A new credit monitoring framework for agents' networks

The purpose of this work is to develop a practicable approach for Telecom firms to manage the credit risk exposition to their commercial agents’ network. Particularly it will try to approach the problem of credit concession to clients’ from a corporation perspective and explore the particular scenario of agents that are part of the commercial chain of the corporation and therefore are not end-users. The agents’ network that served as a model for the presented study is composed by companies that, at the same time, are both clients and suppliers of the Telecommunication Company. In that sense the credit exposition analysis must took into consideration all financial fluxes, both inbound and outbound. The current strain on the Financial Sector in Portugal, and other peripheral European economies, combined with the high leverage situation of most companies, generates an environment prone to credit default risk. Due to these circumstances managing credit risk exposure is becoming increasingly a critical function for every company Financial Department. The approach designed in the current study combined two traditional risk monitoring tools: credit risk scoring and credit limitation policies. The objective was to design a new credit monitoring framework that is more flexible, uses both external and internal relationship history to assess risk and takes into consideration commercial objectives inside the agents’ network. Although not explored at length, the blueprint of a Credit Governance model was created for implementing the new credit monitoring framework inside the telecom firm. The Telecom Company that served as a model for the present work decided to implement the new Credit Monitoring framework after this was presented to its Executive Commission.

Modelos de gestão pública e as opções de reforma do XIX governo constitucional: análise do discurso

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas

Kokonaisarkkitehtuuri kehittämisen välineenä Hollolan kunnassa

Työssä käsitellään kokonaisarkkitehtuuria kehittämisen välineenä Hollolan kunnassa. Kokonaisarkkitehtuurin avulla kuvataan ja kehitetään organisaation toimintaa, toiminnassa käsiteltävää tietoa ja teknologista toimintaympäristöä kokonaisuutena strategialähtöisesti. Kokonaisarkkitehtuurin käyttäminen on julkishallinnon organisaatioille toisaalta lakisääteinen velvollisuus, toisaalta keino ohjata toimintaympäristön kehittymistä toimintalähtöisesti. Tämän työn tavoite on luoda edellytykset kokonaisarkkitehtuurimenetelmän käyttämiselle Hollolan kunnassa. Tutkimus suoritetaan toimintatutkimuksena, jossa tutkija esittelee ja edesauttaa uuden menetelmän käyttämistä ja havainnoi tämän myötä saavutettuja tuloksia. Työn teoriaosa käsittelee kokonaisarkkitehtuuria erityisesti kansallisena tietohallinnon ohjaamisen välineenä ja kehittämismenetelmänä. Tämän työn tärkeimmät tulokset ovat Hollolan kunnalle sovitettu kehittämismenetelmä, kokonaisarkkitehtuurin hallintamalli ja menetelmän avulla tuotetut kuvaukset nykytilasta ja viitearkkitehtuurista. Työssä havaittiin, että luonnosvaiheessa oleva julkishallintoa ohjaava yhteinen kokonaisarkkitehtuuri on vielä keskeneräinen ja sen tulkinta on vaikeaa. Lisäksi havaittiin, että kokonaisarkkitehtuurimenetelmän käyttäminen vaatii organisaatiolta paljon, mutta tämän työn perusteella hyviä tuloksia voidaan saavuttaa jo menetelmän käytön varhaisessa vaiheessa.

Tracing Innovation Practices in Seaports: the Ports of Klaipeda and Stockholm as Case Studies

