantes en Nicaragua. Datos estadísticos indican que este cultivo ocupa el segundo lugar en importancia como alimento básico y el quinto lugar en cuanto al valor nutricional. Durante los últimos años se han obtenido bajos rendimientos y para 70-71 se obtuvo un rendimiento promedio de 537.2 kilogramos por hectárea (5). Como se puede observar el rendimiento promedio nacional es muy bajo. Para incrementar este rendimiento ademas de sembrar con variedades mejoradas se debe hacer necesario buscar los niveles mas adecuados de Fertilización. Se ha observado en la zona de Masatepe una aparente deficiencia de ciertos elementos menores y en especial del Zinc manifestándose con síntomas de necrosis general y deformaciones semejantes a rosetas en las yemas foliar en el cultivo de frijol (13). Este ensayo se llevo a efecto el 4 de octubre de 1973 en la Estación Regional de Diversificación Agrícola Campos Azules. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del Nitrógeno, Fósforo y Zinc respectivamente. En la evaluación de los datos de rendimiento se empleo el diseño Guadalupe y Bloque al azar con dos repeticiones. De acuerdo a los resultados para altura de planta, el efecto de los tratamientos fue estadisticamente significativo al nivel de 1 por ciento de probabilidad correspondiendo las mayores alturas para las dosis de 75-125-9, 75-150-9 y 150-150-18 kg/ha, de N-P-Zn respectivamente. El análisis de numero de vainas por planta muestra diferencias significativas entre tratamientos lo mismo que para el rendimiento de grano siendo los niveles adecuados para rendimiento en la zona de Masatepe el 150-150-0 y 75-75-0 kg/ha, de N-P-Zn con 1 101 y 1 044 kg/ha respectivamente.

Oxidative chemisorption of SO_2 on γ - Al_2O_3 and deposition of H_2-permselective SiO_2 films

The interaction of SO_2 with γ - Al_2O_3 and the deposition of H_2 permselective SiO_2 films have been investigated. The adsorption and oxidative adsorption of SO_2 on γ - Al_2O_3 have been examined at temperatures 500-700°C by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At temperatures above 500°C most of SO_2 adsorbed on the strong sites on alumina. The adsorbed SO_2 species was characterized by an IR band at 1065 cm^(-1). The equilibrium coverage and initial rate of adsorption decreased with temperature suggesting a two-step adsorption. When γ - Al_2O_3 was contacted with a mixture of SO_2 and O_2, adsorption of SO_2 and oxidation of the adsorbed SO_2 to a surface sulfate characterized by broad IR bands at 1070 cm^(-1), 1390 cm^(-1) took place. The results of a series of TGA experiments under different atmospheres strongly suggest that surface SO_2 and surface sulfate involve the same active sites such that SO_2 adsorption is inhibited by already formed sulfate. The results also indicate a broad range of site strengths.

The desorption of adsorbed SO_2 and the reductive desorption of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 have been investigated by microreactor experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) of adsorbed SO_2 showed that SO_2 was desorbed without significant reaction with H_2 when H_2 concentration was low while considerable reaction occurred when 100% H_2 was used. SO_2 adsorbed on the strong sites on alumina was reduced to sulfur and H_2S. The isothermal reduction experiments of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 reveal that the rate of reduction is very slow below 550°C even with 100% H_2. The reduction product is mainly composed of SO_2. TPR experiments of oxidatively adsorbed SO_2 showed that H_2S arose from a sulfate strongly chemisorbed on the surface.

Films of amorphous SiO_2 were deposited within the walls of porous Vycor tubes by SiH_4 oxidation in an opposing reactants geometry : SiH_4 was passed inside the tube while O_2 was passed outside the tube. The two reactants diffused opposite to each other and reacted within a narrow front inside the tube wall to form a thin SiO_2 film. Once the pores were plugged the reactants could not reach each other and the reaction stopped. At 450°C and 0.1 and 0.33 atm of SiH_4 and O_2, the reaction was complete within 15 minutes. The thickness of the SiO_2 film was estimated to be about 0.1 µm. Measurements of H_2 and N_2 permeation rates showed that the SiO_2 film was highly selective to H_2 permeation. The H_2:N_2 flux at 450°C varied between 2000-3000.

