Cross cultural engagement: teaching African music to Australian students

This paper reports on research that examined the effectiveness of introducing rhythmic concepts through an unfamiliar musical genre to Australian generalist prim my teacher education students. The genre selected was African music, in particular action songs, dance and instrumental improvisation. The methodologies of Orff, Kodaly and Dalcroze were taught through the repertoire of African music in order to foster a closer relationship between pedagogical theory and practice and to teach rhythm through cross-cultural engagement. Through analyses of questionnaire and interview data, it was demonstrated that African music had a positive effect on students' conjidence as non-specialists music teachers and enhanced their skills in staff, sol-fa, hand notation and performance. Also students were not only highly motivated to engage with this new musical genre, but also gained an increased understanding of African culture. It is argued that African music was perceived by students not so much as a "novelty", but as a source of genuine motivation, interest and enjoyment. Its potential for extending student understanding of rhythm as well as taking a significant step towards internationalizing the curriculum for a cohort of predominantly Anglo-Celtic, pre-service teachers is also explored.

Celebrating the use of African music : change in motion

I undertook a research project regarding the use of African music at both primary and secondary school level with Victorian teachers in Melbourne in 2004. This study grew out of my first project, which examined the effectiveness of using African music with non-specialist primary teacher education students at Deakin University, Melbourne (see Joseph, 2002, 2003). In this paper the concept of 'change' in relation to teaching and learning is explored regarding practising teachers’ teaching and learning of African music in Australian schools. According to Campbell (2004), a guiding principle for shaping educational experiences designed to promote students’ musical and cultural understanding is for teachers to make music both meaningful and useful in their lives. She further contends that such an experience can 'come alive' for students if teachers promote active involvement for them as music listeners as well as makers of music. This paper discusses some of the findings in relation to why and how teachers are engaging with African music and what their students are learning from it. It may be argued that both students (Deakin University student project) and teachers (Victorian music project) perceived African music to be an effective way to transmit and engage with a 'new music and culture'.

Musical arts education in Africa : differentiation, integration and disassociation

By discussing the future challenges to musical arts education in Africa in which local cultural practices are valued, the differences of those historically marginalised by virtue of gender, race, ethnicity, and class, are celebrated. In Africa, musical arts education and culture are regarded as an integral part of our life, which not only embraces the spiritual, material and intellectual aspects of our society, but also contributes greatly toward our emotional development. This affirms the integrity and importance of various forms of 'Art' including literature, technology, design, dance, drama, music, visual art, media and communication.

This paper will discuss the future of African musical arts education programmes through the dynamic cycle of differentiation, integration and disassociation. The authors will consider the concept of ‘differentiation’, ‘integration’ and ‘disassociation’ within musical arts practice. An analysis of selected international arts education programmes provides a globally differentiated perspective through a discipline-based approach. In the African context, arts education programmes are located within an integrated approach. The structure of a Music Action Research Team (MAT cell) in Southern African Developing Community (SADC) countries will be highlighted as a means to address disassociation through the active engagement of professional development programmes offered by the Centre for Indigenous African Instrumental Music and Dance (CIIMDA).

Cultural understanding: rethinking music teacher education in a multicultural Australia

This paper provides a multicultural perspective to music education in Australia and makes recommendations for the creation of more suitable intercultural training programs in Australian universities. It explores issues of multiculturalism in higher education institutions and argues that music education is a useful platform to address and rethink cultural diversity, where difference can be celebrated. Within Australian multicultural society, the rights and traditions of all people are recognized, respected and included. In this process, higher education institutions are challenged to prepare student teachers to meet the needs of society. This involves cultural understanding and the creation of multicultural curricula. From reflecting on current music education programs offered at Deakin University, Melbourne, it is argued that there is need to rethink current approaches to music education pedagogy. Although there are attempts to have an all inclusive approach in teacher training, the music curriculum is still trapped in the potpourri effect of trying to create culturally responsive teachers for every permutation of the multicultural classroom. When Australian society, ideally approaches true styles of multicultural music, teachers and students will celebrate the rich diversity of this nation.

Music education in Australia : valuing cultural diversity

Australia is a ‘mosaic of cultures’, the borders between cultures, communities and societies are continually blurring, thus music and multiculturalism cannot be divorced from society per se. As teachers are agents of change, broadening students’ experiences and understandings of ‘other cultures’ can only enhance the provision of inclusive, rich, multicultural programs at schools. The article considers notions of multiculturalism, cultural diversity and music education. It also raises concerns and issues when valuing cultural diversity in music education. Music is an effective platform to foster understanding of difference within and beyond the classroom. I propose that teacher education courses provide intercultural inclusive practices.

National report on trends in school music education provision in Australia

"The focus of the project was identified by the Research Committee of the Music Council of Australia as being to provide factual information about designated trends in the provision of school music education in Australia, with possible use of this information in a national campaign in support of music education in Australian schools by the Music Council of Australia."