This study explores variegated means through which ports have become increasingly entangled in the planning logic of neoliberal innovation-driven economy. The research topic belongs to the academic disciplines of economics and human geography. The aim of the thesis is to analyse how the notion of innovation, adopted in a variety of supranational and national port policy documents, is deployed in operational port environment in two different ports of the Baltic Sea Region: the port of Stockholm, Sweden, and the port of Klaipeda, Lithuania. This novel innovation agenda is visible in several topics I examine in the study, that is, port governance, environmental issues, and seaport – port-city interface. The gathered primary source material on port policy documents, strategies, development planning documents and reports is analysed by utilizing the qualitative content analysis research method. Moreover, the empirical part of the case study, that is, tracing innovation practices in mundane port activities is based on collected qualitative semi-structured interviews with port authorities in Klaipeda and Stockholm, researchers and other port experts. I examine the interview material by employing the theoretical reading research method. In my analysis, I have reframed port-related policy development by tracing and identifying the port transformation from “functional terminals” to “engines for growth”. My results show that this novel innovation-oriented rhetoric imprinted in the narrative “engines for growth” is often contested in daily port practices. In other words, my analysis reveals that the port authorities’ and other port actors’ attitudes towards innovations do not necessarily correspond to the new narrative of innovation and do not always “fit” within a framework of neoliberal economic thinking that glorifies the “culture of innovations”. I argue that the ability to develop innovative initiatives in the ports of Klaipeda and Stockholm is strongly predetermined by local conditions, a port’s governance model, the way port actors perceive the importance of innovations per se, demand factors and new regulations.

D’une structure de gouvernance canado-américaine pour la gestion du Passage du Nord-Ouest : l’apport du transgouvernementalisme

La théorie transgouvernementale s’appuie sur l’existence de réseaux transfrontaliers entre composantes de l’État exerçant des fonctions similaires dans une optique de gestion de problèmes communs. Le transgouvernementalisme canado-américain se caractérise par un faible abandon de souveraineté des partenaires, une forte participation des acteurs régionaux, une informalité dans les relations et une intégration des secteurs privé et public et de la société civile au sein de réseaux mixtes. Le modèle de gouvernance binationale en place dans la région du bassin du Saint-Laurent et des Grands Lacs présente toutes les caractéristiques du modèle typique d’intégration transgouvernementale canado-américain. Une analyse poussée révèle en effet une matrice complexe et solide de réseaux transgouvernementaux dont les multiples ramifications s’étendent aujourd’hui beaucoup plus loin que le strict cadre des ententes sous l’égide desquelles ces réseaux ont pris naissance. Si le modèle de l’intégration par réseaux transgouvernementaux apparaît comme la solution retenue par les pouvoirs publics dans la gestion collaborative du bassin du Saint-Laurent et des Grands Lacs, s’agit-il du modèle à privilégier en ce qui a trait à la gouvernance du Passage du Nord-Ouest? Bien que le modèle en place dans la région du Saint-Laurent et des Grands Lacs ne puisse être reproduit intégralement relativement à la gestion du Passage du Nord-Ouest, un modèle d’intégration transgouvernementale, du « bas vers le haut », axé sur la mise en place d’une réglementation commune en matière de navigation et sur une intégration opérationnelle visant à assurer la mise en œuvre de cette règlementation, s’avère approprié pour la gestion du Passage du Nord-Ouest.

La gouvernance autochtone en milieu urbain: le cas de Montréal

Au fil des années, les Autochtones ont obtenu la reconnaissance par l’État canadien de certains droits inhérents, soit le droit à l’autodétermination et le droit à l’autonomie gouvernementale. Cependant, lors de la mise en places d’initiatives de gouvernance autochtone, les différents niveaux de gouvernement ont présumé que les groupes revendicateurs disposaient d’une assise territoriale pour réaliser ces objectifs, telles les communautés d’origine des Premières nations, Inuites ou métisses. Or, ces modèles sont inadéquats pour la majorité des Autochtones au pays qui vivent en milieu urbain, une population hétérogène, disparate, très mobile et surtout sans assise territoriale. Pour tenter de concilier l’exercice de l’autonomie gouvernementale avec l’urbanité, certains modèles théoriques de gouvernance ont été élaborés afin de permettre une meilleure représentation politique aux Autochtones en milieu urbain. En gardant à l’esprit la situation de Montréal, c’est-à-dire le problème de l’identité du titulaire du droit à l’autodétermination, le territoire et la nature des pouvoirs à exercer, nous tenterons au cours de ce mémoire de déterminer quel modèle de gouvernance autochtone serait le plus approprié pour les Autochtones de Montréal.

