Defesa de direitos humanos e políticas públicas: o tráfico internacional de pessoas no Brasil

A preocupação central deste trabalho é estabelecer a relação entre políticas públicas e a defesa de direitos humanos no Brasil. O ponto de partida inicial é a hipótese de que os direitos humanos são valores que devem permear as políticas públicas porque são padrões de justiça social. Além disso, o reconhecimento de direitos civis, políticos, sociais e econômicos são a base do estado de direito, da democracia e da teoria política liberal. Portanto, sua efetivação, através da ação do Estado legitima o governo democrático. Ao mesmo tempo, os direitos humanos fazem parte do arcabouço institucional da comunidade internacional e fundam, também, os relacionamentos inter-estatais. Apesar do consenso em torno dos direitos humanos, muitas vezes eles são desconsiderados por governos, entidades privadas e indivíduos. O trabalho identifica os variados sistemas de defesa de direitos humanos, nacional e internacionais. Atualmente, as situações de desigualdade são agravadas pela globalização e pela falta de uma instância consolidada de tutela internacional. Um dos impactos da globalização sobre a vida das pessoas é a mobilidade. O desrespeito aos direitos humanos, aliado com a fácil mobilidade das populações é um tema que tem preocupado os organismos internacionais e as organizações não governamentais nacionais e internacionais. O exemplo do tráfico internacional de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual é utilizado para realçar as necessidades de políticas públicas internas aos Estados e internacionais para minorar situações de exploração de pessoas, que afetam a sua dignidade humana e seus direitos civis básicos, enfim, que defendam direitos humanos. A política pública brasileira, no que tange o tráfico internacional de pessoas, no entanto, deve ser pensada com alguns cuidados pelos administradores públicos, de maneira a realmente defender os direitos ameaçados. Nesse exemplo, fica evidente que é necessária a ação do estado para defender de maneira direta os direitos civis, por meio de campanhas de esclarecimento, medidas de segurança pública e acordos internacionais, como também fica claro que políticas voltadas para a afirmação de direitos sociais e econômicos atuam também na efetivação dos direitos civis, pela minoração das vulnerabilidades da população.

A tendência de flexibilização da imunidade de jurisdição frente a graves violações de direitos humanos

O enfoque do presente Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso repousa sobre tendência de flexibilização da Imunidade de Jurisdição Estatal em casos de graves violações a Direitos Humanos, tendo em vista o teor das decisões de cortes nacionais e internacionais. A problemática reside no fato de que, em algumas situações, a Imunidade de Jurisdição Estatal, norma utilizada para preservação da soberania estatal, contrapõe-se a direitos fundamentais do cidadão, sujeito de Direito Internacional Público. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho traz à baila a discussão sobre a tendência de flexibilização dessas normas consoante a observância de normas imperativas relativas à proteção de graves violações de Direitos Humanos. A hipótese do presente trabalho consiste em averiguar a tendência de flexibilização da Imunidade de Jurisdição Estatal quando contraposta a graves violações de Direitos Humanos. Observar-se-á, para tanto, o comportamento das cortes nacionais e internacionais, amparados pelos ensinamentos jurídico-doutrinários a respeito da normatização dos direitos em conflito. O intuito dessa explanação consiste não só em um (i) argumento de hierarquia, o qual enseja o questionamento da supremacia jurídica das normas de jus cogens sobre as demais, não se limitando ao Direito dos Tratados, mas também a (ii) no argumento de que a própria imunidade de jurisdição que nasceu de um costume internacional, i.e., prática reiterada uniforme e constante, pode estar-se diante de nova tendência de flexibilização da norma porquanto o surgimento de novo costume internacional, qual seja, a proteção legítima de graves violações de Direitos Humanos.

Saída compulsória do estrangeiro do território nacional à luz dos direitos humanos: análise de casos

This paper aims to review traditional concepts inherent to the general theory of the state and human rights, relating to the legal situation of foreign, understood as the subject of rights, especially when the is case of compulsory legal imposition of exit from national territory. After the serious violations during the Second World War and the importance acquired by the International Law of Human Rights, values as dignity, justice and equality are enshrined in the legal system and its respect required beyond the boundaries of any country. The creation of an international community, which is governed by rules that its members are subordinated, without distinction, as well as state - based on volunteerism, become inspired by one principled nature of these new concepts required of Global Society, as well as the adoption, influenced by neoconstitutionalism, to the model of State Constitutional rule of law, are opposed to the idea of state sovereignty connected to a superiority, absolute and unlimited power which recognizes no other above it, not even the basic principles or axioms that must govern the relationships internally. So looks for a concept of state that includes all the requirements of a democratic society, that have the people as the power holder, understanding that state element has undergone a relativization, because had to adapt to the contemporary values applicable to the individual, inserting in its concept, the indispensable obligation to protect the inalienable rights of citizens, regardless of with whom he have legal and political bond of nationality. It happens that, to consecrate these privileges to individuals, which, because they contain reference to values with supranational characteristics, are very abstract and are in constant collision course with internal rules, making it difficult to reconcile, it will use hermeneutics of human rights, due mainly to international courts, correlated with constitutional exegesis, in particular, legal principiologia, using, among others, the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the systematic interpretation of the Constitution and international legal standards. Thus, it seek to enshrine the common foundation of all law , the link between the systems, namely, the dignity of human beings. Finally, it will see if Brazilian jurisdiction, through case studies, is tuned in line with these new paradigms, and in line with the International Bill of Human Rights, the Federal Constitution, the values and principles she hired

