Digital Copyright Exchange Feasibility Study : Response to the Hooper Consultation from the Big Innovation Centre

In this submission, we provide evidence for our view that copyright policy in the UK must encourage new digital business models which meet the changing needs of consumers and foster innovation in the UK both within, and beyond, the creative industries. We illustrate our arguments using evidence from the music industry. However, we believe that our key points on the relationship between the copyright system and innovative digital business models apply across the UK creative industries.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787/ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: Results from two phase I studies

Purpose: PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), an orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases, inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. The pharmacodynamic effects of PTK/ZK were evaluated by assessing changes in contrast-enhancement parameters of metastatic liver lesions using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated in two ongoing, dose-escalating phase I studies. Patients and Methods: Twenty-six patients had DCE-MRI performed at baseline, day 2, and at the end of each 28-day cycle. Doses of oral PTK/ZK ranged from 50 to 2000 mg once daily. Tumor permeability and vascularity were assessed by calculating the bidirectional transfer constant (Ki). The percentage of baseline Ki (% of baseline Ki) at each time point was compared with pharmacokinetic and clinical end points. Results: A significant negative correlation exists between the % of baseline Ki and increase in PTK/ZK oral dose and plasma levels (P = .01 for oral dose; P = .0001 for area under the plasma concentration curve at day 2). Patients with a best response of stable disease had a significantly greater reduction in Ki at both day 2 and at the end of cycle 1 compared with progressors (mean difference in % of baseline Ki, 47%, P = .004%; and 51%, P = .006; respectively). The difference in % of baseline Ki remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline WHO performance status. Conclusion: These findings should help to define a biologically active dose of PTK/ZK. These results suggest that DCE-MRI may be a useful biomarker for defining the pharmacological response and dose of angiogenesis inhibitiors, such as PTK/ZK, for further clinical development. © 2003 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Consumer preferences for teledermoscopy screening to detect melanoma early

- Introduction ‘Store and forward’ teledermoscopy is a technology with potential advantages for melanoma screening. Any large-scale implementation of this technology is dependent on consumer acceptance. - Aim To investigate preferences for melanoma screening options compared to skin selfexamination in adults considered to be at increased risk of developing skin cancer. - Methods A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was completed by 35 consumers, all of whom had prior experience with the use of teledermoscopy, in Queensland, Australia. Participants made 12 choices between screening alternatives described by seven attributes including monetary cost. A mixed logit model was used to estimate the relative weights that consumers place on different aspects of screening, along with the marginal willingness to pay for teledermoscopy as opposed to screening at a clinic. - Results Overall, participants preferred screening/diagnosis by a health professional rather than skin self-examination. Key drivers of screening choice were for results to be reviewed by a dermatologist; a higher detection rate; fewer non-cancerous moles being removed in relation for every skin cancer detected; and less time spent away from usual activities. On average, participants were willing to pay AU$110 to have teledermoscopy with dermatologist review available to them as a screening option. - Discussion & Conclusions Consumers preferentially value aspects of care that are more feasible with a teledermoscopy screening model, as compared to other skin cancer screening and diagnosis options. This study adds to previous literature in the area which has relied on the use of consumer satisfaction scales to assess the acceptability of teledermoscopy.

Helix-coil stability constants for amino acids in nonaqueous solvents. Studies of random poly(-benzyl-L-glutamate-co-L-alanine) and poly(-benzyl-L-glutamate-co-L-leucine) in a mixed solvent

The host-guest technique has been applied to the determination of the helix-coil stability constants of two naturally occurring amino acids, L-alanine and L-leucine, in a nonaqueous solvent system. Random copolymers containing L-alanine and L-leucine, respectively, as guest residues and -benzyl-L-glutamate as the host residue were synthesized. The polymers were fractionated and characterized for their amino acid content, molecular weight, and helix-coil transition behavior in a dichloroacetic acid (DCA)-1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) mixture. Two types of helix-coil transitions were carried out on the copolymers: solvent-induced transitions in DCA-DCE mixtures at 25°C and thermally induced transitions in a 82:18 (wt %) DCA-DCE mixture. The thermally induced transitions were analyzed by statistical mechanical methods to determine the Zimm-Bragg parameters, and s, of the guest residues. The experimental data indicate that, in the nonaqueous solvent, the L-alanine residue stabilizes the -helical conformation more than the L-leucine residue does. This is in contrast to their behavior in aqueous solution, where the reverse is true. The implications of this finding for the analysis of helical structures in globular proteins are discussed.