La gestion des risques informationnels dans l’entreprise privée : perspective des gestionnaires de la sécurité.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la gestion des risques informationnels dans l’entreprise privée. Plus précisément, nous avons cherché à comprendre, à partir de l’expérience et du point de vue des gestionnaires de la sécurité, comment s’élaborait une prise de décisions relativement à la protection des actifs informationnels d’une entreprise, de l’identification des risques à la mise en place de mesures visant à les réduire. Pour ce faire, nous devions dégager les éléments du contexte organisationnel qui contribuent à façonner les décisions du gestionnaire de la sécurité en cette matière en considérant deux principales dimensions : la dynamique relationnelle à l’œuvre de même que les enjeux, les contraintes et les opportunités susceptibles d’influence la prise de décisions. Nous voulions également connaitre le rôle et les responsabilités du gestionnaire de la sécurité au sein de ce processus décisionnel et préciser, le cas échéant, sa participation au modèle de gouvernance de gestion des risques. Pour rendre compte de la complexité de ce processus, il semblait approprié de concevoir un cadre théorique combinant deux approches: l’approche multidimensionnelle du risque et l’approche de la transaction sociale. Si la première considère que la définition du risque doit être contextualiser, l’autre admet que la dynamique relationnelle n’est pas le simple fait de jeux entres acteurs stratégiques. L’analyse en fonction de ses deux approches a révélé que la gestion des risques informationnels dans une entreprise est largement tributaire des caractéristiques personnelles du gestionnaire de la sécurité. Certes, le contexte organisationnel et la multiplication des enjeux sécuritaires exercent une influence considérable sur le processus décisionnel mais l’expérience, les connaissances et les capacités communicationnelles du gestionnaire contribuent directement à la réussite de chaque phase du processus de gestion des risques informationnels.

The financial system reform in China: the lesson learnt from the global financial crisis

This paper reviews the impact of the global financial crisis on financial system reform in China. Scholars and practitioners have critically questioned the efficiencies of the Anglo- American principal-agent model of corporate governance which promotes shareholder-value maximisation. Should China continue to follow the U.K.-U.S. path in relation to financial reform? This conceptual paper provides an insightful review of the corporate governance literature, regulatory reports and news articles from the financial press. After examining the fundamental limitations of the laissez-faire philosophy that underpins the neo-liberal model of capitalism, the paper considers the risks in opening up China’s financial markets and relaxing monetary and fiscal policies. The paper outlines a critique of shareholder-capitalism in relation to the German team-production model of corporate governance, promoting a “social market economy” styled capitalism. Through such analysis, the paper explores numerous implications for China to consider in terms of developing a new and sustainable corporate governance model. China needs to follow its own financial reform through understanding its particular economy. The global financial crisis might help China rethink the nature of corporate governance, identify its weakness and assess the current reform agenda.

State capitalism and social responsibility in China's banking industry

China’s financial system has experienced a series of major reforms in recent years. Efforts have been made towards introducing the shareholding system in state-owned commercial banks, restructuring of securities firms, re-organising equity of joint venture insurance companies, further improving the corporate governance structure, managing financial risks and ultimately establishing a system to protect investors (Xinhua, 2010). Financial product innovation, with the further opening up of financial markets and the development of the insurance and bond market, has increased liquidity as well as reduced financial risks. The U.S. subprime crisis indicated the benefit of financial innovations for the economy, but without proper control, they may lead to unexpected consequences. Kirkpatrick (2009) argues that failures and weaknesses in corporate governance arrangements and insufficient accounting standards and regulatory requirements attributed to the financial crisis. Similar to the financial crises of the last decade, the global financial crisis which sparked in 2008, surfaced a variety of significant corporate governance failures: the dysfunction of market mechanisms, the lack of transparency and accountability, misaligned compensation arrangements and the late response of government, all which encouraged management short-termism, poor risk management, as well as some fraudulent schemes. The unique characteristics of the Chinese banking system are an interesting point for studying post-crisis corporate governance reform. Considering that China modelled its governance system on the Anglo-American system, this paper examines the impact of the financial crisis on corporate governance reform in developed economies, and particularly, China’s reform of its financial sector. The paper further analyses the Chinese government’s role in bank supervision and risk management. In this regard, the paper contributes to the corporate governance literature within the Chinese context by providing insights into the contributing factors to the corporate governance failure that led to the global financial crisis. It also provides policy recommendations for China’s policy makers to seriously consider. The results suggest a need for the re-examination of corporate governance adequacy and the institutionalisation of business ethics. The paper’s next section provides a review of China’s financial system with reference to the financial crisis, followed by a critical evaluation of a capitalistic system and a review of Anglo-American and Continental European models. It then analyses the need for a new corporate governance model in China by considering the bank failures in developed economies and the potential risks and inefficiencies in a current State controlled system. The paper closes by reflecting the need for Chinese policy makers to continually develop, adapt and rewrite corporate governance practices capable of meeting the new challenge, and to pay attention to business ethics, an issue which goes beyond regulation.

