An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Belize

Belize is currently faced with several critical challenges associated with the production, distribution and use of energy. Despite an abundance of renewable energy resources, the country remains disproportionately dependent on imported fossil fuels, which exposes it to volatile and rising oil prices, limits economic development, and retards its ability to make the investments that are necessary for adapting to climate change, which pose a particularly acute threat to the small island states and low-lying coastal nations of the Caribbean. This transition from energy consumption and supply patterns that are based on imported fossil fuels and electricity towards a more sustainable energy economy that is based on environmentally benign, indigenous renewable energy technologies and more efficient use of energy requires concerted action as the country is already challenged by limited fiscal space which reduces its ability to provide some fiscal incentives, which have been proven to be effective tools for the promotion of sustainable energy markets in a number of countries. This report identifies the fiscal and regulatory barriers to implementation of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies in Belize. Data and information were derived from stakeholder consultations conducted within the country. The major result of the assessment is that the transition of policies and plans into tangible action needs to be increased. In this regard, it is necessary to articulate sub-policies of the National Energy Policy to amend the Public Utilities Commission Act, to develop a grid interconnection policy, to establish minimum energy performance standards for buildings and equipment and to develop a public procurement policy. Finally, decisions on renewable energy and energy efficiency-related incentives from the Government formally requires decision-makers to solve what may be extremely complex optimization problems in order to obtain the lowest-cost provision of energy services to society, thereby weighing the cost of revenue losses with the benefits of fuel and infrastructure expansion savings. The establishment of a management system that is efficient, flexible, and transparent, which will facilitate the implementation of the strategic objectives and outputs in the time available, with the financial resources allocated is recommended. Support is required for additional institutional and capacity strengthening.

Mutual Recognition: economic and regulatory logic in goods and services. Bruges European Economic Research (BEER) Papers 24/June 2012

Mutual recognition is one of the most appreciated innovations of the EU. The idea is that one can pursue market integration, indeed "deep' market integration, while respecting 'diversity' amongst the participating countries. Put differently, in pursuing 'free movement' for goods, mutual recognition facilitates free movement by disciplining the nature and scope of 'regulatory barriers', whilst allowing some degree of regulatory discretion for EU Member States. This BEER paper attempts to explain the rationale and logic of mutual recognition in the EU internal goods market, its working in actual practice for about three decades now, culminating in a qualitative cost/benefit analysis and its recent improvement in terms of 'governance' in the so-called New Legislative Framework (first denoted as the 2008 Goods package) thereby ameliorating the benefits/costs ratio. For new (in contrast to existing) national regulation, the intrusive EU procedure to impose mutual recognition is presented as well, with basic data so as to show its critical importance to keep the internal goods market free. All this is complemented by a short summary of the scant economic literature on mutual recognition. Subsequently, the analysis is extended to the internal market for services. This is done in two steps, first by reminding the debate on the origin principle (which goes further than mutual recognition EU-style) and how mutual recognition works under the horizontal services directive. This is followed by a short section on how mutual recognition works in vertical (i.e. sectoral) services markets.

The Energy Performance of Buildings: Promises Still Unfulfilled. Egmont Paper No. 78, May 2015

