Väsymismitoitusperusteiden ja kuormitusten määrittäminen hitsatuille sekoitinakseleille

Työssä selvitettiin vastusvenymäliuskamittausten avulla sekoitinakselin kuormitukset sekä perehdyttiin väsymisilmiöön ja hitsattujen rakenteiden väsymismitoitukseen. Kuormitusten mittauksessa rekisteröitiin akselin kriittisen kohdan taivutus- ja vääntövenymät. Mittaustulosten avulla tutkittiin kuormituksia ja kuormitusten luonnetta sekä johdettiin väsymismitoitusperusteet sekoitinakseleille. Väsymismitoitus perustuu kahteen eri menetelmään. Vakioamplitudiseen väsymisrajaan perustuvassa menetelmässä vaihtuva-amplitudisella jännityksellä suurinkin jännitysheilahdus jää väsymisrajan alle. Kokonaisväsymisvaurioon perustuvassa mitoituksessa puolestaan sallitaan vakioamplitudisen väsymisrajan ylitys. Kestoikä on käytetty loppuun, kun väsymisvaurio saavuttaa väsymiskestävyyden arvon. Menetelmän valinta riippuu käytettävästä sekoitinelintyypistä ja käytön aikana ilmenevistä väsymisen kannalta vaarallisista tilanteista.

Flokkulaation seuraaminen partikkelikokoanalysaattorilla

Tässä työssä tutkittiin kahden erilaisen partikkelikokoanalysaattorin, PSyA:n ja PIA:n soveltuvuutta flokkuloinnin online-seurantaan. Kummallekin menetelmälle määritettiin raja-arvot, kuten lietteen maksimisakeus. Lisäksi tutkittiin flokkulanttiannostuksen, sekoitusnopeuden, sekoitusajan ja lietteen kiintoainepitoisuuden vaikutusta flokkikokojakaumaan. Kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin kolloidisen suspension ominaispiirteitä, koaguloinnin ja flokkuloinnin teoriaa, flokkulaation kokeellista tutkimista sekä prosessin jatkuvatoimiseen seurantaan soveltuvia laitteita. Lisäksi esitettiin taustaa hydrometallurgisesta prosessista, johon työ liittyy. Flokkauskokeissa käytettiin jätevettä, jonka koostumus vastasi metalliteollisuuden peittausjätevesien tyypillistä koostumusta. Tutkittava jätevesimäärä käsiteltiin ensin kalkkimaidolla, jonka jälkeen saostunut kiintoaine flokattiin synteettisellä polymeeriflokkulantilla. Lietteen keskimääräinen kiintoainepitoisuus oli n. 10 g/l. Esikokeiden perusteella PSyA:lla voitiin mitata ilman laimennusta, mutta PIA:lla tuloksia ei saatu ilman laimentamista kiintoainepitoisuuteen n. 2,5 g/l. Kokeiden aikana havaittiin, että flokit muodostuivat erittäin nopeasti. Flokkien hajoaminen alkoi pian sen jälkeen, kun flokkulantin annostelu lopetettiin. Sekoitusnopeudella 40 r/min tai alle flokit alkoivat laskeutua astian pohjalle sekoituksesta huolimatta ja ne pysyivät pitempään koossa kuin suuremmilla sekoitusnopeuksilla. 5 - 10 minuutin kuluttua flokkulantin lisäämisestä saavutettiin tasapaino, jolloin flokkien kokojakauma ei enää muuttunut. Sekoitusnopeuksilla 80 r/min ja 120 r/min tasapainotilanteen koko-jakauma oli selvästi kapeampi kuin pienimmällä sekoitusnopeudella. Alkuperäisessä lietteessä flokit olivat suurempia kuin laimennetussa lietteessä. PSyA:lla jännepituusjakaumien määrittäminen oli varsin hidasta prosessissa tapahtuviin muutoksiin verrattuna, ja tuloksissa oli suurta hajontaa. PIA:lla saadut partikkelikokojakaumat sitä vastoin olivat johdonmukaisempia, vaikka suurimpien flokkien määrittäminen osoittautuikin epämääräiseksi. Menetelmän suurimmaksi puutteeksi todettiin soveltumattomuus sakeiden lietteiden analysointiin. Kumpikaan menetelmä ei ilman modifiointia sovellu tutkitun lietteen kaltaisten prosessilietteiden flokkuloinnin seurantaan.