Aumento dos preços dos combustíveis no país: um processo decisório racional?

Decisões são tomadas de diversas formas e em todos os momentos, mas foi o francês Henry Fayol que propôs um modelo estruturado para essa tomada de decisão, definindo o papel dos dirigentes e suas responsabilidades na administração da empresa. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram estudados diversos modelos de processo decisório, como o modelo clássico racionalista, o modelo da racionalidade limitada, o modelo político, as coalizões envolvidas no processo, teorias de responsabilidade social corporativa, teorias de governança corporativa, entre outros. À luz destes modelos e baseado na missão da Petrobras, de ser uma empresa segura e rentável, o autor faz uma suposição e enquadra o processo decisório da empresa no modelo clássico racionalista, focado na maximização dos lucros e resultados. Devido ao tamanho da empresa e à diversidade de assuntos para a tomada de decisão, o autor foca seus estudos na área de Abastecimento da Petrobras e analisa o processo de tomada de decisão para o aumento dos preços dos combustíveis, com o objetivo de avaliar a veracidade da sua suposição. A metodologia de pesquisa é baseada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental para avaliar se o modelo de tomada de decisão é realmente racional, ou se existem influências ou fatores externos que levam a um novo modelo de processo decisório. Após comparar o modelo racional com os dados e realizações da empresa, o autor faz uma triangulação de métodos, incluindo uma pesquisa de campo para avaliar a percepção dos gestores e stakeholders sobre o modelo de tomada de decisão da empresa. O autor entrevista 11 funcionários da Petrobras e 10 stakeholders externos com o intuito de coletar percepções sobre o processo decisório da Cia., finalizando com uma análise qualitativa dos dados baseada na técnica de análise de conteúdo. Com os resultados da pesquisa, o autor comprova, por meio de documentos da empresa, que a Diretoria Executiva da Petrobras é a responsável pela aprovação da política de preços da Cia. Dentre os fatores de influência no processo decisório da empresa, a inflação foi a de maior destaque, mostrando o viés político na relação entre o governo e a empresa. A política de preços da Cia. continua sendo de médio e longo prazo, acarretando em prejuízos no curto prazo para a área de Abastecimento da Petrobras. Após alcançar todos os objetivos intermediários do trabalho, o autor conclui que a suposição inicial é falsa e que o processo decisório para o aumento dos preços dos combustíveis na Petrobras se aproxima muito mais dos modelos de racionalidade limitada e político, com enfoque nos stakeholders e na competitividade do que do modelo clássico racionalista.

A representação social do conceito de governança de TI segundo os profissionais de TI de uma empresa de petróleo brasileira