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY All observers agree that energy efficiency must be the cornerstone of any serious EU energy strategy. In this general context, the EU building sector is critical. It represents about 40% of EU final energy consumption (residential houses, public/private offices, commercial buildings, etc.) and approximately 36% of EU CO2 emissions. This is massive. The EU has certainly not been inactive in this field. The Energy Performance in Buildings Directive 2002/91/EC (EPBD) was the first and the main instrument to address the problem of the energy performance of buildings. It has established numerous principles: a reliable methodology which enables the calculation and rating of the energy performance of buildings; minimum energy performance standards for new buildings and existing buildings under major renovation; energy performance certificates; regular inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems; and, finally, quality standards for inspections and energy performance certificates. They were strengthened in 2010 by the recast Directive 2010/31/EU. This directive also introduces a decisive concept for the development of the building sector: ‘nearly zeroenergy buildings’. In 2012, the new Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU dealt with other aspects. In the building sector, three of them are particularly important. They concern: (1) the establishment of long-term strategies for mobilizing investment in the renovation of the national building stocks; (2) the introduction of energy saving schemes for ‘designated’ energy companies with a view to reducing consumption among ‘final consumers’ by 1.5% annually; and (3), as an option, the setting up of an Energy Efficiency National Fund to support energy efficiency initiatives. This paper also briefly examines the different instruments put in place to disseminate information and consultation, and the EU funding for energy efficiency in buildings. Results, however, have remained limited until now. The improvement of the energy performance of buildings and the rhythm of renovation remain extremely weak. Member States’ unwillingness to timely and properly transpose and implement the Directives continues despite the high degree of flexibility permitted. The decentralized approach chosen for some specific aspects and the differentiation in the application of EPBD standards between Member States do not appear optimal either. Adequate financial schemes remain rare. The permanent deficit of qualified and trained personnel and the inertia of public authorities to make the public understand the stakes in this domain remain problematic. Hence the need to take new initiatives to reap the benefits that the building sector is meant to bring.

The modelling of energy efficient drying for DSM (BL)

This thesis investigates the modelling of drying processes for the promotion of market-led Demand Side Management (DSM) as applied to the UK Public Electricity Suppliers. A review of DSM in the electricity supply industry is provided, together with a discussion of the relevant drivers supporting market-led DSM and energy services (ES). The potential opportunities for ES in a fully deregulated energy market are outlined. It is suggested that targeted industrial sector energy efficiency schemes offer significant opportunity for long term customer and supplier benefit. On a process level, industrial drying is highlighted as offering significant scope for the application of energy services. Drying is an energy-intensive process used widely throughout industry. The results of an energy survey suggest that 17.7 per cent of total UK industrial energy use derives from drying processes. Comparison with published work indicates that energy use for drying shows an increasing trend against a background of reducing overall industrial energy use. Airless drying is highlighted as offering potential energy saving and production benefits to industry. To this end, a comprehensive review of the novel airless drying technology and its background theory is made. Advantages and disadvantages of airless operation are defined and the limited market penetration of airless drying is identified, as are the key opportunities for energy saving. Limited literature has been found which details the modelling of energy use for airless drying. A review of drying theory and previous modelling work is made in an attempt to model energy consumption for drying processes. The history of drying models is presented as well as a discussion of the different approaches taken and their relative merits. The viability of deriving energy use from empirical drying data is examined. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are successfully applied to the modelling of drying rates for 3 drying technologies, namely convective air, heat pump and airless drying. The ANFIS systems are then integrated into a novel energy services model for the prediction of relative drying times, energy cost and atmospheric carbon dioxide emission levels. The author believes that this work constitutes the first to use fuzzy systems for the modelling of drying performance as an energy services approach to DSM. To gain an insight into the 'real world' use of energy for drying, this thesis presents a unique first-order energy audit of every ceramic sanitaryware manufacturing site in the UK. Previously unknown patterns of energy use are highlighted. Supplementary comments on the timing and use of drying systems are also made. The limitations of such large scope energy surveys are discussed.

Development of management accounting practices in energy operations in a forest industry Company

The aim of this master’s thesis was to map the management accounting processes and reporting of an internal service unit. The research was conducted in energy services in a forest industry company. Research questions and the results of the study are highly specific for the case unit although some generalizable features of management accounting in internal service units under shared services were searched. The research was carried out as a qualitative action research and a single case study. Internal benchmarking was used to find best practices from other units and to get a comprehensive understanding of the financial processes of the case company. Empirical data for the study was collected with participant observation, interviews of experts and by exploring internal company documents. A literature review was conducted to outline the subject and to support the study. Although the management accounting processes of the case unit were found to be on a good level, some improvement ideas were presented. Results of the research show that the needs of the customers are in the key role in the processes of an internal service unit. Management accounting and reporting need to support the company strategy and management decision-making. To evaluate the performance of the service unit both financial and non-financial measures are needed.