Novel application of a discrete choice experiment to identify preferences for a national healthcare-associated infection surveillance programme: A cross-sectional study

Objective: To identify key stakeholder preferences and priorities when considering a national healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance programme through the use of a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Setting: Australia does not have a national HAI surveillance programme. An online web-based DCE was developed and made available to participants in Australia. Participants: A sample of 184 purposively selected healthcare workers based on their senior leadership role in infection prevention in Australia. Primary and secondary outcomes: A DCE requiring respondents to select 1 HAI surveillance programme over another based on 5 different characteristics (or attributes) in repeated hypothetical scenarios. Data were analysed using a mixed logit model to evaluate preferences and identify the relative importance of each attribute. Results: A total of 122 participants completed the survey (response rate 66%) over a 5-week period. Excluding 22 who mismatched a duplicate choice scenario, analysis was conducted on 100 responses. The key findings included: 72% of stakeholders exhibited a preference for a surveillance programme with continuous mandatory core components (mean coefficient 0.640 (p<0.01)), 65% for a standard surveillance protocol where patient-level data are collected on infected and non-infected patients (mean coefficient 0.641 (p<0.01)), and 92% for hospital-level data that are publicly reported on a website and not associated with financial penalties (mean coefficient 1.663 (p<0.01)). Conclusions: The use of the DCE has provided a unique insight to key stakeholder priorities when considering a national HAI surveillance programme. The application of a DCE offers a meaningful method to explore and quantify preferences in this setting.

State of Charge of Lead Acid Battery

Lead acid batteries are used in hybrid vehicles and telecommunications power supply. For reliable operation of these systems, an indication of state of charge of battery is essential. To determine the state of charge of battery, current integration method combined with open circuit voltage, is being implemented. To reduce the error in the current integration method the dependence of available capacity as a function of discharge current is determined. The current integration method is modified to incorporate this factor. The experimental setup built to obtain the discharge characterstics of the battery is presented.

Real-Time Simulation of Electrical Machines on FPGA Platform

This paper presents real-time simulation models of electrical machines on FPGA platform. Implementation of the real-time numerical integration methods with digital logic elements is discussed. Several numerical integrations are presented. A real-time simulation of DC machine is carried out on this FPGA platform and important transient results are presented. These results are compared to simulation results obtained through a commercial off-line simulation software

Unimolecular HCl elimination from 1,2-dichloroethane: A single pulse shock tube and ab initio study

Thermal decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) has been studied in the temperature range of 10501175 K behind reflected shock waves in a single pulse shock tube. The unimolecular elimination of HCl is found to be the major channel through which 1,2-DCE decomposes under these conditions. The rate constant for the unimolecular elimination of HCl from 1,2-dichloroethane is found to be 10(13.98+/-0.80) exp(-57.8+/-2.0/RT) s(-1), where the activation energy is given in kcal mol(-1) and is very close to that value for CH3CH2Cl (EC). Ab initio (HF and MP2) and DFT calculations have been carried out to find the activation barrier and the structure of the transition state for this reaction channel from both EC and 1,2-DCE. The preexponential factors calculated at various levels of theory (BF/6-311++G**, MP2/6-311++G**, and B3LYP/6-311++G**) are (approximate to10(15) s(-1)) significantly larger than the experimental results. If the torsional mode in the ground state is treated as free internal rotation the preexponential factors reduce significantly, giving excellent agreement with experimental values. The DFT results are in excellent (fortuitous?) agreement with the experimental value for activation energy for 1,2-DCE while the MP2 and HF results seem to overestimate the barrier. However, DFT results for EC is 4.5 kcal mol(-1) less than the previously reported experimental values. At all levels, theory predicts an increase in HCI elimination barrier on beta-Cl substitution on EC.

Teología, 2007, Tomo XLIV nº 092 (número completo)

Nota del Director Hacia Aparecida -- La Iglesia entre la inculturación y la globalización / Mário de França Miranda -- Hacia un anuncio evangelizador narrativo y dialogal / Luis O. Liberti SVD -- Otra mediación: la belleza, otro lenguaje: la imagen / María Josefina Llach ACI -- La Biblias completas. Un panorama histórico (Primera parte) / Jorge Card. Mejía -- La novedad y unidad del amor de Dios (DCE 1,9-11) / Ricardo Ferrara -- El principio de treatralidad en Hans Urs von Baltasar / Alois Haas -- Los pobres y la teología en la notificación sobre las obras del P. Jon Sobrino -- “El cuerpo de Cristo”. Referente y especificativos de una expresión – El camino de la hermenéutica analógica / Luis Baliña -- Crónica de la Facultad 2006 -- Notas bibliográficas -- Instrucciones para los colaboradores

Landscape valuation through discrete choice experiments: Current practice and future research reflections

This work has been presented in: V Conference AERNA, Faro (Portugal), 30 May 2012-1 June 2012 and IV Workshop on Valuation Methods in Agro-food and Environmental Economics, Castelldefels (Barcelona, Spain), 12 July 2012-13 July 2012.