O presente trabalho visou identificar as percepções dos profissionais de TI, em uma empresa de petróleo brasileira, sobre o tema Governança de TI. Para isso, foi utilizada a Teoria da Representação Social (TRS), mais especificamente a Teoria do Núcleo Central inaugurada por Jean-Claude Abric. Para proceder às investigações foi utilizado um questionário online, que incluiu um teste de evocação de palavras, visando à interpretação do núcleo central da representação social. Ao todo, foram consideradas as respostas de 140 profissionais da área de TI da empresa pesquisada que responderam ao questionário. A partir do teste de evocação de palavras, foi identificada a representação social de Governança de TI, por meio da construção do quadrante de Vergés, sendo os cálculos realizados em planilhas eletrônicas com posterior confirmação pelo software EVOC. Os elementos identificados no núcleo central, responsáveis por consolidar a visão consensual do grupo, foram Controle, Estratégia, Alinhamento, Gestão, e Planejamento. Os três primeiros elementos encontram sólido respaldo na literatura sobre Governança de TI, já que os profissionais de TI tem a visão de que a Governança de TI é responsável pelo controle da área de TI, garantindo seu contínuo alinhamento à estratégia da organização. Já os elementos Gestão e Planejamento parecem estar ligados às especificidades e características mais operacionais do modelo de Governança de TI implantado na empresa pesquisada, sugerindo uma falta de clareza na distinção entre os conceitos Gestão e Governança de TI. Em relação aos elementos periféricos, foram encontradas as expressões Decisão, Diretrizes e Padronização. Alguns elementos como Decisão, Direção e Responsabilidades, de acordo com a literatura, apresentam relevância para o conceito de Governança de TI, mas não foram identificados no núcleo central. Adicionalmente, não foi indicada qualquer expressão relacionada a mecanismos de relacionamento, os quais, de acordo com a Academia, são elementos fundamentais e necessários a uma efetiva Governança de TI. Também não foram identificados outros elementos destacados pela literatura, como a noção de que a Governança de TI é responsável por garantir que os investimento em TI gerem valor, gerenciar o desempenho da TI e gerir os riscos existentes pelo uso de TI na organização. Compreender a representação social de Governança de TI pode ajudar a explicar o comportamento da organização analisada em relação a diversos aspectos da Governança de TI, permitindo a identificação de oportunidades de melhoria do modelo atualmente adotado.

Avances metodológicos del proceso de adopción de los Planes de Ordenamiento de segunda generación frente a los vacios jurídicos de la Legislación Colombiana en materia de Ordenamiento Territorial a la luz del P.O.T. Armenia 2007/2019 “Una Ciudad para la Vida"

Las nuevas realidades territoriales, bajo el innovador panorama constitucional colombiano, requieren de procesos de planificación coherentes, ajustados a las necesidades reales de desarrollo de nuestras sociedades en constante crecimiento. Se requieren acciones inmediatas y contundentes de fortalecimiento, asistencia técnica, desarrollo institucional e implementación de instrumentos de Gestión y financiación del suelo, para responder a la insuficiente capacidad de los entes territoriales para asumir con responsabilidad la formulación e implementación de los instrumentos de planificación y ordenamiento territorial planteados por la ley y la normatividad urbanística vigente. Dicha normatividad, dada su falta de reglamentación y regulación, hace compleja su aplicación en pequeñas y medianas ciudades, debido a la deficiente capacidad operativa y ejecutoria que tienen sus administraciones. El 24 de enero de 1999 el Concejo Municipal de Armenia aprobaba el primer plan de ordenamiento territorial para un municipio Colombiano bajo el marco de la Ley de Desarrollo Territorial 388 de 1997. Veinticuatro horas después se produce un sismo de 6.4 grados (Richter) con epicentro a 24 kilómetros de distancia, generando devastadoras consecuencias en toda la región del eje cafetero, tanto en lo físico como en lo social: “Cuando teníamos las respuestas… cambiaron las preguntas". Las nuevas determinantes territoriales generadas como efecto de la tragedia pondrían el proceso de implementación del plan en un escenario complejo y contradictorio. A pesar de que el concepto de gestión del riesgo había sido abordado por el P.O.T., las realidades del desastre superaban la expectativa planificadora, desbordando cualquier escala de ejecutabilidad de la norma recientemente aprobada. El equipo de formulación del nuevo plan, bajo la coordinación del D.A.P.M. y con apoyo de la academia identificó de manera inmediata la complejidad del proceso. Además, realizó aportes que permitieran a los demás municipios Colombianos evitar cometer los mismos errores, superar los obstáculos, agilizar procesos particulares de planificación territorial y dotar así a sus municipios de unos Planes de Ordenamiento mas aterrizados, realizables y sobretodo mas consecuentes con las necesidades particulares de sus municipios.