Thin SiO_2 films were heat treated in different gas mixtures to determine their stability in functioning as high-temperature hydrogen-permselective membranes. The films were heat-treated at 450-700°C in dry N_2, dry O_2, N_2-H_2O, and O_2-H_2O mixtures. The permeation rates of H_2 and N_2 changed depending on the original conditions of film formation as well as on the heat treatment. Heating in dry N_2 slowly reduced the permeation rates of both H_2 and N_2. Heating in a N_2-H_2O atmosphere led to a steeper decline of H_2 permeability. But the permeation rate of N_2 increased or decreased according to whether the film deposition had been carried out in the absence or presence of H_2O vapor, respectively. Thermal treatment in O_2 caused rapid decline of the permeation rates of H_2 and N_2 in films that were deposited under dry conditions. The decline was moderate in films deposited under wet conditions.

I. Proton magnetic resonance of polynucleotides and transfer RNA. II. Electron spin relaxation studies of manganese (II) complexes in acetonitrile

Part I. Proton Magnetic Resonance of Polynucleotides and Transfer RNA.

Proton magnetic resonance was used to follow the temperature dependent intramolecular stacking of the bases in the polynucleotides of adenine and cytosine. Analysis of the results on the basis of a two state stacked-unstacked model yielded values of -4.5 kcal/mole and -9.5 kcal/mole for the enthalpies of stacking in polyadenylic and polycytidylic acid, respectively.

The interaction of purine with these molecules was also studied by pmr. Analysis of these results and the comparison of the thermal unstacking of polynucleotides and short chain nucleotides indicates that the bases contained in stacks within the long chain poly nucleotides are, on the average, closer together than the bases contained in stacks in the short chain nucleotides.

Temperature and purine studies were also carried out with an aqueous solution of formylmethionine transfer ribonucleic acid. Comparison of these results with the results of similar experiments with the homopolynucleotides of adenine, cytosine and uracil indicate that the purine is probably intercalating into loop regions of the molecule.

The solvent denaturation of phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid was followed by pmr. In a solvent mixture containing 83 volume per cent dimethylsulf oxide and 17 per cent deuterium oxide, the tRNA molecule is rendered quite flexible. It is possible to resolve resonances of protons on the common bases and on certain modified bases.

Part II. Electron Spin Relaxation Studies of Manganese (II) Complexes in Acetonitrile.

The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of three Mn⁺² complexes, [Mn(CH₃CN)₆]⁺², [MnCl₄]^-2, and [MnBr₄]^-2, in acetonitrile were studied in detail. The objective of this study was to relate changes in the effective spin Hamiltonian parameters and the resonance line widths to the structure of these molecular complexes as well as to dynamical processes in solution.

Of the three systems studied, the results obtained from the [Mn(CH₃CN)₆]⁺² system were the most straight-forward to interpret. Resonance broadening attributable to manganese spin-spin dipolar interactions was observed as the manganese concentration was increased.

In the [MnCl₄]^-2 system, solvent fluctuations and dynamical ion-pairing appear to be significant in determining electron spin relaxation.

In the [MnBr₄]^-2 system, solvent fluctuations, ion-pairing, and Br- ligand exchange provide the principal means of electron spin relaxation. It was also found that the spin relaxation in this system is dependent upon the field strength and is directly related to the manganese concentration. A relaxation theory based on a two state collisional model was developed to account for the observed behavior.

Proton magnetic resonance studies of ribonucleic acid complexes. I. Complexes of biological bases and oligonucleotides with RNA. II. Template recognition and the degeneracy of the genetic code

Part I. Complexes of Biological Bases and Oligonucleotides with RNA

The physical nature of complexes of several biological bases and oligonucleotides with single-stranded ribonucleic acids have been studied by high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The importance of various forces in the stabilization of these complexes is also discussed.

Previous work has shown that purine forms an intercalated complex with single-stranded nucleic acids. This complex formation led to severe and stereospecific broadening of the purine resonances. From the field dependence of the linewidths, T₁ measurements of the purine protons and nuclear Overhauser enhancement experiments, the mechanism for the line broadening was ascertained to be dipole-dipole interactions between the purine protons and the ribose protons of the nucleic acid.

The interactions of ethidium bromide (EB) with several RNA residues have been studied. EB forms vertically stacked aggregates with itself as well as with uridine, 3'-uridine monophosphate and 5'-uridine monophosphate and forms an intercalated complex with uridylyl (3' → 5') uridine and polyuridylic acid (poly U). The geometry of EB in the intercalated complex has also been determined.