Multi-level, Multi-stage and Stochastic Optimization Models for Energy Conservation in Buildings for Federal, State and Local Agencies

Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) project selection is made difficult given real-world constraints, limited resources to implement savings retrofits, various suppliers in the market and project financing alternatives. Many of these energy efficient retrofit projects should be viewed as a series of investments with annual returns for these traditionally risk-averse agencies. Given a list of ECMs available, federal, state and local agencies must determine how to implement projects at lowest costs. The most common methods of implementation planning are suboptimal relative to cost. Federal, state and local agencies can obtain greater returns on their energy conservation investment over traditional methods, regardless of the implementing organization. This dissertation outlines several approaches to improve the traditional energy conservations models. Any public buildings in regions with similar energy conservation goals in the United States or internationally can also benefit greatly from this research. Additionally, many private owners of buildings are under mandates to conserve energy e.g., Local Law 85 of the New York City Energy Conservation Code requires any building, public or private, to meet the most current energy code for any alteration or renovation. Thus, both public and private stakeholders can benefit from this research. The research in this dissertation advances and presents models that decision-makers can use to optimize the selection of ECM projects with respect to the total cost of implementation. A practical application of a two-level mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) improves the current best practice for agencies concerned with making the most cost-effective selection leveraging energy services companies or utilities. The two-level model maximizes savings to the agency and profit to the energy services companies (Chapter 2). An additional model presented leverages a single congressional appropriation to implement ECM projects (Chapter 3). Returns from implemented ECM projects are used to fund additional ECM projects. In these cases, fluctuations in energy costs and uncertainty in the estimated savings severely influence ECM project selection and the amount of the appropriation requested. A risk aversion method proposed imposes a minimum on the number of “of projects completed in each stage. A comparative method using Conditional Value at Risk is analyzed. Time consistency was addressed in this chapter. This work demonstrates how a risk-based, stochastic, multi-stage model with binary decision variables at each stage provides a much more accurate estimate for planning than the agency’s traditional approach and deterministic models. Finally, in Chapter 4, a rolling-horizon model allows for subadditivity and superadditivity of the energy savings to simulate interactive effects between ECM projects. The approach makes use of inequalities (McCormick, 1976) to re-express constraints that involve the product of binary variables with an exact linearization (related to the convex hull of those constraints). This model additionally shows the benefits of learning between stages while remaining consistent with the single congressional appropriations framework.

Access and Affordability of Electricity in Developing Countries

A key objective of developing countries is to provide affordable access to modern energy services in order to support economic and social development. The paper presents a number of arguments for why and in which way energy access and affordability can play a key role in national development programs and in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Approaches for measuring accessibility and affordability are presented, drawing on case studies of Bangladesh. Brazil, and South Africa, countries with different rates of electrification. Affordability of using electricity is examined in relation to the energy expenditure burden for households and time consumption. Conclusions focus on lessons learned and recommendations for implementing policies, instruments, and regulatory measures to tackle the challenge of affordability. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multi-agent electricity market simulation with dynamic strategies & virtual power producers

Distributed energy resources will provide a significant amount of the electricity generation and will be a normal profitable business. In the new decentralized grid, customers will be among the many decentralized players and may even help to co-produce the required energy services such as demand-side management and load shedding. So, they will gain the opportunity to be more active market players. The aggregation of DG plants gives place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer (VPP). VPPs can reinforce the importance of these generation technologies making them valuable in electricity markets. In this paper we propose the improvement of MASCEM, a multi-agent simulation tool to study negotiations in electricity spot markets based on different market mechanisms and behavior strategies, in order to take account of decentralized players such as VPP.

Controlo estratégico dos custos das atividades e recursos da Direção Comercial da Eletricidade dos Açores, S.A.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 16 de Janeiro 2014, Universidade dos Açores.

