Stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders

This paper presents the mode I stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders with an embedded penny-shaped crack or an external circumferential crack. The solid cylinders are assumed under remote uniform tension. The multiple isoparametric finite element method is used. Various types of functionally graded materials and different gradient compositions for each type are investigated. The results show that the material property distribution has a quite considerable in influence on the stress intensity factors. The influence for embedded cracks is quite different from that for external cracks.

A new formulated method of a quasi-compatible finite-element and its application in fracture-mechanics

Based on the local properties of a singular field, the displacement pattern of an isoparametric element is improved and a new formulated method of a quasi-compatible finite element is proposed in this paper. This method can be used to solve various engineering problems containing singular distribution, especially, the singular field existing at the tip of cracks. The singular quasi-compatible element (SQCE) is constructed. The characteristics of the elements are analysed from various angles and many examples of calculations are performed. The results show that this method has many significant advantages, by which, the numerical analysis of brittle fracture problems can be solved.

Prediction of mixed-mode cracking direction in random, short-fibre composite-materials

The prediction of cracking direction in composite materials is of significance to the design of composite structures. This paper presents several methods for predicting the cracking direction in the double grooved tension-shear specimen which gives mixed-mode cracking. Five different criteria are used in this analysis: two of them have been used by other investigators and the others are proposed by the present authors. The strain energy density criterion proposed by G.C. Sih is modified to take account of the influence of the anisotropy of the strength on the direction of crack. The two failure criteria of Tsai-Hill and Norris are extended to predict the crack orientation. The stress distributions in the near-notch zone are calculated by using the 8-node quadrilateral isoparametric finite element method. The predictions of all the criteria except one are in good agreement with the experimental measurement. In addition, on the basis of the FEM results, the size of the zone in which the singular term is dominant is estimated.

A fixed-grid b-spline finite element technique for fluid-structure interaction

We present a fixed-grid finite element technique for fluid-structure interaction problems involving incompressible viscous flows and thin structures. The flow equations are discretised with isoparametric b-spline basis functions defined on a logically Cartesian grid. In addition, the previously proposed subdivision-stabilisation technique is used to ensure inf-sup stability. The beam equations are discretised with b-splines and the shell equations with subdivision basis functions, both leading to a rotation-free formulation. The interface conditions between the fluid and the structure are enforced with the Nitsche technique. The resulting coupled system of equations is solved with a Dirichlet-Robin partitioning scheme, and the fluid equations are solved with a pressure-correction method. Auxiliary techniques employed for improving numerical robustness include the level-set based implicit representation of the structure interface on the fluid grid, a cut-cell integration algorithm based on marching tetrahedra and the conservative data transfer between the fluid and structure discretisations. A number of verification and validation examples, primarily motivated by animal locomotion in air or water, demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our approach. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Numerical modelling of hydrodynamic pressures on dams

This paper discusses several considerations related to appropriate numerical modelling of the reservoir hydrodynamic pressures on dams. The reservoir is modelled with 8-noded isoparametric displacement based solid finite elements. The study includes both stiff and flexible dams with vertical and sloped upstream faces under ramp, harmonic and random acceleration loads. The numerical results were compared and found to be in good agreement with available closed-form solutions. The same approach may be used in analyses of other waterfront structures such as quay walls. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Cyclic Pursuit: Symmetry, Reduction and Nonlinear Dynamics

