The dictionary of merchandize, and nomenclature in all languagesmicroform : for the use of counting-houses : containing, the history, places of growth, culture, use, and marks of excellency, of such natural productions, as form articles of commerce, with their names in all European languages /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 18651.7.

Electro-telegraphic longitude operations executed during the years 1894-95-96. The Indo-European arcs from Karachi to Greenwich.

Publisher's lettering: G. T. Survey of India. vol. XVII. The electro-telegraphic longitude operations.

Elements of the comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanie languages. A concise exposition of the history of Sanskrit, Old Iranian ... Old Armenian. Old Greek, Latin, Umbrian-Samnitic. Old Irish. Gothic. Old High German, Lithuanian and Old Bulgarian.

Vols. II-[V] have title: A comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages. Other variations in title.

Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der indo-germanischen Sprachen, unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Hauptformen, Sanskrit; Zend-Persisch; Griechisch-Lateinisch; Littauisch-Slawisch; Germanisch und Keltisch,

"2. Th. 2. Abth." to "5. Bd." have added t.-p.: Wurzel-Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen ...; "6. Bd.": Wurzel-, Wort-, Namen- und Sach-Register zu den fünf Bänden ... von Dr. Heinr. Ernst Bindseil.

Speech in song, being the singer's pronouncing primer of the principal European languages for which vocal music is usually composed,

6th thousand.

Gender

The OED informs us that “gender” has at its root the Latin genus, meaning “race, kind,” and emerges as early as the fifth century as a term for differentiating between types of (especially) people and words. In the following 1500 years, gender appears in linguistic and biological contexts to distinguish types of words and bodies from one another, as when words in Indo-European languages were identified as masculine, feminine, or neuter, and humans were identified as male or female. It is telling that gender has historically (whether overtly or covertly) been a tool of negotiation between our understandings of bodies, and meanings derived from and attributed to them. Within the field of children’s literature studies, as in other disciplines, gender in and of itself is rarely the object of critique. Rather, specific constructions of gender structure understandings of subjectivity; allow or disallow certain behaviors or experiences on the basis of biological sex; and dictate a specific vision of social relations and organization. Critical approaches to gender in children’s literature have included linguistic analysis (Turner-Bowker; Sunderland); analysis of visual representations (Bradford; Moebius); cultural images of females (Grauerholz and Pescosolido); consideration of gender and genre (Christian-Smith; Stephens); ideological (Nodelman and Reimer); psychoanalytic (Coats); discourse analysis (Stephens); and masculinity studies (Nodelman) among others. In the adjacent fields of education and literacy studies, gender has been a sustained point of investigation, often deriving from perceived gendering of pedagogical practices (Lehr) or of reading preferences and competencies, and in recent years, perceptions of boys as “reluctant readers” (Moss). The ideology of patriarchy has primarily come under critical scrutiny 2 because it has been used to locate characters and readers within the specific binary logic of gender relations that historically subordinated the feminine to the masculine. Just as feminism might be broadly defined as resistance to existing power structures, a gendered reading might be broadly defined as a “resistant reading” in that it most often reveals or contests that which a text assumes to be the norm.