The effect of chain length of oligo-A-nucleotides on their mode of interaction with poly U in D₂0 at neutral pD have also been studied. Below room temperatures, ApA and ApApA form a rigid triple-stranded complex involving a stoichiometry of one adenine to two uracil bases, presumably via specific adenine-uracil base pairing and cooperative base stacking of the adenine bases. While no evidence was obtained for the interaction of ApA with poly U above room temperature, ApApA exhibited complex formation of a 1:1 nature with poly U by forming Watson-Crick base pairs. The thermodynamics of these systems are discussed.

Part II. Template Recognition and the Degeneracy of the Genetic Code

The interaction of ApApG and poly U was studied as a model system for the codon-anticodon interaction of tRNA and mRNA in vivo. ApApG was shown to interact with poly U below ~20°C. The interaction was of a 1:1 nature which exhibited the Hoogsteen bonding scheme. The three bases of ApApG are in an anti conformation and the guanosine base appears to be in the lactim tautomeric form in the complex.

Due to the inadequacies of previous models for the degeneracy of the genetic code in explaining the observed interactions of ApApG with poly U, the "tautomeric doublet" model is proposed as a possible explanation of the degenerate interactions of tRNA with mRNA during protein synthesis in vivo.

Aspects of mineral composition of male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to different concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil

Studies were carried out to assess some macro and trace elements of mineral composition of the male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to graded concentrations (1.00-8.00m/L-1) of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO). The experiment was monitored for 4 days (toxicity) and 42days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05)in the sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), vanadium (Va), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) contents of the male H. bidorsalis corresponded with the increasing concentrations of BLCO. In contrast, the female fishes recorded significant increases (P < 0.05) in the values of the above elements in their tissues as the concentrations of BLCO increased. Furthermore, the values of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, Va, Pb and Mn recorded in the male fishes where generally lower than those of their female counterparts and the control fish. Increased values of these elements were also recorded during the recovery periods (days 14, 28 and 42) of this study in the magnitudes of 15% at day 14, 20% at day 28 and 20% at day 42. This implied that the removal of crude oil stress during this period improved the quantity of these minerals deposited in the fish tissues. The highest percent proportion of Zn and the lowest proportion of Pb recorded in both male and female H. bidorsalis adults agreed with the report of other workers for other fish species. KEYWORDS: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Mineral composition, Bonny-light crude oil, Toxicity, Recovery.

Análisis nutricional y su relación con el estrés psico-físico y el daño muscular en jugadoras profesionales de voleibol a lo largo de una temporada

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北京山区荆条灌丛生态系统研究--群落学，生物量，元素循环及稳定性特征