Music in state-supported schooling in South Australia to 1920

This thesis is a study of the establishment of the music curriculum in state-supported schools in South Australia from the beginnings of such schooling until 1920. There will be a discussion of issues to be explored and the method by which this investigation will proceed. A literature survey of relevant research will be included, after which there will be a sketch of the development of state-supported schooling in South Australia. Several broad themes have been chosen as the means of organising the historical material: the rationales offered for the inclusion of music in schooling, the methodologies, syllabi and materials of such music instruction, the provisions for teacher training in music, both preservice and as professional development for established teachers, and the place and function of music in schooling. Each of these themes will form the framework for a chronological narrative. Comparisons will be made with three neighbouring colonies/States concerning each of these themes and conclusions will be drawn. Finally, overall conclusions will be made concerning the initial contentions raised in this chapter in the light of the data presented. Although this study is principally concerned with the establishment of music in state-supported schooling, there will be a brief consideration of the colony of South Australia from its proclamation in 1836. The music pedagogical context that prevailed at that time will be discussed and this will, of necessity, include developments that occurred before 1836. The period under consideration will close in 1920, by which time the music curriculum for South Australia was established, and the second of the influential figures in music education was at his zenith. At this time there was a new school curriculum in place which remained essentially unchanged for several decades. As well as the broad themes identified, this thesis will investigate several contentions as it attempts to chronicle and interpret the establishment and development of music in state-supported schooling in South Australia up to 1920. The first contention of this thesis is that music in state-supported schooling, once established, did not change significantly from its inception throughout the period under consideration. In seeking a discussion of the existence and importance of the notion of an absence of change or stasis, the theory of punctuated equilibria, which identifies stasis as the norm in the evolutionary growth of species, will be employed as an insightful analogy. It should be recognised that stasis exists, should be expected and may well be the prevailing norm. The second contention of this thesis is that advocates were and continue to be crucial to the establishment and continued existence of music in state-supported schooling. For change to occur there must be pressure through such agencies as motivated individuals holding positions of authority, and thus able to influence the educational system and its provisions. The pedagogical method introduced into an educational system is often that espoused by the acknowledged advocate. During the period under consideration there were two significant advocates for music in state-supported schools. The third contention of this thesis is that music was used in South Australia, as in the other colonies/States, as an agent of social reform, through the selection of repertoire and the way in which music was employed in state-supported schooling. Music was considered inherently uplifting. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the music selected for school singing carried texts with messages deemed significant by those who controlled the education system. The repertoire was not that of the receiving class but came from a middle class tradition of fully notated art music in which correct performance and notational reading were emphasised. A sweet, pure vocal tone was desired, as strident, harsh, speaking tones were perceived as a symptom of incipient larrikinism which was not desired in schooling. Music was seen as a contributor to good order and discipline in schooling.

Enhancing music composition opportunities through techology in upper primary classrooms

The research contributes original knowledge about an e-learning model for music education delivery in schools. An innovative project called 'Compose' which combines a range of developments and resources based on computer technology with specific initiatives to addess the identified barriers to composition was designed. This model offers a potentially viable way to make the expertise of music specialists available online in primary classrooms where such expertise would not normally otherwise be available.

IT-assisted music composition education in Hong Kong primary schools

"Pedagogical framework for music composition with Information Technology" was devised to assist primary school music teachers to carry out composition activities through the application of IT. PFMCIT offers directions for developing in-depth teacher training programs, and establishing process-oriented curriculum guidelines to promote effective teaching and learning of music composition.

The grounds and rules of musick explained: or, An introduction to the art of singing by note : fitted to the meanest capacities

By Thomas Walter, M.A. ; Recommended by several ministers. ; [One line from Psalms]

Queensland's music outcomes: building pedagogical bridges

This paper discusses the challenges surrounding the implementation of the Music strand of the new syllabus for secondary teachers within the context of emerging trends in pedagogical reform in Queensland, and identifies several areas where research is needed to inform classroom music teaching practice and to guide teacher training programs. Secondary music teachers (Years 8-10) have not had the same systemic, school-based curriculum guidance that was given to teachers in years 1-7. This has resulted in a plethora of teaching and learning practices in lower secondary classrooms, many of which may be more experiential than developmental in approach and which may have little reference to the types of music programs common in primary classrooms.

La Veu de l'alumnat en pràctiques i dels recents egressats com a font d'informació privilegiada en la reformulació dels plans d'estudis en mestre en educació musical