Projecto integrado de AVAC e outras especialidades para um edifício com necessidades quase nulas de energia

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

NZEB: um desafio para a engenharia civil

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Rede de Calor – Uma Solução a Biomassa para um Complexo de Hóteis

O recurso às energias renováveis é na actualidade um tema que atinge um grau de importância primordial face á crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente e o impacto negativo, que a produção de energia com base em combustíveis fósseis tem. Esta importância aliada a uma tendência cada vez maior para a criação de soluções de produção sustentável de energia, tem obrigado ao desenvolvimento desta vertente do sector energético e ao estudo e consequentemente implementação de soluções integradas que permitam uma economia competitiva. Os hotéis, sendo estabelecimentos comerciais que desenvolvem uma actividade que envolve, na generalidade, um nível de consumo energético considerável para garantir os seus serviços básicos de acomodação e lazer, tornam-se por excelência alvos primordiais no que concerne ao seu elevado potencial de poupança de energia. O ramo da hotelaria, dada a sua especificidade e a natureza dos edifícios que comporta, torna-os em excelentes candidatos para análise e optimização energética, e como tal um alvo de negócio para as empresas de comercialização de poupanças energéticas. As empresas dedicadas aos serviços de energia são conhecidas por ESCO (Energy Service Company ou Energy Savings Company). A sua actividade tem por base apresentar soluções de energia, nomeadamente a implementação de projectos de poupança energética que podem englobar produção, conservação e fornecimento de energia, bem como gestão de risco associada. O objectivo principal é apresentar soluções de optimização e eficiência energética levando á sua implementação em casos reais de exploração em edifícios ou sectores específicos, rentabilizando o investimento e partilhando o lucro dessa rentabilização com os clientes. No caso específico dos hotéis, mais concretamente um complexo de hotéis, como o estudado neste trabalho, esta análise pretende elaborar uma caracterização das necessidades energéticas do sector e apresentar um conjunto de soluções energéticas adequadas à realidade hoteleira. É também objecto de análise, toda a aproximação de um modelo de negócio energético a explorar por uma ESCO. O presente trabalho, realizado no âmbito da parceria entre a Gebio e a Confraria do Bom Jesus, tem por objectivo demonstrar as bases do contracto de performance entre uma empresa ESCO (Gebio – empresa concessionária do projecto) e um complexo de hotéis (constituído pelo Hotel do Lago, Hotel do Parque e Hotel do Templo), com vista a optimizar os consumos energéticos para a produção de energia térmica capaz de corresponder às necessidades do complexo. Foi desenvolvido um estudo completo das necessidades térmicas do complexo, com vista a projectar uma solução integrada de produção de energia térmica, com recurso a uma caldeira de biomassa, para os hotéis. Foi realizado um levantamento extensivo dos consumos e custos energético do complexo, nomeadamente para as águas quentes sanitárias. Desta análise obtiveram-se os custos reais do sistema e com os mesmos foi possível, numa primeira fase, elaborar os diversos projectos, hidráulico, eléctricos e civil, de forma a se definir a solução base e quais os orçamentos previstos para a instalação de um sistema de produção a biomassa, e numa segunda fase foi estudada a viabilidade da assinatura de um contracto de performance entre a ESCO e o complexo de hotéis.

Desenvolvimento de ferramenta de apoio ao dimensionamento de sistemas de autoconsumo fotovoltaico em ambiente doméstico