Compostos organoclorados em uma raia criticamente ameaçada, Gymnura altavela (LINNAEUS, 1758), no estuário da Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Nos últimos anos, temas envolvendo a conservação de elasmobrânquios têm recebido maior atenção em muitos países. Muitas espécies passaram a ser consideradas ameaçadas de extinção pela IUCN, demonstrando a necessidade de ordenamento pesqueiro e elaboração de planos de manejo. Os Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes correspondem a mais uma ameaça para esse grupo de peixes, no entanto, estudos envolvendo a contaminação desses organismos são recentes e vêm aumentando nos últimos anos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a quantificação de compostos organoclorados em tecido hepático de uma espécie de raia criticamente ameaçada raia-borboleta, Gymnura altavela, residente na Baía de Guanabara, um dos ambientes estuarinos mais impactados do Brasil. Além disso, investigouse a influência de fatores biológicos, tais como estágio de maturidade sexual, sexo, tamanho e porcentagem de lipídio na matriz analisada, sobre os perfis de contaminação por esses xenobióticos. As concentrações dos compostos organoclorados foram determinadas com a utilização do cromatógrafo de fase gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons (CG-DCE), da marca Agilent Technologies, modelo 7890. Nossos resultados mostraram que as bifelinas policloradas (PCB) representam a classe mais importante de contaminantes com concentração média de 6.772,8 ( 4.659,4) ng.g-1 de lipídio e a maior concentração foi 18.513,1 ng.g-1 de lipídio em um indivíduo macho e jovem. Desse total, 66,5% foram representados pelos congêneres de PCBs 153>138>180>101>170. Quanto ao número de átomos de cloro, os PCBs pertences à classe dos hexa-clorados foram os mais abundantes. A concentração média do ΣDDT foi 646,0 ( 722,4) ng.g-1 de lipídio e o isômero mais representativo foi o p,p DDE com 65,7% do total. O ΣHCH, o HCB e o Mirex representaram 0,13% da contaminação total em G. altavela sendo, portanto, os compostos com as menores contribuições. A razão representada pela fórmula ΣDDT/ΣPCB foi de 0,09, caracterizando uma predominância de compostos de origem industrial. As correlações de Spearman apontaram para uma diminuição das concentrações do ΣPCB, ΣHCH e Mirex à medida que os indivíduos crescem. Não foram encontradas diferenças nas concentrações em relação aos diferentes estágios de maturidade sexual e entre machos e fêmeas.