Scale-up model obtained from the rheological analysis of highly concentrated emulsions prepared at three scales

We examine the scale invariants in the preparation of highly concentrated w/o emulsions at different scales and in varying conditions. The emulsions are characterized using rheological parameters, owing to their highly elastic behavior. We first construct and validate empirical models to describe the rheological properties. These models yield a reasonable prediction of experimental data. We then build an empirical scale-up model, to predict the preparation and composition conditions that have to be kept constant at each scale to prepare the same emulsion. For this purpose, three preparation scales with geometric similarity are used. The parameter N¿D^α, as a function of the stirring rate N, the scale (D, impeller diameter) and the exponent α (calculated empirically from the regression of all the experiments in the three scales), is defined as the scale invariant that needs to be optimized, once the dispersed phase of the emulsion, the surfactant concentration, and the dispersed phase addition time are set. As far as we know, no other study has obtained a scale invariant factor N¿Dα for the preparation of highly concentrated emulsions prepared at three different scales, which covers all three scales, different addition times and surfactant concentrations. The power law exponent obtained seems to indicate that the scale-up criterion for this system is the power input per unit volume (P/V).

Radiaalikompressorin juoksupyörän virtauskanavan suunnittelu

Diplomityössä on tutkittu radiaalikompressorin juoksupyörän virtauskanavan suunnittelua ja esitelty yleisesti käytetyt suunnittelumenetelmät. Virtauskanavan muodon vaikutukset virtauskenttään on esitetty. Työssä on kehitetty uusi tietokoneohjelma juoksupyörän kolmiulotteisen geometrian luomiseen, yksiulotteisesta suunnittelusta saatujen päämittojen pohjalta. Ohjelmalla luotua juoksupyörän geometriaa voidaan käyttää virtaus- ja lujuusanalyyseissä. Ohjelmaan on myös liitetty kaksiulotteinen kokoonpuristuvan viskoosittoman virtauksen ratkaisija.

Performance Improvement of Centrifugal Compressor Stage with Pinched Geometry or Vaned Diffuser

Centrifugal compressors are widely used for example in refrigeration processes, the oil and gas industry, superchargers, and waste water treatment. In this work, five different vaneless diffusers and six different vaned diffusers are investigated numerically. The vaneless diffusers vary only by their diffuser width, so that four of the geometries have pinch implemented to them. Pinch means a decrease in the diffuser width. Four of the vaned diffusers have the same vane turning angle and a different number of vanes, and two have different vane turning angles. The flow solver used to solve the flow fields is Finflo, which is a Navier-Stokes solver. All the cases are modeled with the Chien's k – έ- turbulence model, and selected cases are modeled also with the k – ώ-SST turbulence model. All five vaneless diffusers and three vaned diffusers are investigated also experimentally. For each construction, the compressor operating map is measured according to relevant standards. In addition to this, the flow fields before and after the diffuser are measured with static and total pressure, flow angle and total temperature measurements. When comparing the computational results to the measured results, it is evident that the k – ώ-SST turbulence model predicts the flow fields better. The simulation results indicate that it is possible to improve the efficiency with the pinch, and according to the numerical results, the two best geometries are the ones with most pinch at the shroud. These geometries have approximately 4 percentage points higher efficiency than the unpinched vaneless diffusers. The hub pinch does not seem to have any major benefits. In general, the pinches make the flow fields before and after the diffuser more uniform. The pinch also seems to improve the impeller efficiency. This is down to two reasons. The major reason is that the pinch decreases the size of slow flow and possible backflow region located near the shroud after the impeller. Secondly, the pinches decrease the flow velocity in the tip clearance, leading to a smaller tip leakage flow and therefore slightly better impeller efficiency. Also some of the vaned diffusers improve the efficiency, the increment being 1...3 percentage points, when compared to the vaneless unpinched geometry. The measurement results confirm that the pinch is beneficial to the performance of the compressor. The flow fields are more uniform with the pinched cases, and the slow flow regions are smaller. The peak efficiency is approximately 2 percentage points and the design point efficiency approximately 4 percentage points higher with the pinched geometries than with the un- pinched geometry. According to the measurements, the two best geometries are the ones with the most pinch at the shroud, the case with the pinch only at the shroud being slightly better of the two. The vaned diffusers also have better efficiency than the vaneless unpinched geometries. However, the pinched cases have even better efficiencies. The vaned diffusers narrow the operating range considerably, whilst the pinch has no significant effect on the operating range.

