Efeito do plasma rico em glicose na apoptose de neutrófilos de cães

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Síntese, caracterização e estudo da regeneração do silicoaluminofosfato-11 (SAPO-11)

heterogeneous catalyst such as a silicoaluminophosphate, molecular sieve with AEL (Aluminophosphate eleven) structure such as SAPO-11, was synthesized through the hydrothermal method starting from silica, pseudoboehmite, orthophosphoric acid (85%) and water, in the presence of a di-isopropylamine organic template. For the preparation of SAPO-11 in a dry basis it was used as reactants: DIPA; H3PO4; SiO4; Pseudoboehmite and distilled water. The crystallization process occurred when the reactive hydrogel was charged into a vessel and autoclaved at 200ºC for a period of 72 hours under autogeneous pressure. The obtained material was washed, dried and calcined to remove the molecular sieves of DIPA. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption (BET) and thermal analysis (TG/DTG). The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of nbutylamine followed by programmed thermodessorption. This method revealed that SAPO-11 shows an acidity that ranges from weak to moderate. However, a small quantity of strong acid sites could be detected there. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by artificial coking followed by the cracking of the n-hexane in a fixed bed with a continuous flow micro-reactor coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the regeneration and removal of the coke

Estudos comparativos do ciclo de regeneração de diferentes tipos de silicoaluminofosfatos

Different types of heterogeneous catalysts of the silicoaluminophosphate type, (SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-34 and SAPO-41), molecular sieves with a: AFI, AEL, ATO, CHA and AFO structure, respectively, were synthesized through the hydrothermal method. Using sources such as hydrated alumina (pseudobohemita), phosphoric acid, silica gel, water, as well as, different types of organic structural templates, such as: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr), di-isopropylamine (DIPA), di-n- propylamine (DNPA) and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEOS), for the respective samples. During the preparation of the silicoaluminophosphates, the crystallization process of the samples occurred at a temperature of approximately 200 ° C, ranging through periods of 18-72 h, when it was possible to obtain pure phases for the SAPOs. The materials were furthermore washed with deionized water, dried and calcined to remove the molecules of the templates. Subsequently the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region (FT-IR), specific surface area and thermal analysis via TG/DTG. The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of n-butylamine followed by programmed termodessorption. These methods revealed that the SAPO samples showed a typically weak to moderate acidity. However, a small amount of strong acid sites was also detected. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by artificially coking the samples, followed by n-hexane cracking reactions in a fixed bed with a continuous flow micro-reactor coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the catalysts regeneration and removal of the coke

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Síntese, estudo cinético e análise microestrutural do sistema cério-níquel obtido pelo método pechini

The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties

Síntese, estudo cinético e análise microestrutural do sistema cério-níquel obtido pelo método pechini

The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties

Contribuição para o desenvolvimento de modelo cinético de compostagem

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Sanitária,na Especialidade em Sistemas de Tratamento, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Espectroscopia in situ no estudo cinético da adsorção de produtos farmacêuticos poluentes em carvões activados

A utilização dos carvões activados na remoção compostos poluentes dos efluentes urbanos tem demonstrado ser um processo cada vez mais económico e eficaz, sendo por isso muito utilizado no sector de tratamento e purificação de águas de abastecimento. O principal objectivo desta dissertação foi aplicar espectroscopia UV-Vis in situ no processo de adsorção em fase líquida de PPCP’s, nomeadamente cafeína e paracetamol. Nesta nova abordagem de medição e procedimento experimental, tiveram de se ter em conta vários factores e estudar o seu efeito durante o processo de adsorção. Um destes factores é a presença do carvão durante a medição da absorvância em espectroscopia. Deste modo, foram realizadas medições ao longo do tempo em soluções de carvão activado para determinar qual a sua interferência na medição e os motivos de tal comportamento. Verificou-se também que a forma, a quantidade e a agitação do carvão também influenciam os resultados de espectroscopia. Aplicando este novo método de medição, foi necessário adaptar a lei de Lambert-Beer para calcular os valores de concentração das espécies em solução, eliminando o erro na medição, provocado pela presença do carvão. Deste modo, o método de decomposição espectral foi aplicado e verificou-se que apenas as concentrações de carvão calculadas não correspondem aos valores reais em solução, apenas a sua variação demostra a evolução da interferência do adsorvente na medição dos valores de absorvância. No estudo cinético de adsorção dos solutos foi usado um carvão comercial tanto em pó como em formato granular. Durante o processo de adsorção em carvão granular verificou-se que a velocidade de adsorção foi menor, provavelmente devido à maior dificuldade de acesso aos poros, provocada pela complexidade da estrutura. Contudo, registou-se sempre uma remoção completa do soluto neste carvão, uma vez que a quantidade mínima possível nestes ensaios de carvão NOG é de 2,5mg, sendo uma quantidade relativamente superior à necessária para remover o soluto completamente da solução. Num pequeno estudo de adsorção de cafeína em carvões de diferentes origens confirmou-se que a eficiência de remoção do soluto é proporcional ao volume total de poros e deduz-se que a sua velocidade de adsorção está relacionada com a presença de mesoporosidade. Comparando a eficiência de remoção e a velocidade de adsorção dos dois solutos pelo mesmo carvão, observou-se que a adsorção da cafeína é mais rápida. Apesar dos valores de solubilidade e de volume molecular não justificarem de imediato este resultado, a cafeína tem maior afinidade com o carvão comercial, sugerindo a existência de propriedades químicas e texturais do carvão que levam a estes resultados. Por último, efectuou-se um estudo de adsorção de misturas para verificar a hipótese de adsorção competitiva entre os solutos. Após a realização dos ensaios verificou-se que não existe competição significativa entre a cafeína e o paracetamol.