In this dissertation, we explore the use of pursuit interactions as a building block for collective behavior, primarily in the context of constant bearing (CB) cyclic pursuit. Pursuit phenomena are observed throughout the natural environment and also play an important role in technological contexts, such as missile-aircraft encounters and interactions between unmanned vehicles. While pursuit is typically regarded as adversarial, we demonstrate that pursuit interactions within a cyclic pursuit framework give rise to seemingly coordinated group maneuvers. We model a system of agents (e.g. birds, vehicles) as particles tracing out curves in the plane, and illustrate reduction to the shape space of relative positions and velocities. Introducing the CB pursuit strategy and associated pursuit law, we consider the case for which agent i pursues agent i+1 (modulo n) with the CB pursuit law. After deriving closed-loop cyclic pursuit dynamics, we demonstrate asymptotic convergence to an invariant submanifold (corresponding to each agent attaining the CB pursuit strategy), and proceed by analysis of the reduced dynamics restricted to the submanifold. For the general setting, we derive existence conditions for relative equilibria (circling and rectilinear) as well as for system trajectories which preserve the shape of the collective (up to similarity), which we refer to as pure shape equilibria. For two illustrative low-dimensional cases, we provide a more comprehensive analysis, deriving explicit trajectory solutions for the two-particle "mutual pursuit" case, and detailing the stability properties of three-particle relative equilibria and pure shape equilibria. For the three-particle case, we show that a particular choice of CB pursuit parameters gives rise to remarkable almost-periodic trajectories in the physical space. We also extend our study to consider CB pursuit in three dimensions, deriving a feedback law for executing the CB pursuit strategy, and providing a detailed analysis of the two-particle mutual pursuit case. We complete the work by considering evasive strategies to counter the motion camouflage (MC) pursuit law. After demonstrating that a stochastically steering evader is unable to thwart the MC pursuit strategy, we propose a (deterministic) feedback law for the evader and demonstrate the existence of circling equilibria for the closed-loop pursuer-evader dynamics.

Hopf hypersurfaces in pseudo-Riemannian complex and para-complex space forms

The study of real hypersurfaces in pseudo-Riemannian complex space forms and para-complex space forms, which are the pseudo-Riemannian generalizations of the complex space forms, is addressed. It is proved that there are no umbilic hypersurfaces, nor real hypersurfaces with parallel shape operator in such spaces. Denoting by J be the complex or para-complex structure of a pseudo-complex or para-complex space form respectively, a non-degenerate hypersurface of such space with unit normal vector field N is said to be Hopf if the tangent vector field JN is a principal direction. It is proved that if a hypersurface is Hopf, then the corresponding principal curvature (the Hopf curvature) is constant. It is also observed that in some cases a Hopf hypersurface must be, locally, a tube over a complex (or para-complex) submanifold, thus generalizing previous results of Cecil, Ryan and Montiel.

Modelação do comportamento dinâmico de sistemas barragem-fundação-albufeira: análise sísmica de uma barragem de abóbadas múltiplas

Trabalho Final de Mestrado elaborado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil pelo Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa no âmbito do protocolo de cooperação entre o ISEL e o LNEC

Éclatement et contraction lagrangiens et applications

Soit (M, ω) une variété symplectique. Nous construisons une version de l’éclatement et de la contraction symplectique, que nous définissons relative à une sous-variété lagrangienne L ⊂ M. En outre, si M admet une involution anti-symplectique ϕ, et que nous éclatons une configuration suffisament symmetrique des plongements de boules, nous démontrons qu’il existe aussi une involution anti-symplectique sur l’éclatement ~M. Nous dérivons ensuite une condition homologique pour les surfaces lagrangiennes réeles L = Fix(ϕ), qui détermine quand la topologie de L change losqu’on contracte une courbe exceptionnelle C dans M. Finalement, on utilise ces constructions afin d’étudier le packing relatif dans (ℂP²,ℝP²).

Structures quantiques de certaines sous-variétés lagrangiennes non-monotones

Soit (M,ω) un variété symplectique fermée et connexe.On considère des sous-variétés lagrangiennes α : L → (M,ω). Si α est monotone, c.- à-d. s’il existe η > 0 tel que ημ = ω, Paul Biran et Octav Conea ont défini une version relative de l’homologie quantique. Dans ce contexte ils ont déformé l’opérateur de bord du complexe de Morse ainsi que le produit d’intersection à l’aide de disques pseudo-holomorphes. On note (QH(L), ∗), l’homologie quantique de L munie du produit quantique. Le principal objectif de cette dissertation est de généraliser leur construction à un classe plus large d’espaces. Plus précisément on considère soit des sous-variétés presque monotone, c.-à-d. α est C1-proche d’un plongement lagrangian monotone ; soit les fibres toriques de variétés toriques Fano. Dans ces cas non nécessairement monotones, QH(L) va dépendre de certains choix, mais cela sera irrelevant pour les applications présentées ici. Dans le cas presque monotone, on s’intéresse principalement à des questions de déplaçabilité, d’uniréglage et d’estimation d’énergie de difféomorphismes hamiltoniens. Enfin nous terminons par une application combinant les deux approches, concernant la dynamique d’un hamiltonien déplaçant toutes les fibres toriques non-monotones dans CPn.