Ejercicio de la ciudadanía global femenina ante los tribunales internacionales: el impacto del activismo ciudadano en la corte interamericana de derechos humanos

El documento asume que el ejercicio de la ciudadanía plena, enun contexto globalizado, debe partir de consideraciones políticas,culturales y económicas antes que de un reconocimiento legal. Seentiende que la ciudadanía global, como un vehículo planetario,puede ser ostentada por personas individuales y por gruposidentitarios, como las mujeres, de manera que se llega a concebirel movimiento social de mujeres como el Estado en Red de Castells.Sin embargo, se aprecia que este ejercicio ciudadano no puedeser pleno, sin la existencia de unos tribunales internacionales dejusticia que garanticen los derechos implícitos en el concepto deciudadanía, que en el caso concreto de la Corte Interamericana havenido moldeando el ejercicio de la ciudadanía global a partir delestablecimiento de unos estándares jurisprudenciales en materiade derechos humanos de las mujeres, aplicables en cada uno de losEstados que han reconocido la competencia de la Corte Regional.

Operationalizing the Comparative International Human Rights Law Method: A Case Study of CEDAW in National Courts

In this chapter, I focus on how the example of CEDAW illustrates the methodological and conceptual difficulties that future work in comparative international human is likely to encounter. Despite the challenges, I suggest that the worked example of CEDAW has raised interesting lines for empirical analysis, and additional perspectives which may enrich normative inquiry, sufficient to justify comparative international human rights law being regarded as likely to give rise to insights that might not otherwise have emerged, and therefore to be as an approach worth pursuing in the future.

EU membership of the WTO: international trade disputes and judicial protection of individuals by EU Courts

The European Union (EU) is embedded in a pluralistic legal context because of the EU and its Member States’ treaty memberships and domestic laws. Where EU conduct has implications for both the EU’s international trade relations and the legal position of individual traders, it possibly affects EU and its Member States’ obligations under the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO law) as well as the Union’s own multi-layered constitutional legal order. The present paper analyses the way in which the European Court of Justice (ECJ) accommodates WTO and EU law in the context of international trade disputes triggered by the EU. Given the ECJ’s denial of direct effect of WTO law in principle, the paper focuses on the protection of rights and remedies conferred by EU law. It assesses the implications of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) – which tolerates the acceptance of retaliatory measures constraining traders’ activities in sectors different from those subject to the original trade dispute (Bananas and Hormones cases) – for the protection of ‘retaliation victims’. The paper concludes that governmental discretion conferred by WTO law has not affected the applicability of EU constitutional law but possibly shapes the actual scope of EU rights and remedies where such discretion is exercised in the EU’s general interest.

Sculpture of the exposition palaces and courts; descriptive notes on the art of the statuary at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco,

Mode of access: Internet.

Procedural Justice in International Criminal Courts: Assessing Civil Parties’ Perceptions of Justice at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Procedural justice advocates argue that fair procedures in decision making processes can increase participant satisfaction with legal institutions. Little critical work has been done however to explore the power of such claims in the context of mass violence and international criminal justice. This article critically examines some of the key claims of procedural justice by exploring the perceptions of justice held by victims participating as Civil Parties in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The ECCC has created one of the most inclusive and extensive victim participation regimes within international criminal law. It therefore provides a unique case study to examine some of claims of ‘victim-centred’ transitional justice through a procedural justice lens. It finds that while procedural justice influenced civil parties’ overall perceptions of the Court, outcomes remained of primary importance. It concludes by analysing the possible reasons for this prioritisation.

Judicial and legislative considerations in the taxation of compensation receipts : an international comparison

In 1995, the Federal Commissioner of Taxation released Taxation Ruling TR 95/35 in an attempt to comprehensively address the appropriate capital gains tax treatment of a receipt of compensation, awarded either by the courts or via a settlement. The ruling was in response to the numerous, somewhat contradictory, court decisions of the early 1990s. Despite the release of TR 95/35, there still appears to be a lack of consensus as to the appropriate treatment of such awards. It has been suggested that the only way a taxpayer can, with any certainty, determine their liability is to obtain a private binding ruling, a far from satisfactory situation. In an attempt to clarify what the capital gains tax consequences of a compensation receipt should be, this article examines the Australian position and explores the comparative jurisprudence of the United Kingdom and Canada to ascertain whether the Australian attitude is consistent with these international jurisdictions. This article concludes that while the jurisdictions, through differing approaches, achieve a similar result, there is still a need to address the uncertainties that remain.

Indigeneity and the likelihood of imprisonment in Queensland’s adult and children’s courts

Australian research on Indigenous sentencing disparities of the standard of international work is somewhat recent. Contrary to expectations based on international research, Australian studies generally have not found Indigenous offenders to be treated substantively more harshly than non-Indigenous offenders in similar circumstances. However, this research has primarily focused on adult higher courts, with little attention to lower courts and children’s courts. In this article, we examine whether Indigeneity has a direct impact on the judicial decision to incarcerate for three courts (adult higher, adult lower, children’s higher court) in Queensland. We found no significant differences in the likelihood of a sentence of incarceration in the higher courts (adult and children’s). In contrast, in the lower courts, Indigenous defendants were more likely to be imprisoned than non-Indigenous defendants when sentenced under statistically similar circumstances.