Estudio Cinético de Reacciones de Transferencia de átomo de cloro de haloalcanos con radicales asimétricos: Análisis comparativo con cálculos semiempíricos

El objetivo es aportar parámetros cinéticos de interés en la Fotoquímica de la Atmósferica, relacionada con la comprensión de los procesos de abstracción de átomo de cloro de halometanos, con radicales asimétricos del tipo C2FxCly (donde x + y = 5). La fuente de radicales (ICF2CFECl Y ICF2CFC12) son ioduros asimétricos sintetizados y purificados con cromatografía gaseosa y caracterizado por espectroscopía IR, UV y espectrometría de masa. Se utiliza un sistema de medición para reacciones competitivas en la determinación de las constantes de velocidad, con análisis de los productos mediante cromatografía gaseosa. Se calcularán además algunas funciones termodinámicas de los radicales involucrados y de los procesos de transferencia de átomo de cloro de las reacciones directas e inversas. Los factores experimentales son reproducidos por el método de Benson. Para explicar la correlación entre las energías de activación, estructura electrónica y geometría del estado de transición se utilizarán métodos ab-initio y semiempíricos que pueden dar una explicación satisfactoria de los valores experimentales.

Análisis cinético de la fase de transición de reacciones enzimáticas tri sustrato que siguen un mecanismo al azar B-C Uni Uni Bi Bi Ping Pong

Resumen tomado de la publicación

El desarrollo histórico del conocimiento sobre las disoluciones y su relación con la Teoría Cinético-Molecular : implicaciones didácticas.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Resinas poliésteres carboxifuncionais para tinta em pó : caracterização e estudo cinético da reação de cura

Um grande desafio relacionado à química da resina poliéster carboxifuncional, para aplicação em tinta em pó, é conseguir um balanço adequado entre a sua massa molar, funcionalidade, viscosidade e temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg). Essas características devem permitir a aplicação da resina na produção de tinta em pó na qual seja possível a obtenção de boa estabilidade durante sua estocagem e ótimas propriedades mecânicas durante a sua vida útil. Nesta tese, desenvolveu-se a introdução de uma metodologia para a caracterização de resinas poliésteres carboxifuncionais para aplicação em tinta em pó, baseada em reometria capilar e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). Esta se diferencia daquela baseada em métodos usuais muito subjetivos, usados corriqueiramente no controle do processo de síntese destas resinas. Os resultados de DSC mostram que todas as resinas poliésteres carboxifuncionais sintetizadas neste trabalho são completamente amorfas, sendo a Tg um parâmetro sensível à modificação da composição da resina. A determinação da viscosidade de cisalhamento das resinas utilizando reômetro capilar em comparação a outras técnicas usuais, permite a obtenção de valores mais absolutos, independente da ordem de grandeza da massa molar e da funcionalidade da resina, demonstrando ser uma técnica simples, eficaz e de grande utilidade em relação às atualmente utilizadas. A utilização da técnica de DSC permitiu avaliar a cinética da reação de cura do sistema poliéster/triglicidilisocianurato (TGIC) através de métodos cinéticos isotérmicos e dinâmicos. Através do método isotérmico determinou-se o grau de conversão da reação para vários tempos de cura, e pelos métodos dinâmicos de Kissinger, Osawa e Meia Largura determinou-se a energia de ativação da cura.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo cinético da degradação de quitosana impregnada em SBA-15