本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究，并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征，对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究，最后，对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨，并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较，期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解，为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡，样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场，下设两个小样地2a和2b，分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上，样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置，地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b，2a，样地3，样地1，样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种，分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种，样地2b 13科18种，样地3 9科14种，样地4a 11科18种，样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多（8种），菊科植物6种次之，蔷薇科植物4种，居第三。6个样地中常见植物种（存在度60%以上）有11个，较1965年调查时的常见种数（16种）显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a的生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型，样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a和4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明，样地2b带有最明显的中生性，而样地4a因含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b，2a3，1，4b，4a。这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合，同时，它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量，以样地2a和2b为最高，分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤／公顷，其次为样地3，达2445.7公斤／公顷，余下的顺序为样地1，样地4a和4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致，即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明，热量（年日照时数）是控制荆条生长的最主要因素，且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类，作为一个组分，其地上部生物量除样地1外，和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致，这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少，且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加，说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区，且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量，作为上述两个组分的综合，较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响，而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关，与≥10'C的年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点，都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势，即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤，公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤／公顷(1987)，其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量，在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷，l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷，两个样地中，地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍（样地1）,以及2．10和1.23倍《样地3），根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3，且样地1比样地3．干燥，荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比，这是荆条对砍伐的适应．就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量，1986年为13.44吨／公顷，87年为l6.4吨／公顷，增加了22.2%，群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨／公顷•年。在群落总生物量中，荆条的生物量占绝大部分，分别达90.4%和86.3%，而在群落年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献达3.00吨／公顷•年，占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘／公顷．89年猛增至21.17砘／公顷，增加了113.9%，群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘／公顷•年，是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中，荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%，89年增大为58.5%，和样地1的变化趋势相反，表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献和样地1相似，达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛)，更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛．以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛，群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量，且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落（样地3）的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标，说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的，样地1的生物量累积比较大，是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大，而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析，可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下，样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育，而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中，在代谢活动较旺盛的部位，N和K的含量较高，Hg，P和Zn也表现相似的倾向，A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势，即代谢活动较强的部位，含量较低。Mn，Ca和Ha则是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值，Mg是较均匀的类型，其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中，Mn,Mn, Mg，Ca，AI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高，N的含量则以上壤为最低，而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低，包括Fe，Hn，Zn，（Ca，P和AI。随着年龄的增大，各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势（其增加量大于其它元素的增加量），在西山荆条灌从中，植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外，其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性（图11）．而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性，，在植物组分中，灰分含量与Fe，Mn，Ca，P，AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关，而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中，其它植物地上部，其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha，荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al，它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象，即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中，K，N，Ca的吸收量占88.5％，其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中，则以Ca，N和Al的吸收量占多数，达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中，K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大，但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍（K和Zn之间），但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多，平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高，平均为0.826±0.07，整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高，Na为最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算，荆条对N的吸收系数最大，Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量（可溶性或可代换性量）汁，则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大，Ca最小 （表21）。土壤元素（全量）的周转时间，Al最长，达2603.2年，多数元素在450-600年 之间，只有N，P，K三个元素的周转时间最短，分别只有35.4，151.9，和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例（归 还率），Zn (26.5%)，Mg (36.1％)，Ca (36.1%)，P(21.3%)和N(25.0％)属较高的类型， Al (13.5%)，Na（14.6％）和K（13.1％）居中，Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小（12.1％）外，其余在21.3%-37.9％之间。 西山荆条灌丛中，荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例， 各元素之间显著不同，均匀的类型有N，Zn，Mg和Na，即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素，荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素，Mn，P，Al，Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量（表22，图45）。 荆条所吸收的无素量，在其内部各组分中的分配（存留）格局，普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长（或存留于叶片）中．Mn是唯一例外的元素，荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素．荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型：将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI，Fe，Zn， Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,Na， 和Ca;而K和N则属于中间 的类型，即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部（根球和艉）中较均匀的分配 （表22，图46）． 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛，两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部，和西山样地完全相反，这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因，可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式， 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形，其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用，荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%，其中分解期（千重损失50％所用时间）为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应，荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天，而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间，比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早，这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的，因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S)，而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性，区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算，荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年，比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐，油讼和栓皮栎短，说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的，且有机C，可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言，以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快，丹宁的浓度也显著的下降，粗脂肪和有机C浓度属于平缓下降的类型，而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型，其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用，各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%）>丹宁(95. 92%）>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外，不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化，其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失（分别损失63.66%和19.67%）。丹宁和有机C的损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线，粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部，而粗脂肪类似S形曲线，但最不规则． 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和，其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高，而其总量则持续下降，所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致，在浓度变化方面，K是星下降趋势的唯一元素，其余元素（包括N，Ca，Na，Mg，P，Fe，Zn，Mn和Al）的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型：即N，Ca，Na，K，P5个元素属于减少的类型，而Fe，Mn，Zn，Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的，且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛，这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。

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利用液封直拉法（LEC）生长了直径50mm〈100〉和（111〉晶向的InAs单晶．分析研究了n型杂质Sn，S和p型杂质Zn，Mn的分凝特性、晶格硬化作用、掺杂效率等．利用X射线双晶衍射分析了晶体的完整性．对InAs晶片的抛光、化学腐蚀和清洗进行了分析，在此基础上实现了抛光晶片的开盒即用（EPI—READY）．