聚芳醚酮及聚谷氨酸苄酯的亚稳性研究

人类对凝聚态物质的亚稳性的认识已经有了相当长的时间。常温常压下，热力学上更不稳定的、而实际上存在的相，都可称之为亚稳相。由于聚合物分子尺寸很大，分子运动的时间尺度具有很宽的范围，因此，在极大多数情况下，聚合物都处于亚稳态下。研究聚合物相行为和相变中的亚稳性，了解并认识亚稳态的存在、演变和终结，对于充分理解高分子凝聚态物理学的基本问题具有极其重要的科学意义，将为高分子材料的加工和功能开发提供新的途径和理论基础。本文正是基于这样一种广义的亚稳性概念，分别研究了聚芳醚酮系列聚合物的形态多样性、物理老化现象和双熔融峰行为以及聚谷氨酸苄酯的超分子组装和构象转变。首先实现了聚醚酮酮的溶液结晶，获得了单晶状片晶，揭示了聚醚酮酮结晶时优先生成片晶的特征。研究了聚醚醚酮酮的物理老化现象，提出了“亚稳刚性非晶相”概念，指出了刚性非晶相中的局部有序性。进一步探索了聚醚醚酮的双熔融峰行为，首次引入“亚稳熔体”概念，解释了亚稳晶体向更稳定晶体的转化。首次应用AFM技术观察到聚谷氨酸苄酯的高有序化组装特征，发现其中存在着侧链苯环间的亚稳性超分子组装结构。应用高分辨核磁共振技术深入研究了聚谷氨酸苄酯在二氯乙烷／二氯乙酸混合溶剂中的构象稳定性，阐明了聚谷氨酸苄酯的构象转变是受慢反应机理控制的，其中质子对分子内氢键的破坏是一个热力学平衡过程，进而揭示了聚谷氨酸苄酯／二氯乙烷／二氯乙酸三元体系的相态稳定性与高分子链构象稳定性的密切相关性，指出聚谷氨酸苄酯存在两种亚稳构象，即无规线团构象和螺旋链构象，这两种亚稳构象的存在决定了聚谷氨酸苄酯／二氯乙烷／二氯乙酸三元体系相态的亚稳性。主要结论如下：1．PEKK(T/I)结晶时优先生成片晶织构。a轴和b轴位于晶片平面内，c轴则垂直于晶片平面；b轴方向为片晶的优先生长方向。从熔融状态等温结晶时，平躺和侧放的片晶相互交错生长构成了辐射状的球晶。从溶液中结晶时既生成“初生态”球晶，也生成单晶状片晶。利用高分辨电镜技术研究了PEKK(T/I)晶体的微区结构。发现PEKK(T/I)晶体中存在许多缺陷，这些缺陷使得品格弯折。2．淬火的PEEKK玻璃态试样处于非平衡状态下，物理老化可引起亚稳玻璃体分子链的局部调整，形成刚性非晶相(Rigid Amorphous Phase)。物理老化时间越长，PEEKK玻璃体中生成的刚性非晶相越多。刚性非晶相中分子链间存在一定的有序性，可以在随后的PEEKK的结晶中起初级晶核的作用，从而降低PEEKK的结晶活化能。3．等温结晶处理的PEEK中分布着两种不同厚度的片晶。这些片晶相互堆砌在一起形成球晶结构。从热力学稳定性和动力学稳定性两方面考虑，这些片晶是亚稳片晶。其中，厚片晶比较稳定，因而在加热至通常的熔融温度前，可稳定存在。但是薄片晶则更不稳定，在加热过程中它要转变成为亚稳熔体；亚稳熔体只能短时存在，它很快就发生重结晶转变为更稳定的晶片。亚稳熔体的结晶过程非常快，它借助样品中已有的厚晶片作为晶核，从厚晶片表面直接向外生长。4．首次应用AFM技术观察到PBLG和PBDG分子的左、右手螺旋结构。揭示了PBLG或PBDG在云母表面上的高度有序化组装。发现PBLG或PBDG分子在云母表面上通过侧向和端基间的相互作用沿着云母表面[100]方向作有组装，进而形成向列相织构。在消旋的PBG共混物中，PBLG侧链上的苯环与PBDG侧链上的苯环之间可以形成规则堆砌结构。这种有序的苯环堆砌结构的形成促成了PBLG与PBDG螺旋分子间的超分子组装。当它们从溶液中析出时可形成纳米级的超分子纤维。5．应用NMR技术研究了PBLG／DCE／DCA三组分体系中PBLG构象的相互转变。在不同的温度下，PBLG可以以无规线团构象或α-螺旋构象存在。无规线团构象和α-螺旋构象在一定的温度范围内可发生相互转变：这种转变并不是受快速的反应过程控制的，而是由非常慢的成核机理控制的一个动力学平衡过程。NMR谱中碳共振双峰和质子共振双峰的出现正是这种动力学平衡的结果。PBLG／DCE／DCA三组分体系从低温到高温分别表现出各相同性态、各相同性与胆甾液晶共存态、胆甾液晶态和高温各相同性态等不同的相态织构。这些相态织构的出现是受PBLG分子的构象决定的。PBLG分子构象表现出强烈的温度依赖性，进而使得PBLG／DCE／DCA三组分体系的相态稳定性也表现出强烈的温度依赖性。

液/液界面上电子转移反应的研究

应用扫描电化学显微镜研究电荷在液／液界面上的转移过程是目前电化学和电分析化学领域的研究热点之一。本文简要地回顾了液／液界面电分析化学研究的发展历程，介绍了液／液界面电分析化学的基本理论。围绕着扫描电化学显微镜和微电极技术，分别研究了极化和非极化液／液界面上的电子转移反应。主要结果如下：1．通过选择合适的共同离子控制界面电位差，应用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM )和微电极技术研究离子诱导的反向电子转移反应。这一研究对于生命科学及模拟生物模的研究具有重要意义。2.应用扫描电化学显微镜研究了类冰相／有机相界面上的电子转移反应。构筑了可用于作为SECM研究基底的微观上平整和稳定的1,2一二氯乙烷(DCE)／冰界面，研究了温度对异相电子转移速率的影响。这一研究对于扩展液／液界面电分析化学的研究，以及有机相的选择范围具有重要意义；对于研究界面结构问题有一定的应用前景。3.将含有氧化还原电对的水溶液滴支持在铂电极上，然后将该电极插入到有机溶液中，与参比电极和对电极构成常规佩狗三电极系统。利用扫描电化学显微镜研究了水相与有机相之间界面上佩狗电子转移反应。以铁氰化钾／亚铁氰化钾为电对研究了亚铁氰化钾与二茂铁阳离子之间的电子转移反应以及铁氰化钾与TCNQ阴离子自由基之间的电子转移反应。结果表明这一方法实现了独立控制极化界面和SECM数据收集的目的，可以研究的可控电位范围较使用共同离子控制界面电位方法大大增宽，在国际上首次成功地将扫描电化学显微镜与极化的液／液界面研究结合起来。4.应用扫描电化学显微镜对4一氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极进行了电化学表征，研究了酸度对电极表面修饰的4一氨基苯甲酸解离形态的影响，及不同的荷电中介体在此修饰电极表面的电化学行为。通过分析pH值与电子转移速率常数的关系，得到了电极表面修饰的4一氨基苯甲酸的表面pKa.