L'éclatement en géométrie algébrique, différentielle et symplectique

L'éclatement est une transformation jouant un rôle important en géométrie, car il permet de résoudre des singularités, de relier des variétés birationnellement équivalentes, et de construire des variétés possédant des propriétés inédites. Ce mémoire présente d'abord l'éclatement tel que développé en géométrie algébrique classique. Nous l'étudierons pour le cas des variétés affines et (quasi-)projectives, en un point, et le long d'un idéal et d'une sous-variété. Nous poursuivrons en étudiant l'extension de cette construction à la catégorie différentiable, sur les corps réels et complexes, en un point et le long d'une sous-variété. Nous conclurons cette section en explorant un exemple de résolution de singularité. Ensuite nous passerons à la catégorie symplectique, où nous ferons la même chose que pour le cas différentiable complexe, en portant une attention particulière à la forme symplectique définie sur la variété. Nous terminerons en étudiant un théorème dû à François Lalonde, où l'éclatement joue un rôle clé dans la démonstration. Ce théorème affirme que toute 4-variété fibrée par des 2-sphères sur une surface de Riemann, et différente du produit cartésien de deux 2-sphères, peut être équipée d'une 2-forme qui lui confère une structure symplectique réglée par des courbes holomorphes par rapport à sa structure presque complexe, et telle que l'aire symplectique de la base est inférieure à la capacité de la variété. La preuve repose sur l'utilisation de l'éclatement symplectique. En effet, en éclatant symplectiquement une boule contenue dans la 4-variété, il est possible d'obtenir une fibration contenant deux sphères d'auto-intersection -1 distinctes: la pré-image du point où est fait l'éclatement complexe usuel, et la transformation propre de la fibre. Ces dernières sont dites exceptionnelles, et donc il est possible de procéder à l'inverse de l'éclatement - la contraction - sur chacune d'elles. En l'accomplissant sur la deuxième, nous obtenons une variété minimale, et en combinant les informations sur les aires symplectiques de ses classes d'homologies et de celles de la variété originale nous obtenons le résultat.

Source spaces and perturbations for cluster complexes

Dans ce travail, nous définissons des objets composés de disques complexes marqués reliés entre eux par des segments de droite munis d’une longueur. Nous construisons deux séries d’espaces de module de ces objets appelés clus- ters, une qui sera dite non symétrique, la version ⊗, et l’autre qui est dite symétrique, la version •. Cette construction permet des choix de perturba- tions pour deux versions correspondantes des trajectoires de Floer introduites par Cornea et Lalonde ([CL]). Ces choix devraient fournir une nouvelle option pour la description géométrique des structures A∞ et L∞ obstruées étudiées par Fukaya, Oh, Ohta et Ono ([FOOO2],[FOOO]) et Cho ([Cho]). Dans le cas où L ⊂ (M, ω) est une sous-variété lagrangienne Pin± mono- tone avec nombre de Maslov ≥ 2, nous définissons une structure d’algèbre A∞ sur les points critiques d’une fonction de Morse générique sur L. Cette struc- ture est présentée comme une extension du complexe des perles de Oh ([Oh]) muni de son produit quantique, plus récemment étudié par Biran et Cornea ([BC]). Plus généralement, nous décrivons une version géométrique d’une catégorie de Fukaya avec seul objet L qui se veut alternative à la description (relative) hamiltonienne de Seidel ([Sei]). Nous vérifions la fonctorialité de notre construction en définissant des espaces de module de clusters occultés qui servent d’espaces sources pour des morphismes de comparaison.