Gobernar la complejidad urbana desde la sostenibilidad. Evaluación del gobierno de la gestión visible utilizando indicadores de gobernanza (Venezuela)

Se evalúa con indicadores de gobernanza urbana la sostenibilidad de las formas de hacer ciudad hibrida compleja del gobierno de la gestión visible (GGV). Argumenta que el GGV hace ciudad para legitimarse por desempeño y fortalecer la gobernanza local, en un contexto de mutaciones múltiples y radicales que tienden a diluir y centralizar el poder local y fractalizar la ciudad, profundizando la segregación sociopolítica-territorial y la ingobernabilidad genética de la ciudad hibrida, poniendo en riesgo el Estado federal descentralizado, el derecho a la ciudad, al gobierno local y la gobernanza urbana y multinivel (hipótesis). La estrategia de evaluación de gobernanza innovadora (EEG+i) diseñada para evaluar la relación entre las formas de hacer ciudad hibrida (variables espaciales) y gobernanza (variable a-espacial) es transversal, multidimensional y se construye desde la complejidad, el análisis de escenarios, formulación de constructos, modelos e indicadores de gobernanza, entretejiendo tres campos de conocimiento, gobierno, ciudad y sostenibilidad, en cuatro fases. La Fase 1, contextualiza la gobernanza en la dramática del siglo XXI. La Fase 2, desarrolla la fundamentación teórico-práctica, nuevos conceptos y un abordaje analítico propio ‘genética territorial’, para analizar y comprehender la complejidad de la ciudad hibrida de países en desarrollo, tejiendo ontogenética territorial y el carácter autopoiético del gen informal. En la Fase 3, se caracterizan las formas de hacer ciudad desde la genética del territorio, se formulan modelos e indicadores de gobernanza con los que se evalúan, aplicando un delphi y cuestionarios, los genes tipológicos-formas de hacer ciudad y validan las conclusiones. En la Fase 4, se correlacionan los resultados de los instrumentos aplicados con la praxis urbana del GGV, durante cuatro periodos de gobierno (1996-2010). Concluyendo que, la estrategia de evaluación comprobó las hipótesis y demostró la correlación transversal y multinivel existente entre, las mutaciones en curso que contradicen el modelo de gobernanza constitucional, el paisaje de gobernanza latinoamericano y venezolano, la praxis de los regímenes híbridos ricos en recursos naturales, las perspectivas de desarrollo globales y se expresa sociopolíticamente en déficit de gobernanza, Estado de derecho y cohesión-capital social y, espaciolocalmente, en la ciudad hibrida dispersa y diluida (compleja) y en el gobierno del poder diluido centralizado. La confrontación de flujos de poder centrípetos y centrífugos en la ciudad profundiza la fragmentación socioespacial y política y el deterioro de la calidad de vida, incrementando las protestas ciudadanas e ingobernabilidad que obstaculiza la superación de la pobreza y gobernanza urbana y multinivel. La evaluación de la praxis urbana del GGV evidenció que la correlación entre gobernanza, la producción de genes formales y la ciudad por iniciativa privada tiende a ser positiva y entre gobernanza, genes y producción de ciudad informal negativa, por el carácter autopoiético-autogobernable del gen informal y de los nuevos gobiernos sublocales que dificulta gobernar en gobernanza. La praxis del GGV es contraria al modelo de gobernanza formulado y la disolución centralizada del gobierno local y de la ciudad hibrida-dispersa es socio-espacial y políticamente insostenible. Se proponen estrategias y tácticas de gobernanza multinivel para recuperar la cohesión social y de planificación de la gestión innovadora (EG [PG] +i) para orquestar, desde el Consejo Local de Gobernanza (CLG) y con la participación de los espacios y gobiernos sublocales, un proyecto de ciudad compartido y sostenible. ABSTRACT The sustainability of the forms of making the hybrid-complex city by the visible management government (VMG) is evaluated using urban governance indicators. Argues that the VMG builds city to legitimate itself by performance and to strengthen local governance in a context of multiple and radical mutations that tend to dilute and centralize local power and fractalize the city, deepening the socio-spatial and political segregation, the genetic ingovernability of the hybrid city and placing the decentralized federal State, the right to city, local government and urban governance at risk (hypothesis). The innovative governance evaluation strategy (GES+i) designed to assess the relationship between the forms of making the hybrid city (spatial variables) and governance (a-spatial variable) is transversal, multidimensional; is constructed from complexity, scenario analysis, the formulation of concepts, models and governance indicators, weaving three fields of knowledge, government, city and sustainability in four phases. Phase 1, contextualizes governance in the dramatic of the twenty-first century. Phase 2, develops the theoretical and practical foundations, new concepts and a proper analytical approach to comprehend the complexity of the hybrid city from developing countries, weaving territorial ontogenetic with the autopiethic character of the informal city gen. In Phase 3, the ways of making city are characterized from the genetics of territory; governance indicators and models are formulated to evaluate, using delphi and questionnaires, the ways of making city and validate the conclusions. In Phase 4, the results of the instruments applied are correlated with the urban praxis of the VMG during the four periods of government analyzed (1996-2010). Concluding that, the evaluation strategy proved the hypothesis and showed the transversal and multilevel correlation between, mutations that contradict the constitutional governance model, the governance landscape of Latinamerica and the country, the praxis of the hybrid regimes rich in natural resources, the perspectives of the glocal economy and expresses socio-politically the governance and rule of law and social capital-cohesion deficit and spatial-temporarily the hybrid disperse and diluted city (complex) and the diluted-centralized local government. The confrontation of flows of power centripetal and centrifugal in the city deepens the socio-spatial and political fragmentation and deterioration of the quality of life, increasing citizens' protests and ingovernability which hinders poverty eradication and, multilevel and urban governance. The evaluation of the VMG urban praxis showed the correlation between governance, the production of formal genes and city by private initiative tended to be positive and, between informal genes-city production and governance negative, due to its autopiethic-self governable character that hinders governance. The urban praxis of the VMG contradicts the formulated governance model and thecentralized dissolution of the local government and hybrid city are socio-spatial and politically unsustainable. Multiscale governance strategies are proposed to recreate social cohesion and a management planning innovative method (EG [PG] + i) to orchestrate, from the Local Governance Council (LGC) and with the participation of sublocal governments and spaces, a shared and sustainable city project.