川西地区几种优势苔藓植株元素含量及其时空差异性

揭示苔藓植株元素含量及其时空差异性是深入开展利用苔藓植物指示环境和筛选理想监测藓种的科学基础。采用微波消解（ICP-AES）方法对九寨沟自然遗产地原始林景点停车场周围三个采样带：I为停车场植被小岛（PS），向外约120 m半径为II带（D120），再向外距离约1,000 m为III带（D1000）和3个方向上的大羽藓和毛尖青藓2种苔藓中13种元素（A1, S, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ni,Zn和Cd）含量进行了测定和比较，并对采自边坡方向（PS-3）上2005和2007年的4种苔藓植物（南木藓、大羽藓、平藓和厚角絹藓）也进行了13种元素含量的测定和比较。同时对九寨沟自然遗产地、黄龙自然遗产地、夹金山和梦笔山的冷杉原始林4个地区的3种苔藓中（大羽藓、锦丝藓和塔藓）的A1、Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、P、Zn、C和N 10种元素含量进行测定和比较。 对大羽藓和毛尖青藓2种苔藓植物内13种元素的测定发现：1）同种苔藓对不同元素的富集能力不同。A1、Ca、K、Mg和P的元素含量在苔藓中的富集较其他元素的要高。2）不同种苔藓植物对同种元素的富集能力不同，毛尖青藓较大羽藓能够监测出更多的元素；对于被检测出的元素，毛尖青藓监测出的累积量大于大羽藓，其中累积量最大的元素是Ca为10 874.286 μg.g-1.year-1，最小的是Cu元素为5.438 μg.g-1.year-1。对05年和07年的平藓、大羽藓、南木藓和厚角絹藓元素含量的测定表明：元素在两年中的积累量是不同的。综合分析表明，苔藓生物监测方法可有效监测景点停车场机动车尾气中排放出的典型元素（如Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cd等）含量，而毛尖青藓较大羽藓能更可靠的监测九寨沟自然遗产地单景点汽车尾气金属元素种类及其排放量。 对4个地区3种苔藓10种元素监测发现：1）Ca、Mg、Zn、K和Cu元素在黄龙地区的含量高于在其它地区的含量；P元素在梦笔山地区的含量为最高；Fe和Al元素在夹金山地区的含量高于在其它地区的含量。2）C元素在其它因素一致的情况下，进行不同年龄间的元素含量比较，结果显示元素含量在各年龄间并不存在明显的差异性；N元素含量与年龄的差异出现在黄龙林下及林窗的塔藓、九寨沟林下的锦丝藓及塔藓和梦笔山的塔藓中，而在锦丝藓中未出现元素含量与年龄的差异性；塔藓能检测出更多的元素种类其含量与年龄间存在显著差异，锦丝藓检测到的元素种类次之；除锦丝藓（锦丝藓在林窗中几乎检测不到元素含量与年龄间的差异性）外，其他两种藓在林窗中能检测出的元素种类大于在林下的检测种类。3）元素含量与生境间存在差异性的元素分别有：黄龙大羽藓中的Ca、P和Mg元素；九寨锦丝藓中的Zn元素；夹金山塔藓中的Al、Fe和Zn元素；梦笔山大羽藓中的Al、Fe和Mg元素及锦丝藓中的Ca元素。4）区域、年龄和生境因素对苔藓植株元素含量均达到了显著水平，但两两之间及三者之间的交互作用由于元素种类的不同存在差异。综合分析表明，苔藓植物中的元素含量受年龄、区域的影响较生境的更大。 The revelation of mosses elements content and its spatiotemporal differences is the scientific foundation of moss monitoring. To determine the feasibility of moss monitoring metal depositions derived from travel bus emiss ions in scenic spot, we collected one year-growth samples of two mosses Brachythecim piligerum and Thuidium cymbifolium with different distance (island center, 120m，1000m ) and different direction (north, south and east) far from parking site island from Yuanshilin Spot at Jiuzhaigou World Nature Heritage in the Western Sichuan of China and determined thirteen element （A1, S, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd）contents by ICP-AES analysis method. And picked 4 kinds of mosses (Macrothamnium macrocarpu m（Reinw. etHornsch.）Fleisch.，Thuidium cymbifolium，Entodon concinnus (De Not.) Par., Neckera pennata) from the direction PS-3 in 2005 and 2007, determined 13 element contents. Collected 3 kinds of moss (Thuidium cymbifo lium, Actinothuidium Hookeri (Mitt.) and Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) from Jiuzhaigou natural heritage, Huanglong natural heritage, Mt. Jiajin and Mt. Mengbi in primeval forest with two habitat (undergrowth and forest gap), determined element contents of A1, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P, Zn, C and N. We found that, 1) The elements content are difference in same type of moss. Content of A1, Ca, K, Mg and P are higher than others. 2) While the contents of A1, S, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, K and Zn had significant correlation with the different distances from parking site, the nearer the distance was, the more accumulation was; 2) Comparing to Thuidium cymbifolium, Brachythecium piligerum can test more elements which contents show the significant correlation with distances. And Brachythecium piligerum can have greater element accumulation than Thuidium cymbifolium. The element contents in two years (2005 and 2007) are different. The present study found that moss can reliably bio-indicate metal deposition from traffic emissions in one scenic spot and Brachythecium piligerum is a good moss for bio-indicating element content from traffic emissions at Jiuzhaigou World natural Heritage. Determined the 10 element contents in 4 areas through 3 kinds of moss we found that, 1) Ca, Mg, Zn, K and Cu element content is higher in the Huanglong area than in other areas, The P element content in Mt. Jiajin is higher than other areas, Fe and Al element content is higher in the Mt. Jiajin than in other areas. 2) The content of C had no significant correlation with age. As for N, this significant correlation found in Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) with 2 habitat in Huanglong, Actinothuidium Hookeri (Mitt.) and Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) with undergrowth in Jiuzhai, Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) in Mt. Mengbi. The types of elements which content showt he significant correlation are most in Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) and least in Thuidium cymbifolium. Except Actinothuidium Hookeri (Mitt.), the types of elements that content had significant correlation with age in forest gap are more than in undergrowth. 3) The elements which content had significant correlation with habitat are P, Ca and Mg in Thuidium cymbifolium in Huanglong, Zn in Actinothuidium Hookeri (Mitt.) in Jiuzhai, Al, Fe and Zn in Hyolcomium splendens (Hedw.) in Mt. Jiajin, in Mt. Mengbi Al, Fe and Mg in Thuidium cymbifolium and Ca in Actinothuidium Hookeri (Mitt.). 4）The region, the age and the habitat factor has coeffect element content. The correlationship between element contents and the age, the region is closer than habitat.