Nos últimos anos, tem-se assistido a uma maior preocupação com o meio ambiente, a atual conjuntura mundial está cada vez mais direcionada para a eficiência energética e para a utilização de fontes de energias renováveis. Os principais governos mundiais, incluindo o português, já perceberam a necessidade de enveredar por esse caminho e nesse sentido aplicam medidas que direcionam e consciencializam a população para a eficiência energética e para as energias renováveis. Em Portugal, o setor das energias renováveis assume atualmente uma posição de extrema importância, resultante da expressão que governo português tem vindo a implementar no panorama energético nacional, da qual resulta uma importante contribuição para o desenvolvimento económico, na criação de riqueza e geração de emprego. Neste contexto, e no caso particular da energia fotovoltaica têm sido implementadas medidas que incentivam a aposta nesta tecnologia, prova disso é o Decreto-Lei n.º 153/2014 aprovado em conselho de ministros em Setembro de 2014, que promove essencialmente o autoconsumo. O autoconsumo consiste na utilização de painéis fotovoltaicos para produção de energia elétrica para consumo próprio com ou sem recurso a equipamentos de acumulação. Em termos práticos, este sistema permite que os consumidores produzam a sua própria energia através de uma fonte renovável ao invés de adquirir essa energia na rede elétrica de serviço público. As políticas de incentivo ao autoconsumo proporcionam uma oportunidade para os consumidores interessados em investir na produção da própria energia elétrica, neste sentido e de forma a ajudar no dimensionamento de unidades de produção de autoconsumo foi desenvolvida, no âmbito desta tese, uma ferramenta de apoio ao dimensionamento de sistemas de autoconsumo fotovoltaico sem acumulação em ambiente doméstico, com o objetivo de estimar as necessidades de potência fotovoltaica a instalar em habitações de baixa tensão normal. Na base da construção desta ferramenta estiveram essencialmente os perfis de consumo, aprovados pela Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos, de todos os clientes finais que não dispõem de equipamento de medição com registo de consumos e também a estimativa de produção fotovoltaica desenvolvida pelo Centro Comum de Investigação da Comissão Europeia. A aplicação desenvolvida tem como principal funcionalidade proporcionar ao utilizador o dimensionamento de unidades de produção de autoconsumo fotovoltaico, mediante a introdução de alguns dados tais como o distrito, a potência contratada, a tarifa e o consumo energético anual. Esta aplicação apresenta resultados relativos ao dimensionamento do sistema, como é o caso da potência a instalar e da estimativa de produção fotovoltaica anual, e resultados relativos à análise económica do sistema como é o caso do valor atual líquido, da taxa interna de rentabilidade e do payback do investimento.

Potential for ORC application in the Portuguese manufacturing industry

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais

Analyse géographique des investissements internationaux de la China National Petroleum Corporation

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de l’expansion internationale de la China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) et des impacts de cette expansion sur la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, l’approvisionnement énergétique d’un pays est jugé sécuritaire lorsqu’une quantité suffisante de ressources nécessaires pour combler sa demande en énergie sont présentes, disponibles et accessibles et que son approvisionnement en services énergétiques demeure fiable et abordable. La recherche comporte quatre volets. Le premier volet porte sur les étapes de la restructuration de l’industrie pétrolière chinoise depuis 1949. Celle-ci est analysée au travers des changements dans les modes de gestion des compagnies pétrolières nationales et dans leurs relations avec le gouvernement chinois. Le deuxième volet traite de la diversification et des nouvelles spécialisations de CNPC. Ces aspects sont étudiés dans le cadre d’une analyse du pourcentage de ses actifs dans chaque segment industriel (aval, intermédiaire et amont) obtenus grâce à ses rapports annuels. Le troisième volet aborde la répartition géographique des activités de la compagnie que l’on étudie à l’aide d’une analyse approfondie de près de 150 investissements, acquisitions et contrats réalisés à l’étranger entre 1992 et 2014. Le quatrième volet aborde les impacts des investissements à l’étranger de la compagnie sur la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. Ces impacts sont mesurés par l’entremise d’une analyse des flux pétroliers internationaux vers la Chine que l’on compare à la production de CNPC par pays. Ce mémoire permet de déterminer que l’expansion internationale de CNPC sert d’abord et avant tout les intérêts économiques de la compagnie. Ce sont surtout ses investissements dans la construction d’infrastructures de transport (oléoducs, gazoducs ainsi que les usines et terminaux de liquéfaction de gaz naturel liquéfié) qui apportent des bénéfices directs à la sécurité énergétique de la Chine. La contribution des investissements dans les autres secteurs est beaucoup moins systématique et dépend largement de la période au cours de laquelle ils ont été effectués.