Produção de micropartículas de alginato contendo Flavobacterium columnare inativada pelo método de emulsão para vacinação de peixes por via oral

Alginate microparticles were prepared by an emulsion method aiming oral controlled release of antigens to fish. The effects of emulsification temperature and impeller type on particle morphology, average diameter, and size distribution were evaluated. Microparticles contaning formalin-killed Flavobacterium columnare cells (a model antigen) were prepared and characterized regarding bacterial release and particle stability when exposed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) typical gastrointestinal conditions. This methodology allowed the production of microparticles containing up to 14.3 g/L of bacterin, stable at a pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 for 12 h and smaller than 35 μm.

Design and implementation of a multipurpose reactor for scale-up studies

In the theoretical part, the different polymerisation catalysts are introduced and the phenomena related to mixing in the stirred tank reactor are presented. Also the advantages and challenges related to scale-up are discussed. The aim of the applied part was to design and implement an intermediate-sized reactor useful for scale-up studies. The reactor setting was tested making one batch of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The catalyst preparation with a designed equipment setting succeeded and the catalyst was analysed. The analyses of the catalyst were done, because the properties of the catalyst were compared to the normal properties of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The total titanium content of the catalyst was slightly higher than in normal Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst, but the magnesium and aluminium content of the catalyst were in the normal level. By adjusting the siphonation tube and adding one washing step the titanium content of the catalyst could be decreased. The particle size of the catalyst was small, but the activity was in a normal range. The size of the catalyst particles could be increased by decreasing the stirring speed. During the test run, it was noticed that some improvements for the designed equipment setting could be done. For example more valves for the chemical feed line need to be added to ensure inert conditions during the catalyst preparation. Also nitrogen for the reactor needs to separate from other nitrogen line. With this change the pressure in the reactor can be kept as desired during the catalyst preparation. The proposals for improvements are presented in the applied part. After these improvements are done, the equipment setting is ready for start-up. The computational fluid dynamics model for the designed reactor was provided by cooperation with Lappeenranta University of Technology. The experiments showed that for adequate mixing with one impeller, stirring speed of 600 rpm is needed. The computational fluid dynamics model with two impellers showed that there was no difference in the mixing efficiency if the upper impeller were pumping downwards or upwards.

Helmimyllyn toimintaparametrien vaikutus jauhautuvuuteen

Työn teoriaosassa tutkittiin materiaalin hienontamista jauhatuksen näkökulmasta. Jauhatuksessa keskityttiin ultrahienojauhatukseen ja siinä käytettäviin myllyihin, jois-ta lähimmin tarkasteltiin helmimyllyä ja sen toimintaparametrien vaikutusta jauhau-tuvuuteen. Lisäksi teoriaosassa tutkittiin jauhatuksen energiankulutusta, joka on yksi jauhatuksen suurimmista ominaisuuksista. Työn kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin kalkkikiven jauhautuvuutta ja jauhatuksen omi-naisenergiankulutusta käyttäen kolmea erilaista sekoitinelintä. Kokeissa myllynä käy-tettiin helmimyllyä ja jauhinkappaleina 2 mm:n lasihelmiä. Jauhautuvuutta tutkittiin analysoimalla tuotteiden partikkelikokojakaumat Beckman Coulter LS 13 320 partik-kelikokoanalysaattoria. Energiankulutukset määritettiin lietteen lämpötilan muutok-sen perusteella ensimmäisen viidentoista minuutin aikana. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko uusi lapamainen sekoitinelin tehokas jauhatta-vuuden kannalta mutta samalla myös energiatehokas. Tämän työn perusteella uusi lapamainen sekoitinelin on tehokas jauhautuvuuden kannalta suuremmilla pyörimis-nopeuksilla. Ominaisenergiankulutus on puolestaan samaa luokkaa suuremmilla pyö-rimisnopeuksilla verrattaessa eri sekoitinelimiä.