液/液界面上可质子化的药物转移反应的研究

近年来，电荷在两互不相溶电解质溶液界面上的电化学转移过程从实验和理理论上都引起了人们的极大兴趣，这主要是由于它与许多重要的生物和化学体系密切相关，如相转移催化、化学传感器、药理学中的药物释放以及模拟生物膜等。液／液界面常被看作人工膜和生物膜的简单模型，渺液界面电分析化学的主要研究对象是界面上的电荷转移反应以及伴随发生的相关的化学反应。本文简要回顾了油液界面电分析化学研究的发展历程，其双电层结构模型，油液界面电分析化学及可质子化的药物在油液界面上转移的基本理论。用三电极系统和电化学方法研究了可质子化的药物在水/1,2m-二氯乙烷界面上转移反应的机理，以及相比和溶液的pH值对药物转移反应的影响。主要结果如下： 1．用三电极系统研究了相比（r＝0.0004一1和1～2500）对可质子化的药物吡啶在水／1，2-二氯乙烷界面（W／DCE）上的转移反应的影响，实验结果用离子分配图表示出来。结果表明：在实验范围内，随着相比的增大，吡啶以中性分子形式存在的区域增大，质子化吡啶的转移式电位降低。2．设计了一利特定的电化学池，可使水相和有机相的体积减小到100μL以下。将含有支持电解质的水溶液滴在银／氯化银电极上，然后将1，2-二氯乙烷溶液覆盖在水溶液的表面，再与有机相参比电极和对电极构成常规的三电极系统，研究了相比为1行：附吩时可质子化药物阿米替林、苯海拉明和苯海索在水／1，2-二氯乙烷界面（W／DCE）上的转移反应，确定了它们的亲油性及转移反应的机理。

应用单、双通道微／纳米管研究液／液界面上电荷转移反应

应用单、双通道微／纳米管研究液／液界面上电荷转移反应过程是目前液／液界面电化学和电分析化学领域的研究热点之一。本文简要地回顾了液／液界面电分析化学研究的发展历程，介绍了液／液界面电分析化学的基本理论和最新进展。围绕着单、双通道微／纳米管技术，分别研究了液／液界面上的电子转移、简单离子转移、加速离子转移和电荷祸合转移过程。主要结果如下：1．应用循环伏安法和微、纳米管系统地研究了二苯并十八冠六（DB18C6）加速二十种氨基酸在水／1，2一二氯乙烷（CE）界面上的转移反应，探讨了其反应机理，测量了其配合常数以及动力学常数。这一研究将对人们理解在生命体中氨基酸在载体蛋白的推动作用下越过生物膜的主动运送过程有较重要意义。2．利用循环伏安法研究了在直接支撑在双通道微米管管尖上的单微一液／液界面上的电荷转移反应，包括简单离子（四甲基按离子TMA+）转移、加速离子转移（DB18C6加速K+离子）和电子转移（二茂铁／铁氰化钾＋亚铁氰化钾体系）反应过程。此装置是目前为止最简单的可用于研究液／液界面上的电荷转移反应的装置之一。3．利用双通道微米管支撑双一微液／液界面作为产生／收集装置考察了液／液界面上的电子转移以及电荷祸合转移过程，包括电子一离子、离子一离子祸合 转移反应。该工作丰富了双通道微米管技术，并且可以通过产生／收集实验观察到一些强亲水或强憎水离子的直接转移的伏安曲线，测得它们在W/DCE界面上的转移式电位以及条件吉布斯转移能。4．初步探讨了双通道微米管作为产生／收集装置所涉及的理论及其传质过程，应用边界元法数值拟合了收集效率与管形之间的关系，通过加速离子转移实验对拟合结果进行了验证。该工作将对于今后进一步深入地应用双通道微米管技术研究液／液界面上的电荷转移反应具有一定的指导作用。