Language change as an evolutionary process

In the thesis it is discussed in what ways concepts and methodology developed in evolutionary biology can be applied to the explanation and research of language change. The parallel nature of the mechanisms of biological evolution and language change is explored along with the history of the exchange of ideas between these two disciplines. Against this background computational methods developed in evolutionary biology are taken into consideration in terms of their applicability to the study of historical relationships between languages. Different phylogenetic methods are explained in common terminology, avoiding the technical language of statistics. The thesis is on one hand a synthesis of earlier scientific discussion, and on the other an attempt to map out the problems of earlier approaches in addition to finding new guidelines in the study of language change on their basis. Primarily literature about the connections between evolutionary biology and language change, along with research articles describing applications of phylogenetic methods into language change have been used as source material. The thesis starts out by describing the initial development of the disciplines of evolutionary biology and historical linguistics, a process which right from the beginning can be seen to have involved an exchange of ideas concerning the mechanisms of language change and biological evolution. The historical discussion lays the foundation for the handling of the generalised account of selection developed during the recent few decades. This account is aimed for creating a theoretical framework capable of explaining both biological evolution and cultural change as selection processes acting on self-replicating entities. This thesis focusses on the capacity of the generalised account of selection to describe language change as a process of this kind. In biology, the mechanisms of evolution are seen to form populations of genetically related organisms through time. One of the central questions explored in this thesis is whether selection theory makes it possible to picture languages are forming populations of a similar kind, and what a perspective like this can offer to the understanding of language in general. In historical linguistics, the comparative method and other, complementing methods have been traditionally used to study the development of languages from a common ancestral language. Computational, quantitative methods have not become widely used as part of the central methodology of historical linguistics. After the fading of a limited popularity enjoyed by the lexicostatistical method since the 1950s, only in the recent years have also the computational methods of phylogenetic inference used in evolutionary biology been applied to the study of early language history. In this thesis the possibilities offered by the traditional methodology of historical linguistics and the new phylogenetic methods are compared. The methods are approached through the ways in which they have been applied to the Indo-European languages, which is the most thoroughly investigated language family using both the traditional and the phylogenetic methods. The problems of these applications along with the optimal form of the linguistic data used in these methods are explored in the thesis. The mechanisms of biological evolution are seen in the thesis as parallel in a limited sense to the mechanisms of language change, however sufficiently so that the development of a generalised account of selection is deemed as possibly fruiful for understanding language change. These similarities are also seen to support the validity of using phylogenetic methods in the study of language history, although the use of linguistic data and the models of language change employed by these models are seen to await further development.

De re etymologica: vasc. -(r)antz ‘hacia’

Iker bilduma = Colección Iker, nº 17

Lenguas y genes: aplicaciones a la prehistoria de la lengua vasca

Homenaje a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu / coord. por Javier Fernández Eraso, Juan Santos Yanguas.

Irlandés antiguo "·berar", umbro "ferar" y las desinencias medias indoeuropeas de tercera persona

[ES] Este trabajo se dedica fundamentalmente a revisar la interpretación usual de los tipos irlandés antiguo "·berar" y umbro "ferar" como provenientes de una forma originaria que es caracterizada por lo común como 3.ª sg. con desinencia medio-pasiva sin dental. Con este fin, se analizan las hipótesis hasta ahora propuestas, tanto en su vertiente formal como semántica (§§4-6), se valoran otras posibles explicaciones para formas de otras lenguas indoeuropeas que han sido aducidas como apoyo para tal reconstrucción (§§7-9) y, por último, se propone que el tipo irl.a. "·berar" es producto de una innovación céltica (insular) (§§10-19) y que no hay desinencias en "-r" sin dental en itálico (§§20-25).

Ancient Celtic Place-Names in Europe and Asia Minor: Publications of the Philological Society, 39

Sims-Williams, P. (2006). Ancient Celtic Place-Names in Europe and Asia Minor: Publications of the Philological Society, 39. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. RAE2008

'Sliabh in Irish place-names' in Nomina 32 (2009)

This article deals with one of the most common elements in names of Irish hills and mountains. The grammar, phonology, etymology, semantic range and chronology of the element are examined. Sliabh is particularly complex in terms of its semantic range, which includes the following senses: 1) a mountain or hill (standing alone or forming part of a range); 2) a range of hills or mountains; 3) an moor or area of upland. The word is present in the earliest attested stages of the Irish language, and there is some evidence for all three meanings in Old Irish, though senses 1 and 2 are best attested. It is suggested that the view advanced by MacBain and Thurneysen that sliabh is etymologically related to Eng. slope and that this reflects its original meaning is open to some doubt in view of the lack of evidence for this sense in early Irish and the lack of clear cognates in other branches of Celtic and Indo-European languages.

Em defesa da categoria de voz média no português

A voz média representa uma categoria flexional das línguas clássicas indo-européias com a função de expressar estados de coisas que afetam o sujeito do verbo ou seus interesses. O português dispõe de um conjunto de predicados, formalmente identificados pelo uso anafórico e não-correferencial do pronome 'se', em que se sustenta a noção de diátese medial. Este trabalho pretende fornecer evidências formais, semânticas e tipológicas para postular uma distinção entre construções médias e reflexivo-recíprocas.