NH90 helikopterin moottoreiden syklilaskennan tehostaminen ja elinkaarihallinta

Tutkimustyö liittyy NH90 Helikopterin RTM-322 moottoreiden syklivaihdettavi-en osien huollonsuunnitteluun ja sen kehittämiseen. Tavoitteena oli löytää nykyi-sen käyttösyklilaskennan tilalle säästävämpi ratkaisumalli ja saada määritettyä suihkumoottorin osakokonaisuuksille lisälentoaikaa sekä huollonsuunnitteluun järkevämmät käyttöjaksot. Tähän päästiin selvittämällä käytännön lentotoiminnan avulla uudet laskentakertoimet ja -mallit moottorin eri osien eliniän määrittämi-seksi. Konkreettisena tavoitteena oli saada koneen käyttöhistoriaan perustuen kohdeorganisaatiolle esitys, miten moottoreiden käyttösyklilaskentaa tulisi muut-taa ja tehostaa. Diplomityön aihe muodostuu kolmesta tutkimusongelmakokonaisuudesta; moot-torin käyttöhistorian tutkimisesta, moottorivalmistajan hyväksymien syklilasken-tamenetelmien tutkimisesta ja moottorin syklien säästövaikutustarkastelusta tut-kimuksen määrittämillä uusilla laskentamenetelmillä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena muodostui NH90 huollonsuunnitteluun arvio mahdollisis-ta moottorisyklisäästöistä sekä moottoreiden näkökulmasta priorisoitu lista heli-kopterien moottoreiden laitevaihtohuoltojen järjestyksestä seuraavan viiden vuo-den aikana. Syklien säästötarkastelun pohjalta suoritettiin yhden koneen osalta koko käyttöhistorian ajalta takaisinlaskentatarkastelu. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Ilmavoimien meneillään olevien projektien valossa moottorisyklien tarkanlasken-nan toteuttamismahdollisuudet tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimuksessa saatujen tulosten avulla vältyttäisiin tulevaisuudessa RTM-322 moottorin ennenaikaisilta laitevaih-doilta koko NH90 kaluston suhteen ja näin saataisiin aikaan merkittävän suuria säästöjä vuoteen 2020 mennessä.

Numerical simulation of rotor-stator interaction and tip clearance flow in centrifugal compressors

The effect of the tip clearance and vaneless diffuser width on the stage performance and flow fields of a centrifugal compressor were studied numerically and results were compared to the experimental measurements. The diffuser width was changed by moving the shroud side of the diffuser axially and six tip clearances size from 0.5 to 3 mm were studied. Moreover, the effects of rotor-stator interaction on the diffuser and impeller flow fields and performance were studied. Also transient simulations were carried out in order to investigate the influence of the interaction on the impeller and diffuser performance parameters. It was seen that pinch could improve the performance and it help to get more uniform flow at exit and less back flow from diffuser to the impeller.