Exact Lagrangian cobordism and pseudo-isotopy

Dans cette thèse, on étudie les propriétés des sous-variétés lagrangiennes dans une variété symplectique en utilisant la relation de cobordisme lagrangien. Plus précisément, on s'intéresse à déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles les cobordismes lagrangiens élémentaires sont en fait triviaux. En utilisant des techniques de l'homologie de Floer et le théorème du s-cobordisme on démontre que, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques, un cobordisme lagrangien exact est une pseudo-isotopie lagrangienne. Ce resultat est une forme faible d'une conjecture due à Biran et Cornea qui stipule qu'un cobordisme lagrangien exact est hamiltonien isotope à une suspension lagrangianenne.

Performance of Gabion Faced Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls

Gabion faced re.taining walls are essentially semi rigid structures that can generally accommodate large lateral and vertical movements without excessive structural distress. Because of this inherent feature, they offer technical and economical advantage over the conventional concrete gravity retaining walls. Although they can be constructed either as gravity type or reinforced soil type, this work mainly deals with gabion faced reinforced earth walls as they are more suitable to larger heights. The main focus of the present investigation was the development of a viable plane strain two dimensional non linear finite element analysis code which can predict the stress - strain behaviour of gabion faced retaining walls - both gravity type and reinforced soil type. The gabion facing, backfill soil, In - situ soil and foundation soil were modelled using 20 four noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements. The confinement provided by the gabion boxes was converted into an induced apparent cohesion as per the membrane correction theory proposed by Henkel and Gilbert (1952). The mesh reinforcement was modelled using 20 two noded linear truss elements. The interactions between the soil and the mesh reinforcement as well as the facing and backfill were modelled using 20 four noded zero thickness line interface elements (Desai et al., 1974) by incorporating the nonlinear hyperbolic formulation for the tangential shear stiffness. The well known hyperbolic formulation by Ouncan and Chang (1970) was used for modelling the non - linearity of the soil matrix. The failure of soil matrix, gabion facing and the interfaces were modelled using Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion. The construction stages were also modelled.Experimental investigations were conducted on small scale model walls (both in field as well as in laboratory) to suggest an alternative fill material for the gabion faced retaining walls. The same were also used to validate the finite element programme developed as a part of the study. The studies were conducted using different types of gabion fill materials. The variation was achieved by placing coarse aggregate and quarry dust in different proportions as layers one above the other or they were mixed together in the required proportions. The deformation of the wall face was measured and the behaviour of the walls with the variation of fill materials was analysed. It was seen that 25% of the fill material in gabions can be replaced by a soft material (any locally available material) without affecting the deformation behaviour to large extents. In circumstances where deformation can be allowed to some extents, even up to 50% replacement with soft material can be possible.The developed finite element code was validated using experimental test results and other published results. Encouraged by the close comparison between the theory and experiments, an extensive and systematic parametric study was conducted, in order to gain a closer understanding of the behaviour of the system. Geometric parameters as well as material parameters were varied to understand their effect on the behaviour of the walls. The final phase of the study consisted of developing a simplified method for the design of gabion faced retaining walls. The design was based on the limit state method considering both the stability and deformation criteria. The design parameters were selected for the system and converted to dimensionless parameters. Thus the procedure for fixing the dimensions of the wall was simplified by eliminating the conventional trial and error procedure. Handy design charts were developed which would prove as a hands - on - tool to the design engineers at site. Economic studies were also conducted to prove the cost effectiveness of the structures with respect to the conventional RCC gravity walls and cost prediction models and cost breakdown ratios were proposed. The studies as a whole are expected to contribute substantially to understand the actual behaviour of gabion faced retaining wall systems with particular reference to the lateral deformations.

Polar orthogonal representations of real reductive algebraic groups

We prove that a polar orthogonal representation of a real reductive algebraic group has the same closed orbits as the isotropy representation of a pseudo-Riemannian symmetric space. We also develop a partial structural theory of polar orthogonal representations of real reductive algebraic groups which slightly generalizes some results of the structural theory of real reductive Lie algebras. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.