The Role of Multilateral Coordination in Transport Policy: The Case of the Maghreb Countries

El WCTR es un congreso de reconocido prestigio internacional en el ámbito de la investigación del transporte y aunque las actas publicadas están en formato digital y sin ISSN ni ISBN, lo consideramos lo suficientemente importante como para que se considere en los indicadores. This paper aims at describing how multilateral cooperation policies are influencing national transport policies in developing countries. It considers the evolution of national transport policies and institutional frameworks in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in the last 10 years, and analyses the influence that EU cooperation programmes (particularly those within the Euromed programme initiative) and international coordination activities have played in the evolution towards efficient, sustainable transport systems in those countries. Notwithstanding the significant socioeconomic, political and institutional differences among the three countries, three major traits are common to the transport policy framework in all cases: a focus on megaprojects; substitution of traditional ministerial services by ad hoc public agencies to develop those megaprojects, and progressive involvement of international private players for the operation (and eventually the design and construction) of new projects, focusing on know-how transfer rather than investment needs. The hypotheses is that these similarities are largely due to the influence of the international cooperation promoted by the European Union since the mid- 1990s. The new decision making situation is characterized by the involvement of two new relevant stakeholders, the EU and a limited number of global transport operators. The hierarchical governance model evolves towards more complex structures, which explain the three common traits mentioned above. International coordination has been crucial for developing national transport visions, which are coherent with a regional, transnational system.

Methodology for developing and application outsourcing in the cloud using SOA

New technologies such as, the new Information and Communication Technology ICT, break new paths and redefines the way we understand business, the Cloud Computing is one of them. The on demand resource gathering and the per usage payment scheme are now commonplace, and allows companies to save on their ICT investments. Despite the importance of this issue, we still lack methodologies that help companies, to develop applications oriented for its exploitation in the Cloud. In this study we aim to fill this gap and propose a methodology for the development of ICT applications, which are directed towards a business model, and further outsourcing in the Cloud. In the former the Development of SOA applications, we take, as a baseline scenario, a business model from which to obtain a business process model. To this end, we use software engineering tools; and in the latter The Outsourcing we propose a guide that would facilitate uploading business models into the Cloud; to this end we describe a SOA governance model, which controls the SOA. Additionally we propose a Cloud government that integrates Service Level Agreements SLAs, plus SOA governance, and Cloud architecture. Finally we apply our methodology in an example illustrating our proposal. We believe that our proposal can be used as a guide/pattern for the development of business applications.