Carponate precipitation with carbon dioxide gas

The aim of this thesis research work focused on the carbonate precipitation of magnesium using magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at ambient temperature and pressure. The rate of dissolution of Mg(OH)2 and precipitation kinetics were investigated under different operating conditions. The conductivity and pH of the solution were inline monitored by a Consort meter and the solid samples gotten from the precipitation reaction were analysed by a laser diffraction analyzer Malvern Mastersizer to obtain particle size distributions (PSD) of crystal samples. Also the Mg2+ concentration profiles were determined from the liquid phase of the precipitate by ion chromatography (IC) analysis. Crystal morphology of the obtained precipitates were also investigated and discussed in this work. For the carbonation reaction of magnesium hydroxide in the present work, it was found that magnesium carbonate trihydrate (nesquehonite) was the main product and its formation occurred at a pH of around 7-8. The stirrer speed has a significant effect on the dissolution rate of Mg(OH)2. The highest obtained Mg2+ concentration level was 0.424 mol L-l for the 470 rpm and 0.387 mol L-1 for the 560 rpm which corresponded to the processing time of 45 mins and 40 mins respectively. The particle size distribution shows that the average particle size keeps increasing during the reaction as the CO2 is been fed to the system. The carbonation process is kinetically favored and simple as nesquehonite formation occurs in a very short time. It is a thermodynamically and chemically stable solid product, which allows for a long-term storage of CO2. Since the carbonation reaction is a complex system which includes dissolution of magnesium hydroxide particles, absorption of CO2, chemical reaction and crystallization, the dissolution of magnesium hydroxide was studied in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solvent with and without nitrogen (N2) inert gas. It was found on the dissolution part that the impeller speed had effect on the dissolution rate. The higher the impeller speed the higher the pH of the solution, although for the highest speed of 650rpm it was not the case. Therefore, it was concluded that the optimum speed of the stirrer was 560rpm. The influence of inert gas N2 on the dissolution rate of Mg(OH)2 particles could be seen based on measured pH, electric conductivity and Mg2+ concentration curves.

Simulação do escoamento monofásico em um estágio de uma bomba centrífuga utilizando técnicas de fluidodinâmica computacional

Oil production and exploration techniques have evolved in the last decades in order to increase fluid flows and optimize how the required equipment are used. The base functioning of Electric Submersible Pumping (ESP) lift method is the use of an electric downhole motor to move a centrifugal pump and transport the fluids to the surface. The Electric Submersible Pumping is an option that has been gaining ground among the methods of Artificial Lift due to the ability to handle a large flow of liquid in onshore and offshore environments. The performance of a well equipped with ESP systems is intrinsically related to the centrifugal pump operation. It is the pump that has the function to turn the motor power into Head. In this present work, a computer model to analyze the three-dimensional flow in a centrifugal pump used in Electric Submersible Pumping has been developed. Through the commercial program, ANSYS® CFX®, initially using water as fluid flow, the geometry and simulation parameters have been defined in order to obtain an approximation of what occurs inside the channels of the impeller and diffuser pump in terms of flow. Three different geometry conditions were initially tested to determine which is most suitable to solving the problem. After choosing the most appropriate geometry, three mesh conditions were analyzed and the obtained values were compared to the experimental characteristic curve of Head provided by the manufacturer. The results have approached the experimental curve, the simulation time and the model convergence were satisfactory if it is considered that the studied problem involves numerical analysis. After the tests with water, oil was used in the simulations. The results were compared to a methodology used in the petroleum industry to correct viscosity. In general, for models with water and oil, the results with single-phase fluids were coherent with the experimental curves and, through three-dimensional computer models, they are a preliminary evaluation for the analysis of the two-phase flow inside the channels of centrifugal pump used in ESP systems

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION of SUSPENSIONS of SUCROSE CRYSTALS IN SATURATED SUCROSE SOLUTIONS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Esforcos hidraulicos dinamicos em turbomaquinas

A measurement device has been developed to measure force and torque components acting on the impeller of a model pump-turbine, which uses crystal quartz load transducers installed on the rotating shaft. These kinds of load transducers allow greater stiffness than arrangements using strain gauges. Therefore, the dynamics behavior of the measurement device has to be taken into account. Some results of measurements are present in the whole operating range of model pump-turbine.

Caracterização reológica de suspensões de cristais de sacarose em soluções aquosas saturadas de sacarose

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)