Dins del procés d’avaluació i optimització del plans d’estudi d’Educació musical per afrontar amb èxit les exigències del nou Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior, des del Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical i Corporal de la Facultat de Formació del Professorat de la UB hem realitzat, aquest darrers dos anys, dues investigacions consecutives i complementàries destinades a recollir la informació més valuosa des de la pròpia veu dels estudiants de l’ensenyament. En un primer moment, el Grup de Recerca en Educació Musical i Innovació (GREMI), va portar a terme un estudi basat en l’opinió dels alumnes en pràctiques a les escoles (durant el darrer semestre d’estudis), i en l’opinió dels mestres especialistes tutors de les escoles que els acollien. L’anàlisi i la valoració de la informació recollida d’aquestes dues fons va permetre detectar els punts forts i febles de la seva formació inicial. En un segon moment, (en l’actualitat), es realitza un segon estudi amb la mostra corresponent a l’alumnat egressat en educació musical de la UB dels darrers tres anys. La intenció final és la de triangular els resultats obtinguts des de les diverses fonts en els dos estudis realitzats i utilitzar aquestes opinions en discussions i reflexions per conèixer les necessitats actuals tant en l’ensenyament de la música a l’etapa d’educació primària, com en les necessitats de formació dels futurs mestres que impartiran l’esmentada matèria artística a l’escola. Aquesta comunicació posarà l’èmfasi no tant en les conclusions dels dos treballs de recerca realitzats (interessants, bàsicament, pel propi ensenyament), sinó en el propi procés investigador tant quant el que representa que la mostra estigui formada per alumnes i ex-alumnes, com les tècniques de recollida d’informació elaborades i emprades en els estudis (i adaptables a qualsevol altre ensenyament)

La Expresión musical en las aulas de infantil

Ya desde el siglo pasado músicos de la talla de Bela Bartok o Kodaly hablaron de la importancia de comenzar la educación musical alrededor de los dos o tres años. Investigadores más recientes como Tafuri recomiendan que el niño se desenvuelva en un ambiente musical rico desde que está en el vientre de su madre. Sin embargo, en los planes de estudio de las Diplomaturas de Magisterio de Educación Infantil la música ocupa un papel secundario y como consecuencia de ello, los niños de los centros infantiles se ven privados de la oportunidad de acceder a una materia que enriquece su vida personal y social. En la investigación que se describe en esta comunicación nos interesaba conocer cómo se vive la música en los centros de infantil de la Comunidad de Madrid. Para ello se invitó a una muestra de 650 maestros de segundo ciclo de infantil de la Comunidad de Madrid, siendo la muestra final aceptante 185 maestros, de los cuales 62 impartían clase en las aulas de 3-4 años, 68 eran maestros de 4-5 años, y los 55 restantes de 5-6 años. La mayoría de estos maestros eran tutores y solo unos pocos eran especialistas de música

Canciones populares granadinas: un proyecto de innovación en la formación de los maestros de música

Entre las tareas complementarias de la Titulación de Magisterio en la especialidad de Educación Musical de la Universidad de Granada, se lleva a cabo desde el curso académico 1996-97 y hasta la actualidad de manera ininterrumpida, una actividad singular protagonizada por los estudiantes de esta titulación que anualmente solicitan participar en el Coro de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; surgió como un instrumento de acercamiento a la música coral para los estudiantes universitarios, pero con el paso del tiempo ha ido abriendo el espacio de su actuación a otras competencias propias de un grupo mixto vinculado a tareas educativas y culturales. Por esta razón ha ampliado el campo de sus actividades dirigiendo la atención no sólo hacia la interpretación de obras del repertorio polifónico, sino también hacia la producción de conciertos escolares y la elaboración de recursos y materiales didácticos, como sucede con este proyecto de innovación docente en torno a las Canciones populares granadinas. En este contexto, el Coro se constituye como un grupo de trabajo e investigación interdisciplinar para llevar a cabo estas tareas, y así desarrolla por primera vez un proyecto monográfico de semejantes características, aunque la experiencia colaborativa del trabajo en equipo forma ya parte de la esencia misma del Coro como agrupación vocal. Igualmente, es preciso subrayar que este grupo cuenta con experiencias en otras tareas de innovación, experimentación e investigación con el diseño de guiones y producciones didácticas puestas en práctica en conciertos escolares ofrecidos en distintos centros educativos. Este trabajo ha consistido en la edición de un audio-libro basado en la música tradicional de distintas comarcas de la provincia de Granada, extraído de diversas fuentes ya publicadas, con el fin de difundir repertorios vocales de música popular en los centros educativos, a través de la grabación, estudio, aplicación y análisis de las obras que se han publicado

Otras dimensiones de la investigación musical: la interpretación musical

Desde la promulgación de la Ley General de Educación, por tomar un punto de partida como referencia, se viene produciendo en España un estado de gran confusión en la educación musical, derivado de las distintas normativas que se han ido sucediendo para regular nuestro sistema educativo; desde aquella ley, hasta la más reciente Ley Orgánica de Educación y sus desarrollos autonómicos, junto a los documentos que vamos conociendo paulatinamente para ordenar la construcción del espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, esta situación está originando una serie de efectos interrelacionados al privar a generaciones de estudiantes el acceso a una formación general y profesional cualificada; así mismo, muchos profesionales se ven obligados a sortear multitud de dificultades que les empujan a desempeñar sus funciones con menor entusiasmo y mayor desencanto, todo lo cual, inevitablemente, influye en la cultura musical de nuestra sociedad. Aunque en estas décadas los progresos en educación musical han facilitado un mayor acercamiento de la población al conocimiento de la música, a la vez, la falta de progreso en el desarrollo y cumplimiento de las normas ha provocado que la sociedad española siga manteniendo un criterio generalizado del concepto de cultura que resulta incompleto y que permite justificar el estado de desatención hacia la cultura musical desde sus bases educativas