Medium-spin states in Ge-70 and the role of the g(9/2) orbital

Medium-spin states of Ge-70 have been studied via the Ni-60(C-12,2p gamma)Ge-70 reaction at 45 MeV. The ground-state band and the second 0(+) band have been extended to the 12(+) and 8(+) states, respectively. Two negative-parity bands, one of which has a coupled structure and the other has a decoupled structure, have been observed additionally. Although the latter decoupled structure was known up to the (21(-)) state from a previous experiment, the part of the level scheme up to the 15(-) state has been largely modified by the present experiment. Backbendings observed in the positive- and negative-parity yrast bands have been compared with those of the neighboring even Ge isotopes. The experimental level structure has been compared with the shell-model calculations in the model space (2p(3/2), 1f(5/2), 2(p1/2), 1g(9/2)) employing two kinds of effective interactions, one of which is an extended P + QQ interaction with monopole interactions and the other is developed from a renormalized G matrix. Microscopic structures of the observed bands have been discussed with the help of the shell-model calculations.

中国河口、近岸海洋沉积物酸提取相中元素相关性及其背景值的研究

本文详细研究了黄河口（五、八月）、长江口、龙口湾、日照近海以及冀东唐海近岸海域表层沉积物中元素Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Co、Fe、K、Corg、Cr、Mn、P的总量和元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cr、Li、Ni、Mn、Fe、K 、Al、P的可提取量。在此基础上，着重研究了沉积物中元素总量间的相关性、元素可提取量间的相关性、元素的含量与粒度组成之间的关系、元素的总量与可提取量的关系以及可提取部分背景值等几个方面的内容。通过对不同地区不同类型的大量沉积物的研究结果表明：沉积物中元素Cu、Zn、Ni、Fe、Corg、Cr的总量在不同河口、不同类型的沉积物中与其它元素存在着显著的正相关关系。考虑到参比元素的限制条件，可以利用Ni、Fe、Corg、Cr作为参比元素，这些参比元素在不同地区、不同类型的沉积物中具有普遍性。元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Fe、K、Cr、Corg、Mn的总量与粘土含量呈显著的正相关关系。用1N HCl或0.5N HCl+H_2O_2提取沉积物，元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Co、Li、Ni、Fe、K、Al的提取量之间以及与其它元素的可提取量存在显著的正相关关系。Li、Ni、Fe、Al、Co同样可以作为参比元素，这比用总量来评价环境质量具有更方便的特点。元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Li、Ni、Fe、K的可提取量与粘土含量成显著的正相关关系。与1N HC1、0.5N HCl+H_2O_2两种提取方法相比较，25%(V/V) CH_3COOH只提取了部分结合松散的金属，元素的可提取量之间以及与粘土含量之间的相关关系较差。采用不同的提取方法，元素的提取率的大小顺序与提取方法是一致的，与沉积物的区域及类型关系不明显。元素的提取率与粘土之间相关性差，说明虽然随着颗粒变细，各元素含量的绝对值增加，但相对比例变化不明显。在以上内容研究的基础上，提出了沉积物中元素可提取部分背景值的概念，这个概念具有一定的普遍性，对今后环境质量的正确评价，特别是评价对生物体影响方面，更具有重要的意义。Li、Al、K三种元素在采用提取量进行环境质量评价时，可以作为参比元素。这在以前的文献中尚没有报道，是在前人工作的基础上的又一发展。初步发现了沉积物中部分元素可提取相的元素粒度控制规律。