O recente interesse em se obter materiais nanoporosos funcionalizados para aplicações como calisadores heterogêneos e adsorção de CO2, tem aumentado no meio industrial e cientifico. Nesta última aplicação, a introdução de grupos aminas, como os presentes em quitosana, em materiais nanoporosos do tipo SBA-15 para gerar interações específicas com o CO2 tem ganhado importância. Assim, neste trabalho foram realizadas a síntese do SBA-15 e posterior impregnação da CS no suporte mesoporoso através do método de impregnação por via úmida. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por meio DRX, TG, DSC, MEV, FTIR e adsorção/dessorção de N2. Os resultados de DRX indicaram que a estrutura ordenada do suporte SBA-15 foi preservada após a impregnação e os cálculos mostraram que o diâmetro médio do poro e/ou a espessura média da parede (wt) foram alterados devido a introdução da quitosana nas amostras funcionalizadas. As curvas de TG e de DSC,corroboraram com os dados de DRX, indicando a presença da quitosana na estrutura mesoporosa do SBA-15, assim como as micrografias das amostras funcionalizadas, que possibilitou visualizar o estado de agregação do material obtido. As bandas características de absorção da CS na região IV foram identificadas e interpretadas nas amostras funcionalizadas confirmando as outras caracterizações. Foi visto também que a área superficial diminuiu nas amostras funcionalizadas, indicando a sucessiva incorporação do polímero no suporte mesoporoso. A energia de ativação do processo de degradação térmica da quitosana impregnada no suporte foi determinada por meio do método de cinética livre de Viazovkin e pelo método de Ozawa-Flay-Wall com os resultados indicando que o aumento da quitosana diminui em aproximadamente 10% a energia de ativação para sua degradação.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo cinético da degradação de quitosana impregnada em SBA-15

The recent interest in obtaining functionalized nanoporous materials for applications such as heterogeneous catalysts and adsorption of CO2 has increased today. In the latter application, the introduction of amino groups such as present in the chitosan (CS), in the nanoporous materials like SBA-15 to generate specific interactions with CO2 has gained importance. In this work were performed to hydrothermal synthesis of SBA-15 and subsequent impregnation of the CS in the support mesoporous by the method of the wet impregnation. The materials were characterized by TG/DTG, DSC, XRD, SEM, FTIR and adsorption / desorption of N2. The XRD showed that the ordered structure of the support SBA-15 was preserved after the impregnation and calculations have shown that the average pore diameter (Dp) and / or the average wall thickness (wt) have been changed due to introduction of the CS in the samples functionalized. The curves of TG and DSC data corroborates the XRD, indicating the presence of CS in the nanoporous structure of SBA-15, as well as micrographs of samples, which allowed the display state of aggregation of the material obtained. The characteristics of bands absorption in the region of the CS in the FTIR were identified and interpreted in the samples functionalized, confirming the further characterization. Measurements showed that the BET surface area decreases in the functionalized samples, indicating the successive incorporation of the polymer in the nanoporous support. The activation energy apparent (Ea) for the process of thermal degradation of CS in the impregnated support was determined by the methods of kinetic freedom Vyazovkin and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall with the results indicating that the sample functionalized CS/SBA-15 2,5 % was decrease of the Ea in their degradation of about 10% compared to 1,0 % CS/SBA-15 sample

Estudo cinético da degradação térmica e catalítica de petróleo pesado usando Al-MCM-41

The mesoporous nanostructured materials have been studied for application in the oil industry, in particular Al-MCM-41, due to the surface area around 800 to 1.000 m2 g-1 and, pore diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nm, suitable for catalysis to large molecules such as heavy oil. The MCM-41 has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, on which aluminum was added, in the ratio Si/Al equal to 50, to increase the generation of active acid sites in the nanotubes. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area by the BET method and, the average pore volume BJH method using the N2 adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier Transform (FT-IR) and determination of surface acidity with application of a probe molecule - n-butylamine. The catalyst showed well-defined structural properties and consistent with the literature. The overall objective was to test the Al-MCM-41 as catalyst and thermogravimetric perform tests, using two samples of heavy oil with API º equal to 14.0 and 18.5. Assays were performed using a temperature range of 30-900 ° C and heating ratios (β) ranging from 5, 10 and 20 °C min-1.The aim was to verify the thermogravimetric profiles of these oils when subjected to the action of the catalyst Al- MCM-41. Therefore, the percentage ranged catalyst applied 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 wt%, and from the TG data were applied two different kinetic models: Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahrira-Sunose (KAS).The apparent activation energies found for both models had similar values and were lower for the second event of mass loss known as cracking zone, indicating a more effective performance of Al-MCM-41 in that area. Furthermore, there was a more pronounced reduction in the value of activation energy for between 10 and 20% by weight of the oil-catalyst mixture. It was concluded that the Al-MCM-41 catalyst has applicability in heavy oils to reduce the apparent activation energy of a catalyst-oil system, and the best result with 20% by weight of Al-MCM-41